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S.

S (&ebreve;s), the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet, is a consonant, and is often called a sibilant, in allusion to its hissing sound. It has two principal sounds; one a mere hissing, as in sack, this; the other a vocal hissing (the same as that of z), as in is, wise. Besides these it sometimes has the sounds of sh and zh, as in sure, measure. It generally has its hissing sound at the beginning of words, but in the middle and at the end of words its sound is determined by usage. In a few words it is silent, as in isle, débris. With the letter h it forms the digraph sh. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 255-261.

Both the form and the name of the letter S are derived from the Latin, which got the letter through the Greek from the Phænician. The ultimate origin is Egyptian. S is etymologically most nearly related to c, z, t, and r; as, in ice, OE. is; E. hence, OE. hennes; E. rase, raze; erase, razor; that, G. das; E. reason, F. raison, L. ratio; E. was, were; chair, chaise (see C, Z, T, and R.).

-s. 1. [OE. es, AS. as.] The suffix used to form the plural of most words; as in roads, elfs, sides, accounts.

2. [OE. -s, for older -th, AS. - ð.] The suffix used to form the third person singular indicative of English verbs; as in falls, tells, sends.

3. An adverbial suffix; as in towards, needs, always, -- originally the genitive, possesive, ending. See -'s.

-'s [OE. -es, AS. -es.] The suffix used to form the possessive singular of nouns; as, boy's; man's.

's. A contraction for is or (colloquially) for has. "My heart's subdued." Shak.

Sa"adh (sä"&adot;d), n. See Sadh.

Saan (sän), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Bushmen.

Sab`a*dil"la (săb`&adot;*d&ibreve;l"l&adot;), n. [Sp. cebadilla.] (Bot.) A Mexican liliaceous plant (Schœnocaulon officinale); also, its seeds, which contain the alkaloid veratrine. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic and purgative.

Sa*bæ"an (?), a. & n. Same as Sabian.

Sa*bæ"an*ism (?), n. Same as Sabianism.

{ Sa"bæ*ism (?), Sa"ba*ism (?) }, n. See Sabianism.

Sa"bal (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of palm trees including the palmetto of the Southern United States.

Sab"a*oth (săb"&asl;*&obreve;th or s&adot;"bā*&obreve;th; 277), n. pl. [Heb. tsebā'ōth, pl. of tsābā', an army or host, fr. tsābā', to go forth to war.] 1. Armies; hosts. [Used twice in the English Bible, in the phrase "The Lord of Sabaoth."]

2. Incorrectly, the Sabbath.

Sab"bat (?), n. [See Sabbath.] In mediæval demonology, the nocturnal assembly in which demons and sorcerers were thought to celebrate their orgies.

Sab`ba*ta"ri*an (?), n. [L. Sabbatarius: cf. F. sabbataire. See Sabbath.] 1. One who regards and keeps the seventh day of the week as holy, agreeably to the letter of the fourth commandment in the Decalogue.

&fist; There were Christians in the early church who held this opinion, and certain Christians, esp. the Seventh-day Baptists, hold it now.

2. A strict observer of the Sabbath.

Sab`ba*ta"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Sabbath, or the tenets of Sabbatarians.

Sab`ba*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The tenets of Sabbatarians. Bp. Ward (1673).

Sab"bath (?), n. [OE. sabat, sabbat, F. sabbat, L. sabbatum, Gr. sa`bbaton, fr. Heb. shabbāth, fr. shābath to rest from labor. Cf. Sabbat.] 1. A season or day of rest; one day in seven appointed for rest or worship, the observance of which was enjoined upon the Jews in the Decalogue, and has been continued by the Christian church with a transference of the day observed from the last to the first day of the week, which is called also Lord's Day.

Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy.
Ex. xx. 8.

2. The seventh year, observed among the Israelites as one of rest and festival. Lev. xxv. 4.

3. Fig.: A time of rest or repose; intermission of pain, effort, sorrow, or the like.

Peaceful sleep out the sabbath of the tomb.
Pope.

Sabbath breaker, one who violates the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath breaking, the violation of the law of the Sabbath. -- Sabbath-day's journey, a distance of about a mile, which, under Rabbinical law, the Jews were allowed to travel on the Sabbath.

Syn. -- Sabbath, Sunday. Sabbath is not strictly synonymous with Sunday. Sabbath denotes the institution; Sunday is the name of the first day of the week. The Sabbath of the Jews is on Saturday, and the Sabbath of most Christians on Sunday. In New England, the first day of the week has been called "the Sabbath," to mark it as holy time; Sunday is the word more commonly used, at present, in all parts of the United States, as it is in England. "So if we will be the children of our heavenly Father, we must be careful to keep the Christian Sabbath day, which is the Sunday." Homilies.

Sab"bath*less, a. Without Sabbath, or intermission of labor; hence, without respite or rest. Bacon.

{ Sab*bat"ic (?), Sab*bat"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. sabbatique.] Of or pertaining to the Sabbath; resembling the Sabbath; enjoying or bringing an intermission of labor.

Sabbatical year (Jewish Antiq.), every seventh year, in which the Israelites were commanded to suffer their fields and vineyards to rest, or lie without tillage.

Sab"ba*tism (?), n. [L. sabbatismus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to keep the Sabbath: cf. F. sabbatisme. See Sabbath.] Intermission of labor, as upon the Sabbath; rest. Dr. H. More.

Sab"ba*ton (?), n. [Cf. Sp. zapaton, a large shoe, F. sabot a wooden shoe.] A round-toed, armed covering for the feet, worn during a part of the sixteenth century in both military and civil dress.

Sa*be"an (?), a. & n. Same as Sabian.

Sa"be*ism (?), n. Same as Sabianism.

||Sa*bel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sabulum gravel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of tubicolous annelids having a circle of plumose gills around the head.

Sa*bel"li*an (?), a. Pertaining to the doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n.

Sa*bel"li*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Sabellius, a presbyter of Ptolemais in the third century, who maintained that there is but one person in the Godhead, and that the Son and Holy Spirit are only different powers, operations, or offices of the one God the Father.

Sa*bel"li*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl.) The doctrines or tenets of Sabellius. See Sabellian, n.

Sa*bel"loid (?), a. [Sabella + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or related to, the genus Sabella. -- Sa*bel"loid, n.

{ Sa"ber, Sa"bre } (?), n. [F. sabre, G. säbel; of uncertain origin; cf. Hung. száblya, Pol. szabla, Russ. sabla, and L. Gr. zabo`s crooked, curved.] A sword with a broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and usually more or less curved like a scimiter; a cavalry sword.

Saber fish, or Sabre fish (Zoöl.), the cutlass fish.

{ Sa"ber, Sa"bre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabered (?) or Sabred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabering or Sabring (&?;).] [Cf. F. sabrer.] To strike, cut, or kill with a saber; to cut down, as with a saber.

You send troops to saber and bayonet us into submission.
Burke.

{ Sa"ber*bill`, Sa"bre*bill` }, n. (Zoöl.) The curlew.

Sa"bi*an (?), a. [L. Sabaeus.] [Written also Sabean, and Sabæan.] 1. Of or pertaining to Saba in Arabia, celebrated for producing aromatic plants.

2. Relating to the religion of Saba, or to the worship of the heavenly bodies.

Sa"bi*an, n. An adherent of the Sabian religion; a worshiper of the heavenly bodies. [Written also Sabæan, and Sabean.]

Sa"bi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine of the Sabians; the Sabian religion; that species of idolatry which consists in worshiping the sun, moon, and stars; heliolatry. [Written also Sabæanism.]

||Sab"i*cu (?), n. The very hard wood of a leguminous West Indian tree (Lysiloma Sabicu), valued for shipbuilding.

Sa"bine (?), a. [L. Sabinus.] Of or pertaining to the ancient Sabines, a people of Italy. -- n. One of the Sabine people.

Sab"ine (?), n. [F., fr. L. Sabina herba, fr. Sabini the Sabines. Cf. Savin.] (Bot.) See Savin.

Sa"ble (?), n. [OF. sable, F. zibeline sable (in sense 4), LL. sabellum; cf. D. sabel, Dan. sabel, zobel, Sw. sabel, sobel, G. zobel; all fr. Russ. sóbole.] 1. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal of the Weasel family (Mustela zibellina) native of the northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America, -- noted for its fine, soft, and valuable fur.

&fist; The sable resembles the marten, but has a longer head and ears. Its fur consists of a soft under wool, with a dense coat of hair, overtopped by another still longer. It varies greatly in color and quality according to the locality and the season of the year. The darkest and most valuable furs are taken in autumn and winter in the colder parts of Siberia, Russia, and British North America.

&fist; The American sable, or marten, was formerly considered a distinct species (Mustela Americana), but it differs very little from the Asiatic sable, and is now considered only a geographical variety.

2. The fur of the sable.

3. A mourning garment; a funeral robe; -- generally in the plural. "Sables wove by destiny." Young.

4. (Her.) The tincture black; -- represented by vertical and horizontal lines crossing each other.

Sa"ble (?), a. Of the color of the sable's fur; dark; black; -- used chiefly in poetry.

Night, sable goddess! from her ebon throne,
In rayless majesty, now stretches forth
Her leaden scepter o'er a slumbering world.
Young.

Sable antelope (Zoöl.), a large South African antelope (Hippotragus niger). Both sexes have long, sharp horns. The adult male is black; the female is dark chestnut above, white beneath. -- Sable iron, a superior quality of Russia iron; -- so called because originally stamped with the figure of a sable. -- Sable mouse (Zoöl.), the lemming.

Sa"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sabled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sabling (?).] To render sable or dark; to drape darkly or in black.

Sabled all in black the shady sky.
G. Fletcher.

||Sa`bot" (s&adot;`bō"), n. [F.] 1. A kind of wooden shoe worn by the peasantry in France, Belgium, Sweden, and some other European countries.

2. (Mil.) A thick, circular disk of wood, to which the cartridge bag and projectile are attached, in fixed ammunition for cannon; also, a piece of soft metal attached to a projectile to take the groove of the rifling.

||Sa`bo"tière (?), n. [F.] A kind of freezer for ices.

Sa"bre (?), n. & v. See Saber.

||Sa"bre*tasche` (?), n. [F. sabretache, G. säbeltasche; säbel saber + tasche a pocket.] (Mil.) A leather case or pocket worn by cavalry at the left side, suspended from the sword belt. Campbell (Dict. Mil. Sci.).

Sa*bri"na work` (?). A variety of appliqué work for quilts, table covers, etc. Caulfeild & S. (Dict. of Needlework).

Sab"u*lose (?), a. [L. sabulosus, from sabulum, sabulo, sand.] (Bot.) Growing in sandy places.

Sab`u*los"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being sabulous; sandiness; grittiness.

Sab"u*lous (?), a. [L. sabulosus.] Sandy; gritty.

Sac (s&add;k), n. (Ethnol.) See Sacs.

Sac, n. [See Sake, Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) The privilege formerly enjoyed by the lord of a manor, of holding courts, trying causes, and imposing fines. Cowell.

Sac (săk), n. [F., fr. L. saccus a sack. See Sack a bag.] 1. See 2d Sack.

2. (Biol.) A cavity, bag, or receptacle, usually containing fluid, and either closed, or opening into another cavity to the exterior; a sack.

Sac"a*lait (?), n. (Zoöl.) A kind of fresh-water bass; the crappie. [Southern U.S.]

Sa"car (?), n. See Saker.

Sac*cade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) A sudden, violent check of a horse by drawing or twitching the reins on a sudden and with one pull.

Sac"cate (?), a. [NL. saccatus, fr. L. saccus a sack, bag.] 1. (Biol.) Having the form of a sack or pouch; furnished with a sack or pouch, as a petal.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Saccata, a suborder of ctenophores having two pouches into which the long tentacles can be retracted.

Sac"cha*rate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharic acid. (b) In a wider sense, a compound of saccharose, or any similar carbohydrate, with such bases as the oxides of calcium, barium, or lead; a sucrate.

Sac*char"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, saccharine substances; specifically, designating an acid obtained, as a white amorphous gummy mass, by the oxidation of mannite, glucose, sucrose, etc.

Sac`cha*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. saccharon sugar + -ferous.] Producing sugar; as, sacchariferous canes.

Sac*char"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharifying (?).] [L. saccharon sugar + -fy: cf. F. saccharifier.] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar.

Sac`cha*ril"la (?), n. A kind of muslin.

Sac`cha*rim"e*ter (?), n. [L. saccharon sugar + -meter: cf. F. saccharimètre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of saccharine matter in any solution, as the juice of a plant, or brewers' and distillers' worts. [Written also saccharometer.]

&fist; The common saccharimeter of the brewer is an hydrometer adapted by its scale to point out the proportion of saccharine matter in a solution of any specific gravity. The polarizing saccharimeter of the chemist is a complex optical apparatus, in which polarized light is transmitted through the saccharine solution, and the proportion of sugar indicated by the relative deviation of the plane of polarization.

Sac`cha*ri*met"ric*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to saccharimetry; obtained by saccharimetry.

Sac`cha*rim"e*try (săk`k&adot;*r&ibreve;m"&esl;*tr&ybreve;), n. The act, process or method of determining the amount and kind of sugar present in sirup, molasses, and the like, especially by the employment of polarizing apparatus.

Sac"cha*rin (săk"k&adot;*r&ibreve;n), n. [F., from L. saccharon sugar.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained from the saccharinates and regarded as the lactone of saccharinic acid; -- so called because formerly supposed to be isomeric with cane sugar (saccharose).

Sac"cha*ri*nate (?), n. (Chem.) (a) A salt of saccharinic acid. (b) A salt of saccharine.

Sac"cha*rine (? or ?), a. [F. saccharin, fr. L. saccharon sugar, Gr. &?;, &?;, &?;, Skr. çarkara. Cf. Sugar.] Of or pertaining to sugar; having the qualities of sugar; producing sugar; sweet; as, a saccharine taste; saccharine matter.

Sac"cha*rine (? or ?), n. (Chem.) A trade name for benzoic sulphinide. [Written also saccharin.]

Sac"cha*rin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharin; specifically, designating a complex acid not known in the free state but well known in its salts, which are obtained by boiling dextrose and levulose (invert sugar) with milk of lime.

Sac"cha*rize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saccharized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saccharizing (?).] To convert into, or to impregnate with, sugar.

{ Sac"cha*roid (?), Sac`cha*roid"al (?) }, a. [L. saccharon sugar + -oid: cf. F. saccharoïde.] Resembling sugar, as in taste, appearance, consistency, or composition; as, saccharoidal limestone.

Sac`cha*rom"e*ter (?), n. A saccharimeter.

||Sac`cha*ro*my"ces (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; sugar + &?;, &?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) A genus of budding fungi, the various species of which have the power, to a greater or less extent, or splitting up sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid. They are the active agents in producing fermentation of wine, beer, etc. Saccharomyces cerevisiæ is the yeast of sedimentary beer. Also called Torula.

||Sac`cha*ro*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl. (Biol.) A family of fungi consisting of the one genus Saccharomyces.

Sac"cha*ro*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of saccharonic acid.

Sac"cha*rone (?), n. [Saccharin + lactone.] (Chem.) (a) A white crystalline substance, C6H8O6, obtained by the oxidation of saccharin, and regarded as the lactone of saccharonic acid. (b) An oily liquid, C6H10O2, obtained by the reduction of saccharin.

Sac`cha*ron"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, saccharone; specifically, designating an unstable acid which is obtained from saccharone (a) by hydration, and forms a well-known series of salts.

Sac"cha*rose` (?), n. (Chem.) Cane sugar; sucrose; also, in general, any one of the group of which saccharose, or sucrose proper, is the type. See Sucrose.

Sac"cha*rous (?), a. Saccharine.

||Sac"cha*rum (?), n. [NL. See Saccharine.] (Bot.) A genus of tall tropical grasses including the sugar cane.

Sac`cho*lac"tate (?), n. [See Saccholactic.] (Chem.) A salt of saccholactic acid; -- formerly called also saccholate. [Obs.] See Mucate.

Sac`cho*lac"tic (?), a. [L. saccharon sugar + lac, lactis, milk.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid now called mucic acid; saccholic. [Obs.]

Sac*chol"ic (?), a. Saccholactic. [Obs.]

Sac*chul"mate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sacchulmic acid.

Sac*chul"mic (?), a. [Saccharine + ulmic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained as a dark amorphous substance by the long-continued boiling of sucrose with very dilute sulphuric acid. It resembles humic acid. [Written also sacculmic.]

Sac*chul"min (?), n. (Chem.) An amorphous huminlike substance resembling sacchulmic acid, and produced together with it.

Sac*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. saccus a sack + -ferous.] (Biol.) Bearing a sac.

Sac"ci*form (?), a. [L. saccus a sack + -form.] (Biol.) Having the general form of a sac.

||Sac`co*glos"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. saccus a sack + Gr. &?; a tongue.] (Zoöl.) Same as Pellibranchiata.

Sac"cu*lar (?), a. Like a sac; sacciform.

Sac"cu*la`ted (?), a. Furnished with little sacs.

Sac"cule (?), n. [L. sacculus, dim. of saccus sack.] A little sac; specifically, the sacculus of the ear.

Sac`cu*lo-coch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and cochlea of the ear.

Sac`cu*lo-u*tric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the sacculus and utriculus of the ear.

||Sac"cu*lus (?), n.; pl. Sacculi (#). [L., little sack.] (Anat.) A little sac; esp., a part of the membranous labyrinth of the ear. See the Note under Ear.

||Sac"cus (?), n.; pl. Sacci (#). [L., a sack.] (Biol.) A sac.

Sa*cel"lum (?), n.; pl. Sacella (#). [L., dim. of sacrum a sacred place.] (a) (Rom. Antiq.) An unroofed space consecrated to a divinity. (b) (Eccl.) A small monumental chapel in a church. Shipley.

Sac`er*do"tal (?), a. [L. sacerdotalis, fr. sacerdos, -otis, a priest, fr. sacer holy, sacred: cf. F. sacerdotal.] Of or pertaining to priests, or to the order of priests; relating to the priesthood; priesty; as, sacerdotal dignity; sacerdotal functions.

The ascendency of the sacerdotal order was long the ascendency which naturally and properly belongs to intellectual superiority.
Macaulay.

Sac`er*do"tal*ism (?), n. The system, style, spirit, or character, of a priesthood, or sacerdotal order; devotion to the interests of the sacerdotal order.

Sac`er*do"tal*ly, adv. In a sacerdotal manner.

Sach"el (săch"&ebreve;l), n. A small bag. See Satchel.

Sa"chem (s&acr";chem), n. A chief of a tribe of the American Indians; a sagamore. See Sagamore.

Sa"chem*dom (-dŭm), n. The government or jurisdiction of a sachem. Dr. T. Dwight.

Sa"chem*ship, n. Office or condition of a sachem.

||Sa`chet" (?), n. [F., dim. of sac. See Sac.] A scent bag, or perfume cushion, to be laid among handkerchiefs, garments, etc., to perfume them.

Sa*ci"e*ty (?), n. Satiety. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sack (s&scr;k), n. [OE. seck, F. sec dry (cf. Sp. seco, It. secco), from L. siccus dry, harsh; perhaps akin to Gr. 'ischno`s, Skr. sikata sand, Ir. sesc dry, W. hysp. Cf. Desiccate.] A name formerly given to various dry Spanish wines. "Sherris sack." Shak.

Sack posset, a posset made of sack, and some other ingredients.

Sack, n. [OE. sak, sek, AS. sacc, sæcc, L. saccus, Gr. sa`kkos from Heb. sak; cf. F. sac, from the Latin. Cf. Sac, Satchel, Sack to plunder.] 1. A bag for holding and carrying goods of any kind; a receptacle made of some kind of pliable material, as cloth, leather, and the like; a large pouch.

2. A measure of varying capacity, according to local usage and the substance. The American sack of salt is 215 pounds; the sack of wheat, two bushels. McElrath.

3. [Perhaps a different word.] Originally, a loosely hanging garment for women, worn like a cloak about the shoulders, and serving as a decorative appendage to the gown; now, an outer garment with sleeves, worn by women; as, a dressing sack. [Written also sacque.]

4. A sack coat; a kind of coat worn by men, and extending from top to bottom without a cross seam.

5. (Biol.) See 2d Sac, 2.

Sack bearer (Zoöl.). See Basket worm, under Basket. -- Sack tree (Bot.), an East Indian tree (Antiaris saccidora) which is cut into lengths, and made into sacks by turning the bark inside out, and leaving a slice of the wood for a bottom. -- To give the sack to or get the sack, to discharge, or be discharged, from employment; to jilt, or be jilted. [Slang]

Sack, v. t. 1. To put in a sack; to bag; as, to sack corn.

Bolsters sacked in cloth, blue and crimson.
L. Wallace.

2. To bear or carry in a sack upon the back or the shoulders. [Colloq.]

Sack, n. [F. sac plunder, pillage, originally, a pack, packet, booty packed up, fr. L. saccus. See Sack a bag.] The pillage or plunder, as of a town or city; the storm and plunder of a town; devastation; ravage.

The town was stormed, and delivered up to sack, -- by which phrase is to be understood the perpetration of all those outrages which the ruthless code of war allowed, in that age, on the persons and property of the defenseless inhabitants, without regard to sex or age.
Prescott.

Sack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sacking.] [See Sack pillage.] To plunder or pillage, as a town or city; to devastate; to ravage.

The Romans lay under the apprehensions of seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy.
Addison.

Sack"age (?; 48), n. The act of taking by storm and pillaging; sack. [R.] H. Roscoe.

Sack"but (?), n. [F. saquebute, OF. saqueboute a sackbut, earlier, a sort of hook attached to the end of a lance used by foot soldiers to unhorse cavalrymen; prop. meaning, pull and push; fr. saquier, sachier, to pull, draw (perhaps originally, to put into a bag or take out from a bag; see Sack a bag) + bouter to push (see Butt to thrust). The name was given to the musical instrument from its being lengthened and shortened.] (Mus.) A brass wind instrument, like a bass trumpet, so contrived that it can be lengthened or shortened according to the tone required; -- said to be the same as the trombone. [Written also sagbut.] Moore (Encyc. of Music).

&fist; The sackbut of the Scriptures is supposed to have been a stringed instrument.

Sack"cloth` (?; 115), n. Linen or cotton cloth such as sacks are made of; coarse cloth; anciently, a cloth or garment worn in mourning, distress, mortification, or penitence.

Gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner.
2 Sam. iii. 31.

Thus with sackcloth I invest my woe.
Sandys.

Sack"clothed` (?), a. Clothed in sackcloth.

Sack"er (?), n. One who sacks; one who takes part in the storm and pillage of a town.

Sack"ful (?), n.; pl. Sackfuls (&?;). As much as a sack will hold.

Sack"ful, a. Bent on plunder. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sack"ing, n. [AS. sæccing, from sæcc sack, bag.] Stout, coarse cloth of which sacks, bags, etc., are made.

Sack"less, a. [AS. sacleás; sacu contention + leás loose, free from.] Quiet; peaceable; harmless; innocent. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sack"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a peculiar pouch developed near the front edge of the wing; -- said of certain bats of the genus Saccopteryx.

Sacque (?), n. [Formed after the analogy of the French. See 2d Sack.] Same as 2d Sack, 3.

Sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum; in the region of the sacrum.

Sac"ra*ment (?), n. [L. sacramentum an oath, a sacred thing, a mystery, a sacrament, fr. sacrare to declare as sacred, sacer sacred: cf. F. sacrement. See Sacred.] 1. The oath of allegiance taken by Roman soldiers; hence, a sacred ceremony used to impress an obligation; a solemn oath-taking; an oath. [Obs.]

I'll take the sacrament on't.
Shak.

2. The pledge or token of an oath or solemn covenant; a sacred thing; a mystery. [Obs.]

God sometimes sent a light of fire, and pillar of a cloud . . . and the sacrament of a rainbow, to guide his people through their portion of sorrows.
Jer. Taylor.

3. (Theol.) One of the solemn religious ordinances enjoined by Christ, the head of the Christian church, to be observed by his followers; hence, specifically, the eucharist; the Lord's Supper.

Syn. -- Sacrament, Eucharist. -- Protestants apply the term sacrament to baptism and the Lord's Supper, especially the latter. The R. Cath. and Greek churches have five other sacraments, viz., confirmation, penance, holy orders, matrimony, and extreme unction. As sacrament denotes an oath or vow, the word has been applied by way of emphasis to the Lord's Supper, where the most sacred vows are renewed by the Christian in commemorating the death of his Redeemer. Eucharist denotes the giving of thanks; and this term also has been applied to the same ordinance, as expressing the grateful remembrance of Christ's sufferings and death. "Some receive the sacrament as a means to procure great graces and blessings; others as an eucharist and an office of thanksgiving for what they have received." Jer. Taylor.

Sac"ra*ment (?), v. t. To bind by an oath. [Obs.] Laud.

Sac`ra*men"tal (?), a. [L. sacramentalis: cf. F. sacramental, sacramentel.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; of the nature of a sacrament; sacredly or solemnly binding; as, sacramental rites or elements.

2. Bound by a sacrament.

The sacramental host of God's elect.
Cowper.

Sac`ra*men"tal, n. That which relates to a sacrament. Bp. Morton.

Sac`ra*men"tal*ism (?), n. The doctrine and use of sacraments; attachment of excessive importance to sacraments.

Sac`ra*men"tal*ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the real objective presence of Christ's body and blood in the holy eucharist. Shipley.

Sac`ra*men"tal*ly, adv. In a sacramental manner.

Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an (?), n. [LL. sacramentarius: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. (Eccl.) A name given in the sixteenth century to those German reformers who rejected both the Roman and the Lutheran doctrine of the holy eucharist.

2. One who holds extreme opinions regarding the efficacy of sacraments.

Sac`ra*men*ta"ri*an, a. 1. Of or pertaining a sacrament, or to the sacramentals; sacramental.

2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians.

Sac`ra*men"ta*ry (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a sacrament or the sacraments; sacramental.

2. Of or pertaining to the Sacramentarians.

Sac`ra*men"ta*ry, n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. sacramentarium: cf. F. sacramentaire.] 1. An ancient book of the Roman Catholic Church, written by Pope Gelasius, and revised, corrected, and abridged by St. Gregory, in which were contained the rites for Mass, the sacraments, the dedication of churches, and other ceremonies. There are several ancient books of the same kind in France and Germany.

2. Same as Sacramentarian, n., 1.

Papists, Anabaptists, and Sacramentaries.
Jer. Taylor.

Sac"ra*ment*ize (?), v. i. To administer the sacraments. [R.]

Both to preach and sacramentize.
Fuller.

||Sa*cra"ri*um (?), n.; pl. -ria (#). [L., fr. sacer sacred.] 1. A sort of family chapel in the houses of the Romans, devoted to a special divinity.

2. The adytum of a temple. Gwilt.

3. In a Christian church, the sanctuary.

Sa"crate (?), v. t. [L. sacratus, p. p. of sacrare. See Sacred.] To consecrate. [Obs.]

Sa*cra"tion (?), n. Consecration. [Obs.]

Sa"cre (?), n. See Saker.

Sa"cre, v. t. [F. sacrer. See Sacred.] To consecrate; to make sacred. [Obs.] Holland.

Sa"cred (?), a. [Originally p. p. of OE. sacren to consecrate, F. sacrer, fr. L. sacrare, fr. sacer sacred, holy, cursed. Cf. Consecrate, Execrate, Saint, Sexton.] 1. Set apart by solemn religious ceremony; especially, in a good sense, made holy; set apart to religious use; consecrated; not profane or common; as, a sacred place; a sacred day; sacred service.

2. Relating to religion, or to the services of religion; not secular; religious; as, sacred history.

Smit with the love of sacred song.
Milton.

3. Designated or exalted by a divine sanction; possessing the highest title to obedience, honor, reverence, or veneration; entitled to extreme reverence; venerable.

Such neighbor nearness to our sacred [royal] blood
Should nothing privilege him.
Shak.

Poet and saint to thee alone were given,
The two most sacred names of earth and heaven.
Cowley.

4. Hence, not to be profaned or violated; inviolable.

Secrets of marriage still are sacred held.
Dryden.

5. Consecrated; dedicated; devoted; -- with to.

A temple, sacred to the queen of love.
Dryden.

6. Solemnly devoted, in a bad sense, as to evil, vengeance, curse, or the like; accursed; baleful. [Archaic]

But, to destruction sacred and devote.
Milton.

Society of the Sacred Heart (R.C. Ch.), a religious order of women, founded in France in 1800, and approved in 1826. It was introduced into America in 1817. The members of the order devote themselves to the higher branches of female education. -- Sacred baboon. (Zoöl.) See Hamadryas. -- Sacred bean (Bot.), a seed of the Oriental lotus (Nelumbo speciosa or Nelumbium speciosum), a plant resembling a water lily; also, the plant itself. See Lotus. -- Sacred beetle (Zoöl.) See Scarab. -- Sacred canon. See Canon, n., 3. - - Sacred fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of fresh-water African fishes of the family Mormyridæ. Several large species inhabit the Nile and were considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians; especially Mormyrus oxyrhynchus. -- Sacred ibis. See Ibis. -- Sacred monkey. (Zoöl.) (a) Any Asiatic monkey of the genus Semnopithecus, regarded as sacred by the Hindoos; especially, the entellus. See Entellus. (b) The sacred baboon. See Hamadryas. (c) The bhunder, or rhesus monkey. -- Sacred place (Civil Law), the place where a deceased person is buried.

Syn. -- Holy; divine; hallowed; consecrated; dedicated; devoted; religious; venerable; reverend.

-- Sa"cred*ly (#), adv. -- Sa"cred*ness, n.

{ Sacrif"ic (?), Sa*crif"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. sacrificus, sacrificalis. See Sacrifice.] Employed in sacrifice. [R.] Johnson.

Sa*crif"ic*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being offered in sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sa*crif"ic*ant (?), n. [L. sacrificans, p. pr. See Sacrifice.] One who offers a sacrifice. [R.]

Sac"ri*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] A sacrificer; one who offers a sacrifice. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Sa*crif"ic*a*to*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. sacrificatoire.] Offering sacrifice. [R.] Sherwood.

Sac"ri*fice (?; 277), n. [OE. sacrifise, sacrifice, F. sacrifice, fr. L. sacrificium; sacer sacred + facere to make. See Sacred, and Fact.] 1. The offering of anything to God, or to a god; consecratory rite.

Great pomp, and sacrifice, and praises loud,
To Dagon.
Milton.

2. Anything consecrated and offered to God, or to a divinity; an immolated victim, or an offering of any kind, laid upon an altar, or otherwise presented in the way of religious thanksgiving, atonement, or conciliation.

Moloch, horrid king, besmeared with blood
Of human sacrifice.
Milton.

My life, if thou preserv'st my life,
Thy sacrifice shall be.
Addison.

3. Destruction or surrender of anything for the sake of something else; devotion of some desirable object in behalf of a higher object, or to a claim deemed more pressing; hence, also, the thing so devoted or given up; as, the sacrifice of interest to pleasure, or of pleasure to interest.

4. A sale at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant]

Burnt sacrifice. See Burnt offering, under Burnt. -- Sacrifice hit (Baseball), in batting, a hit of such a kind that the batter loses his chance of tallying, but enables one or more who are on bases to get home or gain a base.

Sac"ri*fice (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sacrificed (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sacrificing (&?;).] [From Sacrifice, n.: cf. F. sacrifier, L. sacrificare; sacer sacred, holy + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] 1. To make an offering of; to consecrate or present to a divinity by way of expiation or propitiation, or as a token acknowledgment or thanksgiving; to immolate on the altar of God, in order to atone for sin, to procure favor, or to express thankfulness; as, to sacrifice an ox or a sheep.

Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid.
Milton.

2. Hence, to destroy, surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining something; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object or duty; to devote, with loss or suffering.

Condemned to sacrifice his childish years
To babbling ignorance, and to empty fears.
Prior.

The Baronet had sacrificed a large sum . . . for the sake of . . . making this boy his heir.
G. Eliot.

3. To destroy; to kill. Johnson.

4. To sell at a price less than the cost or the actual value. [Tradesmen's Cant]

Sac"ri*fice, v. i. To make offerings to God, or to a deity, of things consumed on the altar; to offer sacrifice.

O teacher, some great mischief hath befallen
To that meek man, who well had sacrificed.
Milton.

Sac"ri*fi`cer (?), n. One who sacrifices.

Sac`ri*fi"cial (?), a. Of or pertaining to sacrifice or sacrifices; consisting in sacrifice; performing sacrifice. "Sacrificial rites." Jer. Taylor.

Sac"ri*lege (?), n. [F. sacrilège, L. sacrilegium, from sacrilegus that steals, properly, gathers or picks up, sacred things; sacer sacred + legere to gather, pick up. See Sacred, and Legend.] The sin or crime of violating or profaning sacred things; the alienating to laymen, or to common purposes, what has been appropriated or consecrated to religious persons or uses.

And the hid treasures in her sacred tomb
With sacrilege to dig.
Spenser.

Families raised upon the ruins of churches, and enriched with the spoils of sacrilege.
South.

Sac`ri*le"gious (?), a. [From sacrilege: cf. L. sacrilegus.] Violating sacred things; polluted with sacrilege; involving sacrilege; profane; impious.

Above the reach of sacrilegious hands.
Pope.

-- Sac`ri*le"gious*ly, adv. -- Sac`ri*le"gious*ness, n.

Sac"ri*le`gist (?), n. One guilty of sacrilege.

Sac"ring (?), a. & n. from Sacre.

Sacring bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

Sa"crist (?), n. [LL. sacrista. See Sacristan.] A sacristan; also, a person retained in a cathedral to copy out music for the choir, and take care of the books.

Sac"ris*tan (?), n. [F. sacristain, LL. sacrista, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred, and cf. Sexton.] An officer of the church who has the care of the utensils or movables, and of the church in general; a sexton.

Sac"ris*ty (?), n.; pl. Sacristies (#). [F. sacristie, LL. sacristia, fr. L. sacer. See Sacred.] An apartment in a church where the sacred utensils, vestments, etc., are kept; a vestry.

Sa"cro- (&?;). (Anat.) A combining form denoting connection with, or relation to, the sacrum, as in sacro-coccygeal, sacro-iliac, sacrosciatic.

Sac"ro*sanct (?), a. [L. sucrosanctus.] Sacred; inviolable. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sa`cro*sci*at"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the sacrum and the hip; as, the sacrosciatic foramina formed by the sacrosciatic ligaments which connect the sacrum and the hip bone.

Sa`cro*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sacrum and that part of the vertebral column immediately anterior to it; as, the sacrovertebral angle.

||Sa"crum (?), n.; pl. sacra (&?;). [NL., fr. L. sacer sacred, os sacrum the lowest bone of the spine.] (Anat.) That part of the vertebral column which is directly connected with, or forms a part of, the pelvis.

&fist; It may consist of a single vertebra or of several more or less consolidated. In man it forms the dorsal, or posterior, wall of the pelvis, and consists of five united vertebræ, which diminish in size very rapidly to the posterior extremity, which bears the coccyx.

Sacs (s&add;ks), n. pl.; sing. Sac (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians, which, together with the Foxes, formerly occupied the region about Green Bay, Wisconsin. [Written also Sauks.]

Sad (săd), a. [Compar. Sadder (?); supperl. Saddest.] [OE. sad sated, tired, satisfied, firm, steadfast, AS. sæd satisfied, sated; akin to D. zat, OS. sad, G. satt, OHG. sat, Icel. saðr, saddr, Goth. saþs, Lith. sotus, L. sat, satis, enough, satur sated, Gr. 'a`menai to satiate, 'a`dnh enough. Cf. Assets, Sate, Satiate, Satisfy, Satire.] 1. Sated; satisfied; weary; tired. [Obs.]

Yet of that art they can not waxen sad,
For unto them it is a bitter sweet.
Chaucer.

2. Heavy; weighty; ponderous; close; hard. [Obs., except in a few phrases; as, sad bread.]

His hand, more sad than lump of lead.
Spenser.

Chalky lands are naturally cold and sad.
Mortimer.

3. Dull; grave; dark; somber; -- said of colors. "Sad-colored clothes." Walton.

Woad, or wade, is used by the dyers to lay the foundation of all sad colors.
Mortimer.

4. Serious; grave; sober; steadfast; not light or frivolous. [Obs.] "Ripe and sad courage." Chaucer.

Lady Catharine, a sad and religious woman.
Bacon.

Which treaty was wisely handled by sad and discrete counsel of both parties.
Ld. Berners.

5. Affected with grief or unhappiness; cast down with affliction; downcast; gloomy; mournful.

First were we sad, fearing you would not come;
Now sadder, that you come so unprovided.
Shak.

The angelic guards ascended, mute and sad.
Milton.

6. Afflictive; calamitous; causing sorrow; as, a sad accident; a sad misfortune.

7. Hence, bad; naughty; troublesome; wicked. [Colloq.] "Sad tipsy fellows, both of them." I. Taylor.

&fist; Sad is sometimes used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sad-colored, sad-eyed, sad-hearted, sad-looking, and the like.

Sad bread, heavy bread. [Scot. & Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Syn. -- Sorrowful; mournful; gloomy; dejected; depressed; cheerless; downcast; sedate; serious; grave; grievous; afflictive; calamitous.

Sad, v. t. To make sorrowful; to sadden. [Obs.]

How it sadded the minister's spirits!
H. Peters.

||Sad"da (?), n. [Per. sad-dar the hundred gates or ways; sad a hundred + dar door, way.] A work in the Persian tongue, being a summary of the Zend- Avesta, or sacred books.

Sad"den (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saddening.] To make sad. Specifically: (a) To render heavy or cohesive. [Obs.]

Marl is binding, and saddening of land is the great prejudice it doth to clay lands.
Mortimer.

(b) To make dull- or sad-colored, as cloth. (c) To make grave or serious; to make melancholy or sorrowful.

Her gloomy presence saddens all the scene.
Pope.

Sad"den, v. i. To become, or be made, sad. Tennyson.

Sad"der (?), n. Same as Sadda.

Sad"dle (?), n. [OE. sadel, AS. sadol; akin to D. zadel, G. sattel, OHG. satal, satul, Icel. söðull, Dan. & Sw. sadel; cf. Russ. siedlo; all perh. ultimately from the root of E. sit.] 1. A seat for a rider, -- usually made of leather, padded to span comfortably a horse's back, furnished with stirrups for the rider's feet to rest in, and fastened in place with a girth; also, a seat for the rider on a bicycle or tricycle.

2. A padded part of a harness which is worn on a horse's back, being fastened in place with a girth. It serves various purposes, as to keep the breeching in place, carry guides for the reins, etc.

3. A piece of meat containing a part of the backbone of an animal with the ribs on each side; as, a saddle of mutton, of venison, etc.

4. (Naut.) A block of wood, usually fastened to some spar, and shaped to receive the end of another spar.

5. (Mach.) A part, as a flange, which is hollowed out to fit upon a convex surface and serve as a means of attachment or support.

6. (Zoöl.) The clitellus of an earthworm.

7. (Arch.) The threshold of a door, when a separate piece from the floor or landing; -- so called because it spans and covers the joint between two floors.

Saddle bar (Arch.), one the small iron bars to which the lead panels of a glazed window are secured. Oxf. Gloss. -- Saddle gall (Far.), a sore or gall upon a horse's back, made by the saddle. -- Saddle girth, a band passing round the body of a horse to hold the saddle in its place. -- saddle horse, a horse suitable or trained for riding with a saddle. -- Saddle joint, in sheet-metal roofing, a joint formed by bending up the edge of a sheet and folding it downward over the turned-up edge of the next sheet. -- Saddle roof, (Arch.), a roof having two gables and one ridge; -- said of such a roof when used in places where a different form is more common; as, a tower surmounted by a saddle roof. Called also saddleback roof. -- Saddle shell (Zoöl.), any thin plicated bivalve shell of the genera Placuna and Anomia; -- so called from its shape. Called also saddle oyster.

Sad"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saddling (?).] [AS. sadelian.] 1. To put a saddle upon; to equip (a beast) for riding. "saddle my horse." Shak.

Abraham rose up early, . . . and saddled his ass.
Gen. xxii. 3.

2. Hence: To fix as a charge or burden upon; to load; to encumber; as, to saddle a town with the expense of bridges and highways.

Sad"dle*back` (?), a. Same as Saddle-backed.

Saddleback roof. (Arch.) See Saddle roof, under Saddle.

Sad"dle*back`, n. 1. Anything saddle-backed; esp., a hill or ridge having a concave outline at the top.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The harp seal. (b) The great blackbacked gull (Larus marinus). (c) The larva of a bombycid moth (Empretia stimulea) which has a large, bright green, saddle-shaped patch of color on the back.

Sad"dle-backed` (?), a. 1. Having the outline of the upper part concave like the seat of a saddle.

2. Having a low back and high neck, as a horse.

Sad"dle*bags (?), n. pl. Bags, usually of leather, united by straps or a band, formerly much used by horseback riders to carry small articles, one bag hanging on each side.

Sad"dle*bow` (?), n. [AS. sadelboga.] The bow or arch in the front part of a saddle, or the pieces which form the front.

Sad"dle*cloth` (?; 115), n. A cloth under a saddle, and extending out behind; a housing.

Sad"dled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a broad patch of color across the back, like a saddle; saddle-backed.

Sad"dler (?), n. One who makes saddles.

2. (Zoöl.) A harp seal.

Sad"dler*y (?), n. 1. The materials for making saddles and harnesses; the articles usually offered for sale in a saddler's shop.

2. The trade or employment of a saddler.

Sad"dle-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a saddle. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) Bent down at the sides so as to give the upper part a rounded form. Henslow.

(b) (Geol.) Bent on each side of a mountain or ridge, without being broken at top; -- said of strata.

Sad"dle*tree` (?), n. The frame of a saddle.

For saddletree scarce reached had he,
His journey to begin.
Cowper.

Sad`du*ca"ic (?; 135), a. Pertaining to, or like, the Sadducees; as, Sadducaic reasonings.

Sad"du*cee (?), n. [L. Sadducaei, p., Gr. &?;, Heb. Tsaddūkīm; -- so called from Tsādōk, the founder of the sect.] One of a sect among the ancient Jews, who denied the resurrection, a future state, and the existence of angels. -- Sad`du*ce"an (#), a.

{ Sad"du*cee`ism (?), Sad"du*cism (?) }, n. The tenets of the Sadducees.

Sad"du*cize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sadducized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sadducizing (?).] To adopt the principles of the Sadducees. Atterbury.

Sadh (?), n. [Skr. sādhu perfect, pure.] A member of a monotheistic sect of Hindoos. Sadhs resemble the Quakers in many respects. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sad"i`ron (?), n. [Probably sad heavy + iron.] An iron for smoothing clothes; a flatiron.

Sad"ly, adv. 1. Wearily; heavily; firmly. [Obs.]

In go the spears full sadly in arest.
Chaucer.

2. Seriously; soberly; gravely. [Obs.]

To tell thee sadly, shepherd, without blame
Or our neglect, we lost her as we came.
Milton.

3. Grievously; deeply; sorrowfully; miserably. "He sadly suffers in their grief." Dryden.

Sad"ness, n. 1. Heaviness; firmness. [Obs.]

2. Seriousness; gravity; discretion. [Obs.]

Her sadness and her benignity.
Chaucer.

3. Quality of being sad, or unhappy; gloominess; sorrowfulness; dejection.

Dim sadness did not spare
That time celestial visages.
Milton.

Syn. -- Sorrow; heaviness; dejection. See Grief.

||Sadr (?), n. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Ziziphus (Z. lotus); -- so called by the Arabs of Barbary, who use its berries for food. See Lotus (b).

||Saeng"er*fest (?), n. [G. sängerfest.] A festival of singers; a German singing festival.

Safe (?), a. [Compar. Safer (?); superl. Safest.] [OE. sauf, F. sauf, fr. L. salvus, akin to salus health, welfare, safety. Cf. Salute, Salvation, Sage a plant, Save, Salvo an exception.] 1. Free from harm, injury, or risk; untouched or unthreatened by danger or injury; unharmed; unhurt; secure; whole; as, safe from disease; safe from storms; safe from foes. "And ye dwelled safe." 1 Sam. xii. 11.

They escaped all safe to land.
Acts xxvii. 44.

Established in a safe, unenvied throne.
Milton.

2. Conferring safety; securing from harm; not exposing to danger; confining securely; to be relied upon; not dangerous; as, a safe harbor; a safe bridge, etc. "The man of safe discretion." Shak.

The King of heaven hath doomed
This place our dungeon, not our safe retreat.
Milton.

3. Incapable of doing harm; no longer dangerous; in secure care or custody; as, the prisoner is safe.

But Banquo's safe?
Ay, my good lord, safe in a ditch he bides.
Shak.

Safe hit (Baseball), a hit which enables the batter to get to first base even if no error is made by the other side.

Syn. -- Secure; unendangered; sure.

Safe (?), n. A place for keeping things in safety. Specifically: (a) A strong and fireproof receptacle (as a movable chest of steel, etc., or a closet or vault of brickwork) for containing money, valuable papers, or the like. (b) A ventilated or refrigerated chest or closet for securing provisions from noxious animals or insects.

Safe, v. t. To render safe; to make right. [Obs.] Shak.

Safe"-con"duct (?), n. [Safe + conduct: cf. F. sauf-conduit.] That which gives a safe passage; either (a) a convoy or guard to protect a person in an enemy's country or a foreign country, or (b) a writing, pass, or warrant of security, given to a person to enable him to travel with safety. Shak.

Safe`-con*duct" (?), v. t. To conduct safely; to give safe-conduct to. [Poetic]

He him by all the bonds of love besought
To safe-conduct his love.
Spenser.

Safe"guard` (?), n. [Safe = guard: cf. F. sauvegarde.] 1. One who, or that which, defends or protects; defense; protection. Shak.

Thy sword, the safeguard of thy brother's throne.
Granville.

2. A convoy or guard to protect a traveler or property.

3. A pass; a passport; a safe-conduct. Shak.

Safe"guard`, v. t. To guard; to protect. Shak.

Safe"-keep"ing (?), n. [Safe + keep.] The act of keeping or preserving in safety from injury or from escape; care; custody.

Safe"ly, adv. In a safe manner; danger, injury, loss, or evil consequences.

Safe"ness, n. The quality or state of being safe; freedom from hazard, danger, harm, or loss; safety; security; as the safeness of an experiment, of a journey, or of a possession.

Safe"-pledge" (?), n. (Law) A surety for the appearance of a person at a given time. Bracton.

Safe"ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sauveté.] 1. The condition or state of being safe; freedom from danger or hazard; exemption from hurt, injury, or loss.

Up led by thee,
Into the heaven I have presumed,
An earthly guest . . . With like safety guided down,
Return me to my native element.
Milton.

2. Freedom from whatever exposes one to danger or from liability to cause danger or harm; safeness; hence, the quality of making safe or secure, or of giving confidence, justifying trust, insuring against harm or loss, etc.

Would there were any safety in thy sex,
That I might put a thousand sorrows off,
And credit thy repentance!
Beau. & Fl.

3. Preservation from escape; close custody.

Imprison him, . . .
Deliver him to safety; and return.
Shak.

4. (Football) Same as Safety touchdown, below.

Safety arch (Arch.), a discharging arch. See under Discharge, v. t. -- Safety belt, a belt made of some buoyant material, or which is capable of being inflated, so as to enable a person to float in water; a life preserver. -- Safety buoy, a buoy to enable a person to float in water; a safety belt. -- Safety cage (Mach.), a cage for an elevator or mine lift, having appliances to prevent it from dropping if the lifting rope should break. -- Safety lamp. (Mining) See under Lamp. -- Safety match, a match which can be ignited only on a surface specially prepared for the purpose. -- Safety pin, a pin made in the form of a clasp, with a guard covering its point so that it will not prick the wearer. -- Safety plug. See Fusible plug, under Fusible. -- Safety switch. See Switch. -- Safety touchdown (Football), the act or result of a player's touching to the ground behind his own goal line a ball which received its last impulse from a man on his own side; -- distinguished from touchback. See Touchdown. -- Safety tube (Chem.), a tube to prevent explosion, or to control delivery of gases by an automatic valvular connection with the outer air; especially, a bent funnel tube with bulbs for adding those reagents which produce unpleasant fumes or violent effervescence. -- Safety valve, a valve which is held shut by a spring or weight and opens automatically to permit the escape of steam, or confined gas, water, etc., from a boiler, or other vessel, when the pressure becomes too great for safety; also, sometimes, a similar valve opening inward to admit air to a vessel in which the pressure is less than that of the atmosphere, to prevent collapse.

Saf"flow (?), n. (Bot.) The safflower. [Obs.]

Saf"flow`er (?), n. [F. safleur, saflor, for safran, influenced by fleur flower. See Saffron, and Flower.] 1. (Bot.) An annual composite plant (Carthamus tinctorius), the flowers of which are used as a dyestuff and in making rouge; bastard, or false, saffron.

2. The dried flowers of the Carthamus tinctorius.

3. A dyestuff from these flowers. See Safranin (b).

Oil of safflower, a purgative oil expressed from the seeds of the safflower.

Saf"fron (?; 277), n. [OE. saffran, F. safran; cf. It. zafferano, Sp. azafran, Pg. açafrão; all fr. Ar. & Per. za' farān.] 1. (Bot.) A bulbous iridaceous plant (Crocus sativus) having blue flowers with large yellow stigmas. See Crocus.

2. The aromatic, pungent, dried stigmas, usually with part of the stile, of the Crocus sativus. Saffron is used in cookery, and in coloring confectionery, liquors, varnishes, etc., and was formerly much used in medicine.

3. An orange or deep yellow color, like that of the stigmas of the Crocus sativus.

Bastard saffron, Dyer's saffron. (Bot.) See Safflower. -- Meadow saffron (Bot.), a bulbous plant (Colchichum autumnale) of Europe, resembling saffron. -- Saffron wood (Bot.), the yellowish wood of a South African tree (Elæodendron croceum); also, the tree itself. -- Saffron yellow, a shade of yellow like that obtained from the stigmas of the true saffron (Crocus sativus).

Saf"fron (?; 277), a. Having the color of the stigmas of saffron flowers; deep orange-yellow; as, a saffron face; a saffron streamer.

Saf"fron, v. t. To give color and flavor to, as by means of saffron; to spice. [Obs.]

And in Latyn I speak a wordes few,
To saffron with my predication.
Chaucer.

Saf"fron*y (?), a. Having a color somewhat like saffron; yellowish. Lord (1630).

Saf"ra*nin (?), n. (Chem.) (a) An orange-red dyestuff extracted from the saffron. [R.] (b) A red dyestuff extracted from the safflower, and formerly used in dyeing wool, silk, and cotton pink and scarlet; -- called also Spanish red, China lake, and carthamin. (c) An orange-red dyestuff prepared from certain nitro compounds of creosol, and used as a substitute for the safflower dye.

Saf"ra*nine (? or ?), n. [So called because used as a substitute for safranin.] (Chem.) An orange-red nitrogenous dyestuff produced artificially by oxidizing certain aniline derivatives, and used in dyeing silk and wool; also, any one of the series of which safranine proper is the type.

Sag (săg), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sagging (?).] [Akin to Sw. sacka to settle, sink down, LG. sacken, D. zakken. Cf. Sink, v. i.] 1. To sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane; as, a line or cable supported by its ends sags, though tightly drawn; the floor of a room sags; hence, to lean, give way, or settle from a vertical position; as, a building may sag one way or another; a door sags on its hinges.

2. Fig.: To lose firmness or elasticity; to sink; to droop; to flag; to bend; to yield, as the mind or spirits, under the pressure of care, trouble, doubt, or the like; to be unsettled or unbalanced. [R.]

The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear,
Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.
Shak.

3. To loiter in walking; to idle along; to drag or droop heavily.

To sag to leeward (Naut.), to make much leeway by reason of the wind, sea, or current; to drift to leeward; -- said of a vessel. Totten.

Sag, v. t. To cause to bend or give way; to load.

Sag, n. State of sinking or bending; sagging.

Sa"ga (sā"g&adot;), n.; pl. Sagas (-g&adot;z). [Icel., akin to E. saw a saying. See Say, and cf. Saw.] A Scandinavian legend, or heroic or mythic tradition, among the Norsemen and kindred people; a northern European popular historical or religious tale of olden time.

And then the blue-eyed Norseman told
A saga of the days of old.
Longfellow.

Sa*ga"cious (?), a. [L. sagax, sagacis, akin to sagire to perceive quickly or keenly, and probably to E. seek. See Seek, and cf. Presage.] 1. Of quick sense perceptions; keen-scented; skilled in following a trail.

Sagacious of his quarry from so far.
Milton.

2. Hence, of quick intellectual perceptions; of keen penetration and judgment; discerning and judicious; knowing; far-sighted; shrewd; sage; wise; as, a sagacious man; a sagacious remark.

Instinct . . . makes them, many times, sagacious above our apprehension.
Dr. H. More.

Only sagacious heads light on these observations, and reduce them into general propositions.
Locke.

Syn. -- See Shrewd.

-- Sa*ga"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa*ga"cious*ness, n.

Sa*gac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sagacitas. See Sagacious.] The quality of being sagacious; quickness or acuteness of sense perceptions; keenness of discernment or penetration with soundness of judgment; shrewdness.

Some [brutes] show that nice sagacity of smell.
Cowper.

Natural sagacity improved by generous education.
V. Knox.

Syn. -- Penetration; shrewdness; judiciousness. -- Sagacity, Penetration. Penetration enables us to enter into the depths of an abstruse subject, to detect motives, plans, etc. Sagacity adds to penetration a keen, practical judgment, which enables one to guard against the designs of others, and to turn everything to the best possible advantage.

Sag"a*more (?), n. 1. [Cf. Sachem.] The head of a tribe among the American Indians; a chief; -- generally used as synonymous with sachem, but some writters distinguished between them, making the sachem a chief of the first rank, and a sagamore one of the second rank. "Be it sagamore, sachem, or powwow." Longfellow.

2. A juice used in medicine. [Obs.] Johnson.

Sag"a*pen (?), n. Sagapenum.

||Sag`a*pe"num (?), n. [L. sagapenon, sacopenium, Gr. &?;: cf. F. sagapin, gomme sagapin, sagapénum, Ar. sikbīnaj, Per. sakbīnah, sikbīnah.] (Med.) A fetid gum resin obtained from a species of Ferula. It has been used in hysteria, etc., but is now seldom met with. U. S. Disp.

Sag"a*thy (?), n. [F. sagatis: cf. Sp. sagatí, saetí.] A mixed woven fabric of silk and cotton, or silk and wool; sayette; also, a light woolen fabric.

Sage (?), n. [OE. sauge, F. sauge, L. salvia, from salvus saved, in allusion to its reputed healing virtues. See Safe.] (Bot.) (a) A suffruticose labiate plant (Salvia officinalis) with grayish green foliage, much used in flavoring meats, etc. The name is often extended to the whole genus, of which many species are cultivated for ornament, as the scarlet sage, and Mexican red and blue sage. (b) The sagebrush.

Meadow sage (Bot.), a blue-flowered species of Salvia (S. pratensis) growing in meadows in Europe. -- Sage cheese, cheese flavored with sage, and colored green by the juice of leaves of spinach and other plants which are added to the milk. -- Sage cock (Zoöl.), the male of the sage grouse; in a more general sense, the specific name of the sage grouse. -- Sage green, of a dull grayish green color, like the leaves of garden sage. -- Sage grouse (Zoöl.), a very large American grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), native of the dry sagebrush plains of Western North America. Called also cock of the plains. The male is called sage cock, and the female sage hen. -- Sage hare, or Sage rabbit (Zoöl.), a species of hare (Lepus Nuttalli, or artemisia) which inhabits the arid regions of Western North America and lives among sagebrush. By recent writers it is considered to be merely a variety of the common cottontail, or wood rabbit. -- Sage hen (Zoöl.), the female of the sage grouse. -- Sage sparrow (Zoöl.), a small sparrow (Amphispiza Belli, var. Nevadensis) which inhabits the dry plains of the Rocky Mountain region, living among sagebrush. -- Sage thrasher (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Oroscoptes montanus) which inhabits the sagebrush plains of Western North America. -- Sage willow (Bot.), a species of willow (Salix tristis) forming a low bush with nearly sessile grayish green leaves.

Sage (?), a. [Compar. Sager (?); superl. Sagest.] [F., fr. L. sapius (only in nesapius unwise, foolish), fr. sapere to be wise; perhaps akin to E. sap. Cf. Savor, Sapient, Insipid.] 1. Having nice discernment and powers of judging; prudent; grave; sagacious.

All you sage counselors, hence!
Shak.

2. Proceeding from wisdom; well judged; shrewd; well adapted to the purpose.

Commanders, who, cloaking their fear under show of sage advice, counseled the general to retreat.
Milton.

3. Grave; serious; solemn. [R.] "[Great bards] in sage and solemn tunes have sung." Milton.

Syn. -- Wise; sagacious; sapient; grave; prudent; judicious.

Sage, n. A wise man; a man of gravity and wisdom; especially, a man venerable for years, and of sound judgment and prudence; a grave philosopher.

At his birth a star,
Unseen before in heaven, proclaims him come,
And guides the Eastern sages.
Milton.

Sage"brush` (?), n. A low irregular shrub (Artemisia tridentata), of the order Compositæ, covering vast tracts of the dry alkaline regions of the American plains; -- called also sagebush, and wild sage.

Sage"ly, adv. In a sage manner; wisely.

Sa*gene" (?), n. [Russ. sajene.] A Russian measure of length equal to about seven English feet.

Sage"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sage; wisdom; sagacity; prudence; gravity. Ascham.

Sag"e*nite (?), n. [F. sagénite, fr. L. sagena a large net. See Seine.] (Min.) Acicular rutile occurring in reticulated forms imbedded in quartz.

Sag`e*nit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Resembling sagenite; -- applied to quartz when containing acicular crystals of other minerals, most commonly rutile, also tourmaline, actinolite, and the like.

Sag"ger (?), n. [See Seggar.] 1. A pot or case of fire clay, in which fine stoneware is inclosed while baking in the kiln; a seggar.

2. The clay of which such pots or cases are made.

Sag"ging (?), n. A bending or sinking between the ends of a thing, in consequence of its own, or an imposed, weight; an arching downward in the middle, as of a ship after straining. Cf. Hogging.

Sag"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. saginatus, p. p. of saginare to fat, fr. sagina stuffing.] To make fat; to pamper. [R.] "Many a saginated boar." Cowper.

Sag`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. saginatio.] The act of fattening or pampering. [R.] Topsell.

||Sa*git"ta (?), n. [L., an arrow.] 1. (Astron.) A small constellation north of Aquila; the Arrow.

2. (Arch.) The keystone of an arch. [R.] Gwilt.

3. (Geom.) The distance from a point in a curve to the chord; also, the versed sine of an arc; -- so called from its resemblance to an arrow resting on the bow and string. [Obs.]

4. (Anat.) The larger of the two otoliths, or ear bones, found in most fishes.

5. (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent, free-swimming marine worms having lateral and caudal fins, and capable of swimming rapidly. It is the type of the class Chætognatha.

Sag"it*tal (?), a. [L. sagitta an arrow: cf. F. sagittal.] 1. Of or pertaining to an arrow; resembling an arrow; furnished with an arrowlike appendage.

2. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the sagittal suture; in the region of the sagittal suture; rabdoidal; as, the sagittal furrow, or groove, on the inner surface of the roof of the skull. (b) In the mesial plane; mesial; as, a sagittal section of an animal.

Sagittal suture (Anat.), the suture between the two parietal bones in the top of the skull; -- called also rabdoidal suture, and interparietal suture.

||Sag`it*ta"ri*us (?), n. [L., literally, an archer, fr. sagittarius belonging to an arrow, fr. sagitta an arrow.] (Astron.) (a) The ninth of the twelve signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters about November 22, marked thus [&sagittarius;] in almanacs; the Archer. (b) A zodiacal constellation, represented on maps and globes as a centaur shooting an arrow.

Sag"it*ta"ry (?), n. [See Sagittarius.] 1. (Myth.) A centaur; a fabulous being, half man, half horse, armed with a bow and quiver. Shak.

2. The Arsenal in Venice; -- so called from having a figure of an archer over the door. Shak.

Sag"it*ta*ry, a. [L. sagittarius.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an arrow. Sir T. Browne.

Sag"it*tate (?), a. [NL. sagittatus, fr. L. sagitta an arrow.] Shaped like an arrowhead; triangular, with the two basal angles prolonged downward.

Sag"it*ta`ted (?), a. Sagittal; sagittate.

Sag"it*to*cyst (?), n. [See Sagitta, and Cyst.] (Zoöl.) A defensive cell containing a minute rodlike structure which may be expelled. Such cells are found in certain Turbellaria.

Sa"go (sā"g&osl;), n. [Malay. sāgu.] A dry granulated starch imported from the East Indies, much used for making puddings and as an article of diet for the sick; also, as starch, for stiffening textile fabrics. It is prepared from the stems of several East Indian and Malayan palm trees, but chiefly from the Metroxylon Sagu; also from several cycadaceous plants (Cycas revoluta, Zamia integrifolia, etc.).

Portland sago, a kind of sago prepared from the corms of the cuckoopint (Arum maculatum). -- Sago palm. (Bot.) (a) A palm tree which yields sago. (b) A species of Cycas (Cycas revoluta). -- Sago spleen (Med.), a morbid condition of the spleen, produced by amyloid degeneration of the organ, in which a cross section shows scattered gray translucent bodies looking like grains of sago.

Sa*goin" (?), n. [F. sagouin(formed from the native South American name).] (Zoöl.) A marmoset; -- called also sagouin.

||Sa"gum (?), n.; pl. Saga (#). [L. sagum, sagus; cf. Gr. &?;. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] (Rom. Antiq.) The military cloak of the Roman soldiers.

||Sa"gus (?), n. [NL. See Sago.] (Bot.) A genus of palms from which sago is obtained.

Sa"gy (?), a. Full of sage; seasoned with sage.

||Sa"hib (?), ||Sa"heb (&?;), n. [Ar. çāhib master, lord, fem. çāhibah.] A respectful title or appellation given to Europeans of rank. [India]

||Sa"hi*bah (?), n. [See Sahib.] A lady; mistress. [India]

Sa*hid"ic (?), a. Same as Thebaic.

Sah"lite (?), n. (Min.) See Salite.

||Sa*hui" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A marmoset.

||Sa"i (?), n. [Cf. Pg. sahi.] (Zoöl.) See Capuchin, 3 (a).

||Sai"bling (?), n. [Dial. G.] (Zoöl.) A European mountain trout (Salvelinus alpinus); -- called also Bavarian charr.

Sa"ic (?), n. [F. saïque, Turk. shaïka.] (Naut.) A kind of ketch very common in the Levant, which has neither topgallant sail nor mizzen topsail.

Said (?), imp. & p. p. of Say.

Said, a. Before-mentioned; already spoken of or specified; aforesaid; -- used chiefly in legal style.

||Sai"ga (?), n. [Russ. saika.] (Zoöl.) An antelope (Saiga Tartarica) native of the plains of Siberia and Eastern Russia. The male has erect annulated horns, and tufts of long hair beneath the eyes and ears.

Sai"kyr (?), n. (Mil.) Same as Saker. [Obs.]

Sail (?), n. [OE. seil, AS. segel, segl; akin to D. zeil, OHG. segal, G. & Sw. segel, Icel. segl, Dan. seil. √ 153.] 1. An extent of canvas or other fabric by means of which the wind is made serviceable as a power for propelling vessels through the water.

Behoves him now both sail and oar.
Milton.

2. Anything resembling a sail, or regarded as a sail.

3. A wing; a van. [Poetic]

Like an eagle soaring
To weather his broad sails.
Spenser.

4. The extended surface of the arm of a windmill.

5. A sailing vessel; a vessel of any kind; a craft.

&fist; In this sense, the plural has usually the same form as the singular; as, twenty sail were in sight.

6. A passage by a sailing vessel; a journey or excursion upon the water.

&fist; Sails are of two general kinds, fore-and-aft sails, and square sails. Square sails are always bent to yards, with their foot lying across the line of the vessel. Fore-and-aft sails are set upon stays or gaffs with their foot in line with the keel. A fore- and-aft sail is triangular, or quadrilateral with the after leech longer than the fore leech. Square sails are quadrilateral, but not necessarily square. See Phrases under Fore, a., and Square, a.; also, Bark, Brig, Schooner, Ship, Stay.

Sail burton (Naut.), a purchase for hoisting sails aloft for bending. -- Sail fluke (Zoöl.), the whiff. -- Sail hook, a small hook used in making sails, to hold the seams square. -- Sail loft, a loft or room where sails are cut out and made. -- Sail room (Naut.), a room in a vessel where sails are stowed when not in use. -- Sail yard (Naut.), the yard or spar on which a sail is extended. -- Shoulder-of- mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail of peculiar form. It is chiefly used to set on a boat's mast. -- To crowd sail. (Naut.) See under Crowd. -- To loose sails (Naut.), to unfurl or spread sails. -- To make sail (Naut.), to extend an additional quantity of sail. -- To set a sail (Naut.), to extend or spread a sail to the wind. -- To set sail (Naut.), to unfurl or spread the sails; hence, to begin a voyage. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce the extent of sail, or take in a part. -- To strike sail (Naut.), to lower the sails suddenly, as in saluting, or in sudden gusts of wind; hence, to acknowledge inferiority; to abate pretension. -- Under sail, having the sails spread.

Sail (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sailing.] [AS. segelian, seglian. See Sail, n.] 1. To be impelled or driven forward by the action of wind upon sails, as a ship on water; to be impelled on a body of water by the action of steam or other power.

2. To move through or on the water; to swim, as a fish or a water fowl.

3. To be conveyed in a vessel on water; to pass by water; as, they sailed from London to Canton.

4. To set sail; to begin a voyage.

5. To move smoothly through the air; to glide through the air without apparent exertion, as a bird.

As is a winged messenger of heaven, . . .
When he bestrides the lazy pacing clouds,
And sails upon the bosom of the air.
Shak.

Sail, v. t. 1. To pass or move upon, as in a ship, by means of sails; hence, to move or journey upon (the water) by means of steam or other force.

A thousand ships were manned to sail the sea.
Dryden.

2. To fly through; to glide or move smoothly through.

Sublime she sails
The aërial space, and mounts the wingèd gales.
Pope.

3. To direct or manage the motion of, as a vessel; as, to sail one's own ship. Totten.

Sail"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being sailed over; navigable; as, a sailable river.

Sail"boat`, n. A boat propelled by a sail or sails.

Sail"cloth` (?), n. Duck or canvas used in making sails.

Sail"er (?), n. 1. A sailor. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

2. A ship or other vessel; -- with qualifying words descriptive of speed or manner of sailing; as, a heavy sailer; a fast sailer.

Sail"fish (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The banner fish, or spikefish (Histiophorus.) (b) The basking, or liver, shark. (c) The quillback.

Sail"ing (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sails; the motion of a vessel on water, impelled by wind or steam; the act of starting on a voyage.

2. (Naut.) The art of managing a vessel; seamanship; navigation; as, globular sailing; oblique sailing.

&fist; For the several methods of sailing, see under Circular, Globular, Oblique, Parallel, etc.

Sailing master (U. S. Navy), formerly, a warrant officer, ranking next below a lieutenant, whose duties were to navigate the vessel; and under the direction of the executive officer, to attend to the stowage of the hold, to the cables, rigging, etc. The grade was merged in that of master in 1862.

Sail"less (?), a. Destitute of sails. Pollok.

Sail"mak`er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make or repair sails. -- Sail"mak`ing, n.

Sail"or (?), n. One who follows the business of navigating ships or other vessels; one who understands the practical management of ships; one of the crew of a vessel; a mariner; a common seaman.

Syn. -- Mariner; seaman; seafarer.

Sailor's choice. (Zoöl.) (a) An excellent marine food fish (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides) of the Southern United States; -- called also porgy, squirrel fish, yellowtail, and salt- water bream. (b) A species of grunt (Orthopristis, or Pomadasys, chrysopterus), an excellent food fish common on the southern coasts of the United States; -- called also hogfish, and pigfish.

Sail"y (?), a. Like a sail. [R.] Drayton.

Saim (?), n. [OF. sain, LL. saginum, fr. L. sagina a fattening.] Lard; grease. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

||Sai*mir" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The squirrel monkey.

Sain (?), obs. p. p. of Say, for sayen. Said. Shak.

Sain, v. t. [Cf. Saint, Sane.] To sanctify; to bless so as to protect from evil influence. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Sain"foin (?; 277), n. [F., fr. sain wholesome (L. sanus; see Sane.) + foin hay (L. fænum); or perh. fr. saint sacred (L. sanctus; see Saint) + foin hay.] (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Onobrychis sativa) cultivated for fodder. [Written also saintfoin.] (b) A kind of tick trefoil (Desmodium Canadense). [Canada]

Saint (sānt), n. [F., fr. L. sanctus sacred, properly p. p. of sancire to render sacred by a religious act, to appoint as sacred; akin to sacer sacred. Cf. Sacred, Sanctity, Sanctum, Sanctus.] 1. A person sanctified; a holy or godly person; one eminent for piety and virtue; any true Christian, as being redeemed and consecrated to God.

Them that are sanctified in Christ Jesus, called to be saints.
1 Cor. i. 2.

2. One of the blessed in heaven.

Then shall thy saints, unmixed, and from the impure
Far separate, circling thy holy mount,
Unfeigned hallelujahs to thee sing.
Milton.

3. (Eccl.) One canonized by the church. [Abbrev. St.]

Saint Andrew's cross. (a) A cross shaped like the letter X. See Illust. 4, under Cross. (b) (Bot.) A low North American shrub (Ascyrum Crux-Andreæ, the petals of which have the form of a Saint Andrew's cross. Gray. -- Saint Anthony's cross, a T-shaped cross. See Illust. 6, under Cross. -- Saint Anthony's fire, the erysipelas; -- popularly so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession of Saint Anthony. -- Saint Anthony's nut (Bot.), the groundnut (Bunium flexuosum); -- so called because swine feed on it, and St. Anthony was once a swineherd. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Anthony's turnip (Bot.), the bulbous crowfoot, a favorite food of swine. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Barnaby's thistle (Bot.), a kind of knapweed (Centaurea solstitialis) flowering on St. Barnabas's Day, June 11th. Dr. Prior. -- Saint Bernard (Zoöl.), a breed of large, handsome dogs celebrated for strength and sagacity, formerly bred chiefly at the Hospice of St. Bernard in Switzerland, but now common in Europe and America. There are two races, the smooth-haired and the rough-haired. See Illust. under Dog. -- Saint Catharine's flower (Bot.), the plant love-in-a-mist. See under Love. -- Saint Cuthbert's beads (Paleon.), the fossil joints of crinoid stems. -- Saint Dabeoc's heath (Bot.), a heatherlike plant (Dabœcia polifolia), named from an Irish saint. -- Saint Distaff's Day. See under Distaff. -- Saint Elmo's fire, a luminous, flamelike appearance, sometimes seen in dark, tempestuous nights, at some prominent point on a ship, particularly at the masthead and the yardarms. It has also been observed on land, and is due to the discharge of electricity from elevated or pointed objects. A single flame is called a Helena, or a Corposant; a double, or twin, flame is called a Castor and Pollux, or a double Corposant. It takes its name from St. Elmo, the patron saint of sailors. -- Saint George's cross (Her.), a Greek cross gules upon a field argent, the field being represented by a narrow fimbriation in the ensign, or union jack, of Great Britain. -- Saint George's ensign, a red cross on a white field with a union jack in the upper corner next the mast. It is the distinguishing badge of ships of the royal navy of England; -- called also the white ensign. Brande & C. -- Saint George's flag, a smaller flag resembling the ensign, but without the union jack; used as the sign of the presence and command of an admiral. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- Saint Gobain glass (Chem.), a fine variety of soda-lime plate glass, so called from St. Gobain in France, where it was manufactured. -- Saint Ignatius's bean (Bot.), the seed of a tree of the Philippines (Strychnos Ignatia), of properties similar to the nux vomica. -- Saint James's shell (Zoöl.), a pecten (Vola Jacobæus) worn by pilgrims to the Holy Land. See Illust. under Scallop. -- Saint James's-wort (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Jacobæa). -- Saint John's bread. (Bot.) See Carob. -- Saint John's-wort (Bot.), any plant of the genus Hypericum, most species of which have yellow flowers; -- called also John's-wort. -- Saint Leger, the name of a race for three-year-old horses run annually in September at Doncaster, England; -- instituted in 1776 by Col. St. Leger. -- Saint Martin's herb (Bot.), a small tropical American violaceous plant (Sauvagesia erecta). It is very mucilaginous and is used in medicine. -- Saint Martin's summer, a season of mild, damp weather frequently prevailing during late autumn in England and the Mediterranean countries; -- so called from St. Martin's Festival, occurring on November 11. It corresponds to the Indian summer in America. Shak. Whittier. -- Saint Patrick's cross. See Illust. 4, under Cross. -- Saint Patrick's Day, the 17th of March, anniversary of the death (about 466) of St. Patrick, the apostle and patron saint of Ireland. -- Saint Peter's fish. (Zoöl.) See John Dory, under John. -- Saint Peter's-wort (Bot.), a name of several plants, as Hypericum Ascyron, H. quadrangulum, Ascyrum stans, etc. -- Saint Peter's wreath (Bot.), a shrubby kind of Spiræa (S. hypericifolia), having long slender branches covered with clusters of small white blossoms in spring. -- Saint's bell. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus. -- Saint Vitus's dance (Med.), chorea; -- so called from the supposed cures wrought on intercession to this saint.

Saint (sānt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sainting.] To make a saint of; to enroll among the saints by an offical act, as of the pope; to canonize; to give the title or reputation of a saint to (some one).

A large hospital, erected by a shoemaker who has been beatified, though never sainted.
Addison.

To saint it, to act as a saint, or with a show of piety.

Whether the charmer sinner it or saint it.
Pope.

Saint, v. i. To act or live as a saint. [R.] Shak.

Saint"dom (-dŭm), n. The state or character of a saint. [R.] Tennyson.

Saint"ed, a. 1. Consecrated; sacred; holy; pious. "A most sainted king." Shak.

Amongst the enthroned gods on sainted seats.
Milton.

2. Entered into heaven; -- a euphemism for dead.

Saint"ess, n. A female saint. [R.] Bp. Fisher.

Saint"hood (?), n. 1. The state of being a saint; the condition of a saint. Walpole.

2. The order, or united body, of saints; saints, considered collectively.

It was supposed he felt no call to any expedition that might endanger the reign of the military sainthood.
Sir W. Scott.

Saint"ish, a. Somewhat saintlike; - - used ironically.

Saint"ism (?), n. The character or quality of saints; also, hypocritical pretense of holiness. Wood.

Saint"like` (?), a. Resembling a saint; suiting a saint; becoming a saint; saintly.

Glossed over only with a saintlike show.
Dryden.

Saint"li*ness (?), n. Quality of being saintly.

Saint"ly, a. [Compar. Saintlier (?); superl. Saintliest.] Like a saint; becoming a holy person.

So dear to Heaven is saintly chastity.
Milton.

Saint*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Saint + -logy + -ist.] (Theol.) One who writes the lives of saints. [R.]

Saint"ship, n. The character or qualities of a saint.

Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an (?), n. A follower of the Count de St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of property held in common, and the just division of the fruits of common labor among the members of society, are the true remedy for the social evils which exist. Brande & C.

Saint`-Si*mo"ni*an*ism (?), n. The principles, doctrines, or practice of the Saint-Simonians; -- called also Saint- Simonism.

Saith (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Say. [Archaic]

Saithe (?), n. [Gael. saoidheam.] (Zoöl.) The pollock, or coalfish; -- called also sillock. [Scot.]

Sai"va (? or ?), n. [Skr. çaiva devoted to Siva.] One of an important religious sect in India which regards Siva with peculiar veneration.

Sai"vism (?), n. The worship of Siva.

Sa*jene" (?), n. Same as Sagene.

Sa"jou (?; F. &?;), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sapajou.

Sake (sāk), n. [OE. sake cause, also, lawsuit, fault, AS. sacu strife, a cause or suit at law; akin to D. zaak cause, thing, affair, G. sache thing, cause in law, OHG. sahha, Icel. sök, Sw. sak, Dan. sag, Goth. sakjō strife, AS. sacan to contend, strive, Goth. sakam, Icel. saka to contend, strive, blame, OHG. sahhan, MHG. sachen, to contend, strive, defend one's right, accuse, charge in a lawsuit, and also to E. seek. Cf. Seek.] Final cause; end; purpose of obtaining; cause; motive; reason; interest; concern; account; regard or respect; -- used chiefly in such phrases as, for the sake of, for his sake, for man's sake, for mercy's sake, and the like; as, to commit crime for the sake of gain; to go abroad for the sake of one's health.

Moved with wrath and shame and ladies' sake.
Spenser.

I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake.
Gen. viii. 21.

Will he draw out,
For anger's sake, finite to infinite?
Milton.

Knowledge is for the sake of man, and not man for the sake of knowledge.
Sir W. Hamilton.

&fist; The -s of the possessive case preceding sake is sometimes omitted for euphony; as, for goodness sake. "For conscience sake." 1 Cor. x. 28. The plural sakes is often used with a possessive plural. "For both our sakes." Shak.

Sa"ker (sā"k&etilde;r), n. [F. sacre (cf. It. sagro, Sp. & Pg. sacre), either fr. L. sacer sacred, holy, as a translation of Gr. "ie`rax falcon, from "iero`s holy, or more probably from Ar. çaqr hawk.] [Written also sacar, sacre.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A falcon (Falco sacer) native of Southern Europe and Asia, closely resembling the lanner.

&fist; The female is called chargh, and the male charghela, or sakeret.

(b) The peregrine falcon. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Mil.) A small piece of artillery. Wilhelm.

On the bastions were planted culverins and sakers.
Macaulay.

The culverins and sakers showing their deadly muzzles over the rampart.
Hawthorne.

Sa"ker*et (sā"k&etilde;r*&ebreve;t), n. [F. sacret. See Saker.] (Zoöl.) The male of the saker (a).

Sa"ki (sā"k&ibreve;), n. [Cf. F. & Pg. saki; probably from the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Pithecia. They have large ears, and a long hairy tail which is not prehensile.

&fist; The black saki (Pithecia satanas), the white-headed (P. leucocephala), and the red-backed, or hand-drinking, saki (P. chiropotes), are among the best-known.

Sa"ki (sä"k&esl;), n. The alcoholic drink of Japan. It is made from rice.

Sak"ti (?), n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) The divine energy, personified as the wife of a deity (Brahma, Vishnu, Siva, etc.); the female principle.

||Sal (s&add;l), n. [Hind. sāl, Skr. çāla.] (Bot.) An East Indian timber tree (Shorea robusta), much used for building purposes. It is of a light brown color, close-grained, heavy, and durable. [Written also saul.]

Sal (săl), n. [L. See Salt.] (Chem. & Pharm.) Salt.

Sal absinthii [NL.] (Old Chem.), an impure potassium carbonate obtained from the ashes of wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium). -- Sal acetosellæ [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt of sorrel. -- Sal alembroth. (Old Chem.) See Alembroth. -- Sal ammoniac (Chem.), ammonium chloride, NH4Cl, a white crystalline volatile substance having a sharp salty taste, obtained from gas works, from nitrogenous matter, etc. It is largely employed as a source of ammonia, as a reagent, and as an expectorant in bronchitis. So called because originally made from the soot from camel's dung at the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Africa. Called also muriate of ammonia. -- Sal catharticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), Epsom salts. -- Sal culinarius [L.] (Old Chem.), common salt, or sodium chloride. -- Sal Cyrenaicus. [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Sal ammoniac above. -- Sal de duobus, Sal duplicatum [NL.] (Old Chem.), potassium sulphate; -- so called because erroneously supposed to be composed of two salts, one acid and one alkaline. -- Sal diureticus [NL.] (Old Med. Chem.), potassium acetate. -- Sal enixum [NL.] (Old Chem.), acid potassium sulphate. -- Sal gemmæ [NL.] (Old Min.), common salt occuring native. -- Sal Jovis [NL.] (Old Chem.), salt tin, or stannic chloride; -- the alchemical name of tin being Jove. -- Sal Martis [NL.] (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or ferrous sulphate; -- the alchemical name of iron being Mars. -- Sal microcosmicum [NL.] (Old Chem.) See Microcosmic salt, under Microcosmic. -- Sal plumbi [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead. -- Sal prunella. (Old Chem.) See Prunella salt, under 1st Prunella. -- Sal Saturni [NL.] (Old Chem.), sugar of lead, or lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. -- Sal sedativus [NL.] (Old Chem.), sedative salt, or boric acid. -- Sal Seignette [F. seignette, sel de seignette] (Chem.), Rochelle salt. -- Sal soda (Chem.), sodium carbonate. See under Sodium. -- Sal vitrioli [NL.] (Old Chem.), white vitriol; zinc sulphate. -- Sal volatile. [NL.] (a) (Chem.) See Sal ammoniac, above. (b) Spirits of ammonia.

||Sa*laam" (s&adot;*läm"), n. Same as Salam.

Finally, Josiah might have made his salaam to the exciseman just as he was folding up that letter.
Prof. Wilson.

Sa*laam", v. i. To make or perform a salam.

I have salaamed and kowtowed to him.
H. James.

Sal`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salable; salableness. Duke of Argyll.

Sal"a*ble (?), a. [From Sale.] Capable of being sold; fit to be sold; finding a ready market. -- Sal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"a*bly, adv.

Sa*la"cious (?), n. [L. salax, -acis, fond of leaping, lustful, fr. salire to leap. See Salient.] Having a propensity to venery; lustful; lecherous. Dryden.

-- Sa*la"cious*ly, adv. -- Sa*la"cious*ness, n.

Sa*lac"i*ty (?), n. [L. salacitas: cf. F. salacité] Strong propensity to venery; lust; lecherousness.

Sal"ad (săl"ad), n. [F. salade, OIt. salata, It. insalata, fr. salare to salt, fr. L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Slaw.] 1. A preparation of vegetables, as lettuce, celery, water cress, onions, etc., usually dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, and spice, and eaten for giving a relish to other food; as, lettuce salad; tomato salad, etc.

Leaves eaten raw are termed salad.
I. Watts.

2. A dish composed of chopped meat or fish, esp. chicken or lobster, mixed with lettuce or other vegetables, and seasoned with oil, vinegar, mustard, and other condiments; as, chicken salad; lobster salad.

Salad burnet (Bot.), the common burnet (Poterium Sanguisorba), sometimes eaten as a salad in Italy.

Sal"ade (?), n. A helmet. See Sallet.

Sal"ad*ing (?), n. Vegetables for salad.

Sal`æ*ra"tus (?), n. See Saleratus.

Sal"a*gane (?), n. [From the Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) The esculent swallow. See under Esculent.

Sal"al-ber`ry (?), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of the Gaultheria Shallon, an ericaceous shrub found from California northwards. The berries are about the size of a common grape and of a dark purple color.

||Sa*lam (s&adot;*läm"), n. [Ar. salām peace, safety.] A salutation or compliment of ceremony in the east by word or act; an obeisance, performed by bowing very low and placing the right palm on the forehead. [Written also salaam.]

Sal"a*man`der (?), n. [F. salamandre, L. salamandra, Gr. &?;; cf. Per. samander, samandel.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of Urodela, belonging to Salamandra, Amblystoma, Plethodon, and various allied genera, especially those that are more or less terrestrial in their habits.

&fist; The salamanders have, like lizards, an elongated body, four feet, and a long tail, but are destitute of scales. They are true Amphibia, related to the frogs. Formerly, it was a superstition that the salamander could live in fire without harm, and even extinguish it by the natural coldness of its body.

I have maintained that salamander of yours with fire any time this two and thirty years.
Shak.

Whereas it is commonly said that a salamander extinguisheth fire, we have found by experience that on hot coals, it dieth immediately.
Sir T. Browne.

2. (Zoöl.) The pouched gopher (Geomys tuza) of the Southern United States.

3. A culinary utensil of metal with a plate or disk which is heated, and held over pastry, etc., to brown it.

4. A large poker. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

5. (Metal.) Solidified material in a furnace hearth.

Giant salamander. (Zoöl.) See under Giant. -- Salamander's hair or wool (Min.), a species of asbestus or mineral flax. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Sal`a*man*dri"na (?), n.; pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of Urodela, comprising salamanders.

Sal`a*man"drine (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a salamander; enduring fire. Addison.

Sal`a*man"droid (?), a. [Salamander + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the salamanders.

||Sal`a*man*droi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Amphibia including the Salamanders and allied groups; the Urodela.

Sal"am*stone` (? or ?), n. (Min.) A kind of blue sapphire brought from Ceylon. Dana.

Sa*lan"ga*na (?), n. The salagane.

Sal"a*ried (?), a. Receiving a salary; paid by a salary; having a salary attached; as, a salaried officer; a salaried office.

Sal"a*ry (?), a. [L. salarius.] Saline [Obs.]

Sal"a*ry (?), n.; pl. Salaries (#). [F. salaire, L. salarium, originally, salt money, the money given to the Roman soldiers for salt, which was a part of their pay, fr. salarius belonging to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt.] The recompense or consideration paid, or stipulated to be paid, to a person at regular intervals for services; fixed wages, as by the year, quarter, or month; stipend; hire.

This is hire and salary, not revenge.
Shak.

&fist; Recompense for services paid at, or reckoned by, short intervals, as a day or week, is usually called wages.

Syn. -- Stipend; pay; wages; hire; allowance.

Sal"a*ry v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salaried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salarying (?).] To pay, or agree to pay, a salary to; to attach salary to; as, to salary a clerk; to salary a position.

Sale (?), n. See 1st Sallow. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sale, n. [Icel. sala, sal, akin to E. sell. See Sell, v. t.] 1. The act of selling; the transfer of property, or a contract to transfer the ownership of property, from one person to another for a valuable consideration, or for a price in money.

2. Opportunity of selling; demand; market.

They shall have ready sale for them.
Spenser.

3. Public disposal to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market; auction. Sir W. Temple.

Bill of sale. See under Bill. -- Of sale, On sale, For sale, to be bought or sold; offered to purchasers; in the market. -- To set to sale, to offer for sale; to put up for purchase; to make merchandise of. [Obs.] Milton.

Sale"a*ble (?), a., Sale"a*bly, adv., etc. See Salable, Salably, etc.

Sal"eb (?), n. (Med.) See Salep.

Sal`e*bros"i*ty (?), n. Roughness or ruggedness. [Obs.] Feltham.

Sal"e*brous (?), a. [L. salebrosus, fr. salebra a rugged road, fr. salire to leap.] Rough; rugged. [Obs.]

Sal"ep (săl"&ebreve;p), n. [Ar. sahleb, perhaps a corruption of an Arabic word for fox, one Ar. name of the orchis signifying literally, fox's testicles: cf. F. salep.] [Written also saleb, salop, and saloop.] The dried tubers of various species of Orchis, and Eulophia. It is used to make a nutritious beverage by treating the powdered preparation with hot water. U. S. Disp.

Sal`e*ra"tus (?), n. [NL. sal aëratus; -- so called because it is a source of fixed air (carbon dioxide). See Sal, and and Aërated.] (Old Chem.) Aërated salt; a white crystalline substance having an alkaline taste and reaction, consisting of sodium bicarbonate (see under Sodium.) It is largely used in cooking, with sour milk (lactic acid) or cream of tartar as a substitute for yeast. It is also an ingredient of most baking powders, and is used in the preparation of effervescing drinks.

Sales"man (sālz"man), n.; pl. Salesmen (-men). [Sale + man.] One who sells anything; one whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

Sales"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Saleswomen (&?;). A woman whose occupation is to sell goods or merchandise.

Sale"work` (?), n. Work or things made for sale; hence, work done carelessly or slightingly. Shak.

Sa"lian (?), a. Denoting a tribe of Franks who established themselves early in the fourth century on the river Sala [now Yssel]; Salic. -- n. A Salian Frank.

Sa"li*ant (?), a. (Her.) Same as Salient.

Sal"i*aunce (?), a. [See Sally.] Salience; onslaught. [Obs.] "So fierce saliaunce." Spenser.

Sal"ic (săl"&ibreve;k), a. [F. salique, fr. the Salian Franks, who, in the fifth century, formed a body of laws called in Latin leges Salicæ.] Of or pertaining to the Salian Franks, or to the Salic law so called. [Also salique.]

Salic law. (a) A code of laws formed by the Salian Franks in the fifth century. By one provision of this code women were excluded from the inheritance of landed property. (b) Specifically, in modern times, a law supposed to be a special application of the above-mentioned provision, in accordance with which males alone can inherit the throne. This law has obtained in France, and at times in other countries of Europe, as Spain.

Sal`i*ca"ceous (săl`&ibreve;*kā"shŭs), a. [L. salix, -icis, the willow.] Belonging or relating to the willow.

Sal"i*cin (?), n. [L. salix, - icis, a willow: cf. F. salicine. See Sallow the tree.] (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark and leaves of several species of willow (Salix) and poplar, and extracted as a bitter white crystalline substance.

Sal"i*cyl (?), n. [Salicin + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of salicylic acid and of certain related compounds.

Sal"i*cyl`al (?), n. [Salicylic + aldehide.] (Chem.) A thin, fragrant, colorless oil, HO.C6H4.CHO, found in the flowers of meadow sweet (Spiræa), and also obtained by oxidation of salicin, saligenin, etc. It reddens on exposure. Called also salicylol, salicylic aldehyde, and formerly salicylous, or spiroylous, acid.

Sal"i*cyl`ate (-&asl;t), n. (Chem.) A salt of salicylic acid.

Sal`i*cyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid formerly obtained by fusing salicin with potassium hydroxide, and now made in large quantities from phenol (carbolic acid) by the action of carbon dioxide on heated sodium phenolate. It is a white crystalline substance. It is used as an antiseptic, and in its salts in the treatment of rheumatism. Called also hydroxybenzoic acid.

Sal"i*cyl`ide (?), n. [Salicylic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by dehydration of salicylic acid.

Sal"i*cyl`ite (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of salicylal; -- named after the analogy of a salt.

Sal"i*cyl`ol (?), n. [Salicylic + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) Same as Salicylal.

Sa*lic"y*lous (? or ?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance formerly called salicylous acid, and now salicylal. [Obs.]

Sa"li*ence (?), n. [See Salient.] 1. The quality or condition of being salient; a leaping; a springing forward; an assaulting.

2. The quality or state of projecting, or being projected; projection; protrusion. Sir W. Hamilton.

Sa"li*en*cy (?), n. Quality of being salient; hence, vigor. "A fatal lack of poetic saliency." J. Morley.

Sa"li*ent (?), a. [L. saliens, -entis, p. pr. of salire to leap; cf. F. saillant. See Sally, n. & v. i..] 1. Moving by leaps or springs; leaping; bounding; jumping. "Frogs and salient animals." Sir T. Browne.

2. Shooting out or up; springing; projecting.

He had in himself a salient, living spring of generous and manly action.
Burke.

3. Hence, figuratively, forcing itself on the attention; prominent; conspicuous; noticeable.

He [Grenville] had neither salient traits, nor general comprehensiveness of mind.
Bancroft.

4. (Math. & Fort.) Projecting outwardly; as, a salient angle; -- opposed to reëntering. See Illust. of Bastion.

5. (Her.) Represented in a leaping position; as, a lion salient.

Salient angle. See Salient, a., 4. -- Salient polygon (Geom.), a polygon all of whose angles are salient. -- Salient polyhedron (Geom.), a polyhedron all of whose solid angles are salient.

Sa"li*ent, a. (Fort.) A salient angle or part; a projection.

Sa"li*ent*ly, adv. In a salient manner.

Sa*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sal salt + -ferous.] Producing, or impregnated with, salt.

Saliferous rocks (Geol.), the New Red Sandstone system of some geologists; -- so called because, in Europe, this formation contains beds of salt. The saliferous beds of New York State belong largely to the Salina period of the Upper Silurian. See the Chart of Geology.

Sal"i*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. salifiable. See Salify.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing an acid to form a salt; -- said of bases; thus, ammonia is salifiable.

Sal`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. salification.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of salifying; the state of being salified.

Sal"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salifying (?).] [F. salifier; from L. sal salt + -ficare (only in comp.) to make. See -fy.] (Chem.) (a) To combine or impregnate with a salt. (b) To form a salt with; to convert into a salt; as, to salify a base or an acid.

Sa*lig"e*nin (?), n. [Salicin + -gen.] (Chem.) A phenol alcohol obtained, by the decomposition of salicin, as a white crystalline substance; -- called also hydroxy-benzyl alcohol.

Sal"i*got (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) The water chestnut (Trapa natans).

Sal*im"e*ter (?), n. [L. sal salt + -meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of salt present in any given solution. [Written also salometer.]

Sal*im"e*try (?), n. The art or process of measuring the amount of salt in a substance.

Sa*li"na (?), n. [Cf. L. salinae, pl., salt works, from sal salt. See Saline, a.] 1. A salt marsh, or salt pond, inclosed from the sea.

2. Salt works.

Sa*li"na pe"ri*od (?). [So called from Salina, a town in New York.] (Geol.) The period in which the American Upper Silurian system, containing the brine-producing rocks of central New York, was formed. See the Chart of Geology.

Sal`i*na"tion (?), n. The act of washing with salt water. [R. & Obs.] Greenhill.

Sa"line (? or ?; 277), a. [F. salin, fr. L. sal salt: cf. L. salinae salt works, salinum saltcellar. See Salt.] 1. Consisting of salt, or containing salt; as, saline particles; saline substances; a saline cathartic.

2. Of the quality of salt; salty; as, a saline taste.

Sa"line (? or ?; 277), n. [Cf. F. saline. See Saline, a.] A salt spring; a place where salt water is collected in the earth.

Sal"ine (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A crude potash obtained from beet-root residues and other similar sources. [Written also salin.]

2. (Med. Chem.) A metallic salt; esp., a salt of potassium, sodium, lithium, or magnesium, used in medicine.

Sa*line"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being salt; saltness.

Sal`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Saline + -ferous.] Same as Saliferous.

Sa*lin"i*form (?), a. Having the form or the qualities of a salt, especially of common salt.

Sa*lin"i*ty (?), n. Salineness. Carpenter.

Sal`i*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Saline + -meter.] A salimeter.

Sa*lin"ous (?), a. Saline. [Obs.]

Sal"ique (? or ?), a. [F.] Salic. Shak.

She fulmined out her scorn of laws salique.
Tennyson.

Sal`i*re"tin (?), n. [Saligenin + Gr. &?; resin.] (Chem.) A yellow amorphous resinoid substance obtained by the action of dilute acids on saligenin.

||Sal`is*bu"ri*a (?), n. [Named after R. A. Salisbury, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The ginkgo tree (Ginkgo biloba, or Salisburia adiantifolia).

Sal"ite (?), v. t. [L. salitus, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt.] To season with salt; to salt. [Obs.]

Sa"lite (?), n. [So called from Sala, a town in Sweden.] (Min.) A massive lamellar variety of pyroxene, of a dingy green color. [Written also sahlite.]

Sa*li"va (?), n. [L.; cf. Gr. &?;.] (Physiol.) The secretion from the salivary glands.

&fist; In man the saliva is a more or less turbid and slighty viscid fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. The secretions from the individual salivary glands have their own special characteristics, and these are not the same in all animals. In man and many animals mixed saliva, i.e., saliva composed of the secretions of all three of the salivary glands, is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.

Sa*li"val (?; 277), a. Salivary.

Sal"i*vant (?), a. [L. salivans, p. pr. of salivare. See Salivate.] Producing salivation.

Sal"i*vant, n. That which produces salivation.

Sal"i*va*ry (?), a. [L. salivarius slimy, clammy: cf. F. salivaire.] (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to saliva; producing or carrying saliva; as, the salivary ferment; the salivary glands; the salivary ducts, etc.

Sal"i*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salivated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salivating.] [L. salivatus, p. p. of salivare to salivate. See Saliva.] To produce an abnormal flow of saliva in; to produce salivation or ptyalism in, as by the use of mercury.

Sal`i*va"tion (?), n. [L. salivatio: cf. F. salivation.] (Physiol.) The act or process of salivating; an excessive secretion of saliva, often accompanied with soreness of the mouth and gums; ptyalism.

&fist; It may be induced by direct chemical or mechanical stimulation, as in mastication of some tasteless substance like rubber, or indirectly by some agent which affects the whole system, as mercury compounds.

Sa*li"vous (?), a. [L. salivosus: cf. F. saliveux.] Pertaining to saliva; of the nature of saliva.

||Sa"lix (?), n.; pl. Salices (#). [L., the willow.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of trees or shrubs including the willow, osier, and the like, growing usually in wet grounds. (b) A tree or shrub of any kind of willow.

Sal"len*ders (?), n. pl. [F. solandres, solandre.] (Far.) An eruption on the hind leg of a horse. [Written also sellanders, and sellenders.]

On the inside of the hock, or a little below it, as well as at the bend of the knee, there is occasionally a scurfy eruption called "mallenders" in the fore leg, and "sallenders" in the hind leg.
Youatt.

Sal"let (săl"l&ebreve;t), n. [F. salade, Sp. celada, or It. celata, fr. L. (cassis) caelata, fr. caelare, caelatum, to engrave in relief. So called from the figures engraved upon it.] A light kind of helmet, with or without a visor, introduced during the 15th century. [Written also salade.]

Then he must have a sallet wherewith his head may be saved.
Latimer.

{ Sal"let, Sal"let*ing }, n. Salad. [Obs.] Shak.

Sal"li*ance (?), n. Salience. [Obs.]

Sal"low (săl"l&osl;), n. [OE. salwe, AS. sealh; akin to OHG. salaha, G. salweide, Icel. selja, L. salix, Ir. sail, saileach, Gael. seileach, W. helyg, Gr. "eli`kh.] 1. The willow; willow twigs. [Poetic] Tennyson.

And bend the pliant sallow to a shield.
Fawkes.

The sallow knows the basketmaker's thumb.
Emerson.

2. (Bot.) A name given to certain species of willow, especially those which do not have flexible shoots, as Salix caprea, S. cinerea, etc.

Sallow thorn (Bot.), a European thorny shrub (Hippophae rhamnoides) much like an Elæagnus. The yellow berries are sometimes used for making jelly, and the plant affords a yellow dye.

Sal"low, a. [Compar. Sallower (?); superl. Sallowest.] [AS. salu; akin to D. zaluw, OHG. salo, Icel. sölr yellow.] Having a yellowish color; of a pale, sickly color, tinged with yellow; as, a sallow skin. Shak.

Sal"low, v. t. To tinge with sallowness. [Poetic]

July breathes hot, sallows the crispy fields.
Lowell.

Sal"low*ish, a. Somewhat sallow. Dickens.

Sal"low*ness (?), n. The quality or condition of being sallow. Addison.

Sal"ly (săl"l&ybreve;), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sallied (-l&ibreve;d); p. pr. & vb. n. Sallying.] [F. saillir, fr. L. salire to leap, spring, akin to Gr. "a`llesqai; cf. Skr. s&rsdot; to go, to flow. Cf. Salient, Assail, Assault, Exult, Insult, Saltation, Saltire.] To leap or rush out; to burst forth; to issue suddenly; as a body of troops from a fortified place to attack besiegers; to make a sally.

They break the truce, and sally out by night.
Dryden.

The foe retires, -- she heads the sallying host.
Byron.

Sal"ly, n.; pl. Sallies (#). [F. saillie, fr. saillir. See Sally, v.] 1. A leaping forth; a darting; a spring.

2. A rushing or bursting forth; a quick issue; a sudden eruption; specifically, an issuing of troops from a place besieged to attack the besiegers; a sortie.

Sallies were made by the Spaniards, but they were beaten in with loss.
Bacon.

3. An excursion from the usual track; range; digression; deviation.

Every one shall know a country better that makes often sallies into it, and traverses it up and down, than he that . . . goes still round in the same track.
Locke.

4. A flight of fancy, liveliness, wit, or the like; a flashing forth of a quick and active mind.

The unaffected mirth with which she enjoyed his sallies.
Sir W. Scott.

5. Transgression of the limits of soberness or steadiness; act of levity; wild gayety; frolic; escapade.

The excursion was esteemed but a sally of youth.
Sir H. Wotton.

Sally port. (a) (Fort.) A postern gate, or a passage underground, from the inner to the outer works, to afford free egress for troops in a sortie. (b) (Naval) A large port on each quarter of a fireship, for the escape of the men into boats when the train is fired; a large port in an old-fashioned three-decker or a large modern ironclad.

Sal"ly Lunn" (?). [From a woman, Sally Lunn, who is said to have first made the cakes, and sold them in the streets of Bath, Eng.] A tea cake slighty sweetened, and raised with yeast, baked in the form of biscuits or in a thin loaf, and eaten hot with butter.

Sal"ly*man (?), n. (Zoöl.) The velella; -- called also saleeman.

Salm (?), n. Psalm. [Obs2E] Piers Plowman.

Sal`ma*gun"di (?), n. [F. salmigondis, of uncertain origin; perhaps from L. salgama condita, pl.; salgama pickles + condita preserved (see Condite); or from the Countess Salmagondi, lady of honor to Maria de Medici, who is said to have invented it; or cf. It. salame salt meat, and F. salmis a ragout.] 1. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring, with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson.

2. Hence, a mixture of various ingredients; an olio or medley; a potpourri; a miscellany. W. Irving.

Sal"mi (?), n. (Cookery) Same as Salmis.

Sal"mi*ac (?), n. [Cf. F. salmiac, G. salmiak.] (Old Chem.) Sal ammoniac. See under Sal.

||Sal`mis" (?), n. [F.] (Cookery) A ragout of partly roasted game stewed with sauce, wine, bread, and condiments suited to provoke appetite.

Salm"on (săm"ŭn), n.; pl. Salmons (-ŭnz) or (collectively) Salmon. [OE. saumoun, salmon, F. saumon, fr. L. salmo, salmonis, perhaps from salire to leap. Cf. Sally, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fishes of the genus Salmo and allied genera. The common salmon (Salmo salar) of Northern Europe and Eastern North America, and the California salmon, or quinnat, are the most important species. They are extensively preserved for food. See Quinnat.

&fist; The salmons ascend rivers and penetrate to their head streams to spawn. They are remarkably strong fishes, and will even leap over considerable falls which lie in the way of their progress. The common salmon has been known to grow to the weight of seventy-five pounds; more generally it is from fifteen to twenty-five pounds. Young salmon are called parr, peal, smolt, and grilse. Among the true salmons are: Black salmon, or Lake salmon, the namaycush. -- Dog salmon, a salmon of Western North America (Oncorhynchus keta). -- Humpbacked salmon, a Pacific-coast salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). -- King salmon, the quinnat. -- Landlocked salmon, a variety of the common salmon (var. Sebago), long confined in certain lakes in consequence of obstructions that prevented it from returning to the sea. This last is called also dwarf salmon.

Among fishes of other families which are locally and erroneously called salmon are: the pike perch, called jack salmon; the spotted, or southern, squeteague; the cabrilla, called kelp salmon; young pollock, called sea salmon; and the California yellowtail.

2. A reddish yellow or orange color, like the flesh of the salmon.

Salmon berry (Bot.), a large red raspberry growing from Alaska to California, the fruit of the Rubus Nutkanus. -- Salmon killer (Zoöl.), a stickleback (Gasterosteus cataphractus) of Western North America and Northern Asia. -- Salmon ladder, Salmon stair. See Fish ladder, under Fish. -- Salmon peel, a young salmon. -- Salmon pipe, a certain device for catching salmon. Crabb. -- Salmon trout. (Zoöl.) (a) The European sea trout (Salmo trutta). It resembles the salmon, but is smaller, and has smaller and more numerous scales. (b) The American namaycush. (c) A name that is also applied locally to the adult black spotted trout (Salmo purpuratus), and to the steel head and other large trout of the Pacific coast.

Salm"on, a. Of a reddish yellow or orange color, like that of the flesh of the salmon.

Salm"on*et (?), n. [Cf. Samlet.] (Zoöl.) A salmon of small size; a samlet.

Sal"mon*oid (?), a. [Salmon + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, the Salmonidæ, a family of fishes including the trout and salmon. -- n. Any fish of the family Salmonidæ.

Sal"o*gen (?), n. [L. sal salt + -gen.] (Chem.) A halogen. [Obs.]

Sal"ol (?), n. [Salicylic + - ol.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance consisting of phenol salicylate.

sa*lom"e*ter (?), n. See Salimeter.

Sa*lom"e*try (?), n. Salimetry.

||Sa`lon" (?), n. [F. See Saloon.] An apartment for the reception of company; hence, in the plural, fashionable parties; circles of fashionable society.

Sa*loon" (s&adot;*l&oomac;n"), n. [F. salon (cf. It. salone), fr. F. salle a large room, a hall, of German or Dutch origin; cf. OHG. sal house, hall, G. saal; akin to AS. sæl, sele, D. zaal, Icel. salr, Goth. saljan to dwell, and probably to L. solum ground. Cf. Sole of the foot, Soil ground, earth.] 1. A spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company or for works of art; a hall of reception, esp. a hall for public entertainments or amusements; a large room or parlor; as, the saloon of a steamboat.

The gilden saloons in which the first magnates of the realm . . . gave banquets and balls.
Macaulay.

2. Popularly, a public room for specific uses; esp., a barroom or grogshop; as, a drinking saloon; an eating saloon; a dancing saloon.

We hear of no hells, or low music halls, or low dancing saloons [at Athens.]
J. P. Mahaffy.

Sa*loop" (s&adot;*l&oomac;p"), n. An aromatic drink prepared from sassafras bark and other ingredients, at one time much used in London. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Saloop bush (Bot.), an Australian shrub (Rhagodia hastata) of the Goosefoot family, used for fodder.

Salp (sălp), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Salpa, or of the family Salpidæ.

||Sal"pa (săl"p&adot;), n.; pl. L. Salpæ (-pē), E. Salpas (-p&adot;z). [NL.: cf. L. salpa a kind of stockfish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of transparent, tubular, free-swimming oceanic tunicates found abundantly in all the warmer latitudes. See Illustration in Appendix.

&fist; Each species exists in two distinct forms, one of which lives solitary, and produces, by budding from an internal organ, a series of the other kind. These are united together, side by side, so as to form a chain, or cluster, often of large size. Each of the individuals composing the chain carries a single egg, which develops into the solitary kind.

{ Sal"pi*an (?), Sal"pid (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) A salpa.

Sal"pi*con (?), n. [F. salpicon, Sp. salpicon.] Chopped meat, bread, etc., used to stuff legs of veal or other joints; stuffing; farce. Bacon.

||Sal`pin*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Salpinx, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the salpinx.

||Sal"pinx (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, a trumpet.] (Old Anat.) The Eustachian tube, or the Fallopian tube.

Sal"sa*fy (?), n. (Bot.) See Salsify.

Sal`sa*men*ta"ri*ous (?), a. [L. salsamentarius, fr. salsamentum brine, pickled fish, fr. salsus salted, p. p. of salire to salt.] Salt; salted; saline. [R.]

Salse (?), n. [F.] A mud volcano, the water of which is often impregnated with salts, whence the name.

Sal"si*fy (?; 277), n. [F. salsifis.] (Bot.) See Oyster plant (a), under Oyster.

Sal"so-ac`id (?), a. [L. salsus salted, salt + acidus acid.] Having a taste compounded of saltness and acidity; both salt and acid. [R.]

Sal`so"da (?), n. See Sal soda, under Sal.

||Sal"so*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. salsus salt, because they contain alkaline salts.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the glasswort. See Glasswort.

sal*su"gi*nous (?), a. [L. salsugo, -ginis, saltness, from salsus salted, salt: cf. F. salsugineux.] (Bot.) Growing in brackish places or in salt marshes.

Salt (?), n. [AS. sealt; akin to OS. & OFries. salt, D. zout, G. salz, Icel., Sw., & Dan. salt, L. sal, Gr. &?;, Russ. sole, Ir. & Gael. salann, W. halen, of unknown origin. Cf. Sal, Salad, Salary, Saline, Sauce, Sausage.] 1. The chloride of sodium, a substance used for seasoning food, for the preservation of meat, etc. It is found native in the earth, and is also produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from sea water and other water impregnated with saline particles.

2. Hence, flavor; taste; savor; smack; seasoning.

Though we are justices and doctors and churchmen . . . we have some salt of our youth in us.
Shak.

3. Hence, also, piquancy; wit; sense; as, Attic salt.

4. A dish for salt at table; a saltcellar.

I out and bought some things; among others, a dozen of silver salts.
Pepys.

5. A sailor; -- usually qualified by old. [Colloq.]

Around the door are generally to be seen, laughing and gossiping, clusters of old salts.
Hawthorne.

6. (Chem.) The neutral compound formed by the union of an acid and a base; thus, sulphuric acid and iron form the salt sulphate of iron or green vitriol.

&fist; Except in case of ammonium salts, accurately speaking, it is the acid radical which unites with the base or basic radical, with the elimination of hydrogen, of water, or of analogous compounds as side products. In the case of diacid and triacid bases, and of dibasic and tribasic acids, the mutual neutralization may vary in degree, producing respectively basic, neutral, or acid salts. See Phrases below.

7. Fig.: That which preserves from corruption or error; that which purifies; a corrective; an antiseptic; also, an allowance or deduction; as, his statements must be taken with a grain of salt.

Ye are the salt of the earth.
Matt. v. 13.

8. pl. Any mineral salt used as an aperient or cathartic, especially Epsom salts, Rochelle salt, or Glauber's salt.

9. pl. Marshes flooded by the tide. [Prov. Eng.]

Above the salt, Below the salt, phrases which have survived the old custom, in the houses of people of rank, of placing a large saltcellar near the middle of a long table, the places above which were assigned to the guests of distinction, and those below to dependents, inferiors, and poor relations. See Saltfoot.

His fashion is not to take knowledge of him that is beneath him in clothes. He never drinks below the salt.
B. Jonson.

-- Acid salt (Chem.) (a) A salt derived from an acid which has several replaceable hydrogen atoms which are only partially exchanged for metallic atoms or basic radicals; as, acid potassium sulphate is an acid salt. (b) A salt, whatever its constitution, which merely gives an acid reaction; thus, copper sulphate, which is composed of a strong acid united with a weak base, is an acid salt in this sense, though theoretically it is a neutral salt. -- Alkaline salt (Chem.), a salt which gives an alkaline reaction, as sodium carbonate. -- Amphid salt (Old Chem.), a salt of the oxy type, formerly regarded as composed of two oxides, an acid and a basic oxide. [Obsolescent] -- Basic salt (Chem.) (a) A salt which contains more of the basic constituent than is required to neutralize the acid. (b) An alkaline salt. -- Binary salt (Chem.), a salt of the oxy type conveniently regarded as composed of two ingredients (analogously to a haloid salt), viz., a metal and an acid radical. -- Double salt (Chem.), a salt regarded as formed by the union of two distinct salts, as common alum, potassium aluminium sulphate. See under Double. -- Epsom salts. See in the Vocabulary. -- Essential salt (Old Chem.), a salt obtained by crystallizing plant juices. -- Ethereal salt. (Chem.) See under Ethereal. -- Glauber's salt or salts. See in Vocabulary. -- Haloid salt (Chem.), a simple salt of a halogen acid, as sodium chloride. -- Microcosmic salt. (Chem.). See under Microcosmic. -- Neutral salt. (Chem.) (a) A salt in which the acid and base (in theory) neutralize each other. (b) A salt which gives a neutral reaction. -- Oxy salt (Chem.), a salt derived from an oxygen acid. -- Per salt (Old Chem.), a salt supposed to be derived from a peroxide base or analogous compound. [Obs.] -- Permanent salt, a salt which undergoes no change on exposure to the air. -- Proto salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a protoxide base or analogous compound. -- Rochelle salt. See under Rochelle. -- Salt of amber (Old Chem.), succinic acid. -- Salt of colcothar (Old Chem.), green vitriol, or sulphate of iron. -- Salt of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) (a) Sal ammoniac, or ammonium chloride. (b) Ammonium carbonate. Cf. Spirit of hartshorn, under Hartshorn. -- Salt of lemons. (Chem.) See Salt of sorrel, below. -- Salt of Saturn (Old Chem.), sugar of lead; lead acetate; -- the alchemical name of lead being Saturn. -- Salt of Seignette. Same as Rochelle salt. -- Salt of soda (Old Chem.), sodium carbonate. -- Salt of sorrel (Old Chem.), acid potassium oxalate, or potassium quadroxalate, used as a solvent for ink stains; -- so called because found in the sorrel, or Oxalis. Also sometimes inaccurately called salt of lemon. -- Salt of tartar (Old Chem.), potassium carbonate; -- so called because formerly made by heating cream of tartar, or potassium tartrate. [Obs.] -- Salt of Venus (Old Chem.), blue vitriol; copper sulphate; -- the alchemical name of copper being Venus. -- Salt of wisdom. See Alembroth. -- Sedative salt (Old Med. Chem.), boric acid. -- Sesqui salt (Chem.), a salt derived from a sesquioxide base or analogous compound. -- Spirit of salt. (Chem.) See under Spirit. -- Sulpho salt (Chem.), a salt analogous to an oxy salt, but containing sulphur in place of oxygen.

Salt (?), a. [Compar. Salter (?); superl. Saltest.] [AS. sealt, salt. See Salt, n.] 1. Of or relating to salt; abounding in, or containing, salt; prepared or preserved with, or tasting of, salt; salted; as, salt beef; salt water. "Salt tears." Chaucer.

2. Overflowed with, or growing in, salt water; as, a salt marsh; salt grass.

3. Fig.: Bitter; sharp; pungent.

I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me.
Shak.

4. Fig.: Salacious; lecherous; lustful. Shak.

Salt acid (Chem.), hydrochloric acid. -- Salt block, an apparatus for evaporating brine; a salt factory. Knight. -- Salt bottom, a flat piece of ground covered with saline efflorescences. [Western U.S.] Bartlett. -- Salt cake (Chem.), the white caked mass, consisting of sodium sulphate, which is obtained as the product of the first stage in the manufacture of soda, according to Leblanc's process. -- Salt fish. (a) Salted fish, especially cod, haddock, and similar fishes that have been salted and dried for food. (b) A marine fish. -- Salt garden, an arrangement for the natural evaporation of sea water for the production of salt, employing large shallow basins excavated near the seashore. -- Salt gauge, an instrument used to test the strength of brine; a salimeter. -- Salt horse, salted beef. [Slang] -- Salt junk, hard salt beef for use at sea. [Slang] -- Salt lick. See Lick, n. -- Salt marsh, grass land subject to the overflow of salt water. -- Salt-marsh caterpillar (Zoöl.), an American bombycid moth (Spilosoma acræa which is very destructive to the salt-marsh grasses and to other crops. Called also woolly bear. See Illust. under Moth, Pupa, and Woolly bear, under Woolly. -- Salt-marsh fleabane (Bot.), a strong-scented composite herb (Pluchea camphorata) with rayless purplish heads, growing in salt marshes. -- Salt-marsh hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under Rail. -- Salt- marsh terrapin (Zoöl.), the diamond- back. -- Salt mine, a mine where rock salt is obtained. -- Salt pan. (a) A large pan used for making salt by evaporation; also, a shallow basin in the ground where salt water is evaporated by the heat of the sun. (b) pl. Salt works. -- Salt pit, a pit where salt is obtained or made. -- Salt rising, a kind of yeast in which common salt is a principal ingredient. [U.S.] -- Salt raker, one who collects salt in natural salt ponds, or inclosures from the sea. -- Salt sedative (Chem.), boracic acid. [Obs.] -- Salt spring, a spring of salt water. -- Salt tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Halimodendron argenteum) growing in the salt plains of the Caspian region and in Siberia. -- Salt water, water impregnated with salt, as that of the ocean and of certain seas and lakes; sometimes, also, tears.

Mine eyes are full of tears, I can not see;
And yet salt water blinds them not so much
But they can see a sort of traitors here.
Shak.

-- Salt-water sailor, an ocean mariner. -- Salt-water tailor. (Zoöl.) See Bluefish.

Salt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salted; p. pr. & vb. n. Salting.] 1. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; to preserve with salt or in brine; to supply with salt; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork; to salt cattle.

2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber.

To salt a mine, to artfully deposit minerals in a mine in order to deceive purchasers regarding its value. [Cant] -- To salt away, To salt down, to prepare with, or pack in, salt for preserving, as meat, eggs, etc.; hence, colloquially, to save, lay up, or invest sagely, as money.

Salt (?), v. i. To deposit salt as a saline solution; as, the brine begins to salt.

Salt (?), n. [L. saltus, fr. salire to leap.] The act of leaping or jumping; a leap. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sal"tant (?), a. [L. saltans, p. pr. of saltare to dance, v. intens. fr. salire to leap: cf. F. sautant. See Sally, v.] 1. Leaping; jumping; dancing.

2. (Her.) In a leaping position; springing forward; -- applied especially to the squirrel, weasel, and rat, also to the cat, greyhound, monkey, etc.

||Sal`ta*rel"la (?), n. See Saltarello.

||Sal`ta*rel"lo (?), n. [It., fr. L. saltare to jump.] A popular Italian dance in quick 3-4 or 6-8 time, running mostly in triplets, but with a hop step at the beginning of each measure. See Tarantella.

Sal"tate (?), v. i. [See Saltant.] To leap or dance. [R.]

Sal*ta"tion (?), n. [L. saltatio: cf. F. saltation.] 1. A leaping or jumping.

Continued his saltation without pause.
Sir W. Scott.

2. Beating or palpitation; as, the saltation of the great artery.

3. (Biol.) An abrupt and marked variation in the condition or appearance of a species; a sudden modification which may give rise to new races.

We greatly suspect that nature does make considerable jumps in the way of variation now and then, and that these saltations give rise to some of the gaps which appear to exist in the series of known forms.
Huxley.

||Sal`ta*to"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of Orthoptera including grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets.

Sal`ta*to"ri*al (?), a. 1. Relating to leaping; saltatory; as, saltatorial exercises.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Same as Saltatorious. (b) Of or pertaining to the Saltatoria.

Sal`ta*to"ri*ous (?), a. Capable of leaping; formed for leaping; saltatory; as, a saltatorious insect or leg.

Sal"ta*to"ry (?), a. [L. saltatorius. See Saltant, and cf. Saltire.] Leaping or dancing; having the power of, or used in, leaping or dancing.

Saltatory evolution (Biol.), a theory of evolution which holds that the transmutation of species is not always gradual, but that there may come sudden and marked variations. See Saltation. -- Saltatory spasm (Med.), an affection in which pressure of the foot on a floor causes the patient to spring into the air, so as to make repeated involuntary motions of hopping and jumping. J. Ross.

Salt"bush` (?), n. (Bot.) An Australian plant (Atriplex nummularia) of the Goosefoot family.

Salt"cat` (?), n. A mixture of salt, coarse meal, lime, etc., attractive to pigeons.

Salt"cel*lar (?), n. [OE. saltsaler; salt + F. salière saltcellar, from L. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Salary.] Formerly a large vessel, now a small vessel of glass or other material, used for holding salt on the table.

Salt"er (?), n. One who makes, sells, or applies salt; one who salts meat or fish.

Salt"ern (?), n. A building or place where salt is made by boiling or by evaporation; salt works.

Salt"foot` (?), n. A large saltcellar formerly placed near the center of the table. The superior guests were seated above the saltfoot.

Salt"-green (?), a. Sea-green in color. Shak.

Salt"ie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European dab.

Sal"tier (?), n. See Saltire.

||Sal`ti*gra"dæ (?), n. pl. [NL. See Saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of spiders including those which lie in wait and leap upon their prey; the leaping spiders.

Sal"ti*grade (?), a. [L. saltus a leap + gradi to walk, go: cf. F. saltigrade.] (Zoöl.) Having feet or legs formed for leaping.

Sal"ti*grade, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Saltigradæ, a tribe of spiders which leap to seize their prey.

Sal`tim*ban"co (?), n. [It., literally, one who leaps or mounts upon a bench; saltare to leap + in in, upon + banco a bench.] A mountebank; a quack. [Obs.] [Written also santinbanco.]

Saltimbancos, quacksalvers, and charlatans.
Sir T. Browne.

Salt"ing (?), n. 1. The act of sprinkling, impregnating, or furnishing, with salt.

2. A salt marsh.

Sal"tire (?), n. [F. sautoir, fr. LL. saltatorium a sort of stirrup, fr. L. saltatorius saltatory. See Saltatory, Sally, v.] (Her.) A St. Andrew's cross, or cross in the form of an X, -- one of the honorable ordinaries.

Sal"tire*wise` (?), adv. (Her.) In the manner of a saltire; -- said especially of the blazoning of a shield divided by two lines drawn in the direction of a bend and a bend sinister, and crossing at the center.

Salt"ish (?), a. Somewhat salt. -- Salt"ish*ly, adv. -- Salt"ish*ness, n.

Salt"less, a. Destitute of salt; insipid.

Salt"ly, adv. With taste of salt; in a salt manner.

Salt"mouth` (?), n. A wide-mouthed bottle with glass stopper for holding chemicals, especially crystallized salts.

Salt"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being salt, or state of being salt, or impregnated with salt; salt taste; as, the saltness of sea water.

{ Salt`pe"ter, Salt`pe"tre }, (&?;), n. [F. salpêtre, NL. sal petrae, literally, rock salt, or stone salt; so called because it exudes from rocks or walls. See Salt, and Petrify.] (Chem.) Potassium nitrate; niter; a white crystalline substance, KNO3, having a cooling saline taste, obtained by leaching from certain soils in which it is produced by the process of nitrification (see Nitrification, 2). It is a strong oxidizer, is the chief constituent of gunpowder, and is also used as an antiseptic in curing meat, and in medicine as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and refrigerant.

Chili salpeter (Chem.), sodium nitrate (distinguished from potassium nitrate, or true salpeter), a white crystalline substance, NaNO3, having a cooling, saline, slightly bitter taste. It is obtained by leaching the soil of the rainless districts of Chili and Peru. It is deliquescent and cannot be used in gunpowder, but is employed in the production of nitric acid. Called also cubic niter. -- Saltpeter acid (Chem.), nitric acid; -- sometimes so called because made from saltpeter.

Salt`pe"trous (?), a. [Cf. F. salpêtreux.] Pertaining to saltpeter, or partaking of its qualities; impregnated with saltpeter. [Obs.]

Salt" rheum (?). (Med.) A popular name, esp. in the United States, for various cutaneous eruptions, particularly for those of eczema. See Eczema.

Salt"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants which grow on the seashore, as the Batis maritima, and the glasswort. See Glasswort.

Black saltwort, the sea milkwort.

Salt"y (?), a. Somewhat salt; saltish.

Sa*lu"bri*ous (?), a. [L. salubris, or saluber, fr. salus health; akin to salvus safe, sound, well. See Safe.] Favorable to health; healthful; promoting health; as, salubrious air, water, or climate.

Syn. -- Healthful; wholesome; healthy; salutary.

-- Sa-lu"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Sa*lu"bri*ous*ness, n.

Sa*lu"bri*ty (?), n. [L. salubritas: cf. F. salubrité See Salubrious.] The quality of being salubrious; favorableness to the preservation of health; salubriousness; wholesomeness; healthfulness; as, the salubrity of the air, of a country, or a climate. "A sweet, dry smell of salubrity." G. W. Cable.

Sa*lue" (?), v. t. [F. saluer. See Salute.] To salute. [Obs.]

There was no "good day" and no saluyng.
Chaucer.

Sal"u*ta*ry (?), a. [L. salutaris, from salus, -utis, health, safety: cf. F. salutaire. See Salubrious.] 1. Wholesome; healthful; promoting health; as, salutary exercise.

2. Promotive of, or contributing to, some beneficial purpose; beneficial; advantageous; as, a salutary design.

Syn. -- Wholesome; healthful; salubrious; beneficial; useful; advantageous; profitable.

-- Sal"u*ta*ri*ly (#), adv. -- Sal"u*ta*ri*ness, n.

Sal`u*ta"tion (?), n. [L. salutatio: cf. F. salutation. See Salute.] The act of saluting, or paying respect or reverence, by the customary words or actions; the act of greeting, or expressing good will or courtesy; also, that which is uttered or done in saluting or greeting.

In all public meetings or private addresses, use those forms of salutation, reverence, and decency usual amongst the most sober persons.
Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- Greeting; salute; address. -- Salutation, Greeting, Salute. Greeting is the general word for all manner of expressions of recognition, agreeable or otherwise, made when persons meet or communicate with each other. A greeting may be hearty and loving, chilling and offensive, or merely formal, as in the opening sentence of legal documents. Salutation more definitely implies a wishing well, and is used of expressions at parting as well as at meeting. It is used especially of uttered expressions of good will. Salute, while formerly and sometimes still in the sense of either greeting or salutation, is now used specifically to denote a conventional demonstration not expressed in words. The guests received a greeting which relieved their embarrassment, offered their salutations in well-chosen terms, and when they retired, as when they entered, made a deferential salute.

Woe unto you, Pharisees! for ye love the uppermost seats in the synagogues, and greetings in the markets.
Luke xi. 43.

When Elisabeth heard the salutation of Mary, the babe leaped in her womb.
Luke i. 41.

I shall not trouble my reader with the first salutes of our three friends.
Addison.

Sa*lu`ta*to"ri*an (?), n. The student who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual Commencement or like exercises of a college, -- an honor commonly assigned to that member of the graduating class who ranks second in scholarship. [U.S.]

Sa*lu"ta*to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of salutation.

Sa*lu"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. salutatorius. See Salute.] Containing or expressing salutations; speaking a welcome; greeting; -- applied especially to the oration which introduces the exercises of the Commencements, or similar public exhibitions, in American colleges.

Sa*lu"ta*to*ry, n. 1. A place for saluting or greeting; a vestibule; a porch. [Obs.] Milton.

2. (American Colleges) The salutatory oration.

Sa*lute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saluted; p. pr. & vb. n. Saluting.] [L. salutare, salutatum, from salus, -utis, health, safety. See Salubrious.] 1. To address, as with expressions of kind wishes and courtesy; to greet; to hail.

I salute you with this kingly title.
Shak.

2. Hence, to give a sign of good will; to compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow, etc.

You have the prettiest tip of a finger . . . I must take the freedom to salute it.
Addison.

3. (Mil. & Naval) To honor, as some day, person, or nation, by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by dipping colors, by cheers, etc.

4. To promote the welfare and safety of; to benefit; to gratify. [Obs.] "If this salute my blood a jot." Shak.

Sa*lute" (?), n. [Cf. F. salut. See Salute, v.] 1. The act of saluting, or expressing kind wishes or respect; salutation; greeting.

2. A sign, token, or ceremony, expressing good will, compliment, or respect, as a kiss, a bow, etc. Tennyson.

3. (Mil. & Naval) A token of respect or honor for some distinguished or official personage, for a foreign vessel or flag, or for some festival or event, as by presenting arms, by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, dipping the colors or the topsails, etc.

Sa*lut"er (?), n. One who salutes.

Sal`u*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. salutifer; salus, -utis, health + ferre to bring.] Bringing health; healthy; salutary; beneficial; as, salutiferous air. [R.]

Innumerable powers, all of them salutiferous.
Cudworth.

Syn. -- Healthful; healthy; salutary; salubrious.

Sal`u*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. Salutarily. [R.]

Sal`va*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or condition of being salvable; salvableness. [R.]

In the Latin scheme of redemption, salvability was not possible outside the communion of the visible organization.
A. V. G. Allen.

Sal"va*ble (?), a. [L. salvare to save, from salvus safe. Cf. Savable.] Capable of being saved; admitting of salvation. Dr. H. More.

-- Sal"va*ble*ness, n. -- Sal"va*bly, adv.

Sal"vage (?; 48), n. [F. salvage, OF. salver to save, F. sauver, fr. L. salvare. See Save.] 1. The act of saving a vessel, goods, or life, from perils of the sea.

Salvage of life from a British ship, or a foreign ship in British waters, ranks before salvage of goods.
Encyc. Brit.

2. (Maritime Law) (a) The compensation allowed to persons who voluntarily assist in saving a ship or her cargo from peril. (b) That part of the property that survives the peril and is saved. Kent. Abbot.

Sal"vage, a. & n. Savage. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sal*va"tion (?), n. [OE. salvacioun, sauvacion, F. salvation, fr. L. salvatio, fr. salvare to save. See Save.] 1. The act of saving; preservation or deliverance from destruction, danger, or great calamity.

2. (Theol.) The redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him of everlasting happiness.

To earn salvation for the sons of men.
Milton.

Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation.
2. Cor. vii. 10.

3. Saving power; that which saves.

Fear ye not; stand still, and see the salvation of the Lord, which he will show to you to-day.
Ex. xiv. 13.

Salvation Army, an organization for prosecuting the work of Christian evangelization, especially among the degraded populations of cities. It is virtually a new sect founded in London in 1861 by William Booth. The evangelists, male and female, have military titles according to rank, that of the chief being "General." They wear a uniform, and in their phraseology and mode of work adopt a quasi military style.

Sal*va"tion*ist, n. An evangelist, a member, or a recruit, of the Salvation Army.

Sal"va*to*ry (?), n. [LL. salvatorium, fr. salvare to save.] A place where things are preserved; a repository. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

||Sal"ve (?), interj. [L., hail, God save you, imperat. of salvere to be well. Cf. Salvo a volley.] Hail!

Sal"ve (? or ?), v. t. To say "Salve" to; to greet; to salute. [Obs.]

By this that stranger knight in presence came,
And goodly salved them.
Spenser.

Salve (?; 277), n. [AS. sealf ointment; akin to LG. salwe, D. zalve, zalf, OHG. salba, Dan. salve, Sw. salfva, Goth. salbōn to anoint, and probably to Gr. (Hesychius) &?; oil, &?; butter, Skr. sarpis clarified butter. √155, 291.] 1. An adhesive composition or substance to be applied to wounds or sores; a healing ointment. Chaucer.

2. A soothing remedy or antidote.

Counsel or consolation we may bring.
Salve to thy sores.
Milton.

Salve bug (Zoöl.), a large, stout isopod crustacean (Æga psora), parasitic on the halibut and codfish, -- used by fishermen in the preparation of a salve. It becomes about two inches in length.

Salve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Salved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Salving.] [AS. sealfian to anoint. See Salve, n.] 1. To heal by applications or medicaments; to cure by remedial treatment; to apply salve to; as, to salve a wound. Shak.

2. To heal; to remedy; to cure; to make good; to soothe, as with an ointment, especially by some device, trick, or quibble; to gloss over.

But Ebranck salved both their infamies
With noble deeds.
Spenser.

What may we do, then, to salve this seeming inconsistence?
Milton.

Salve (?), v. t. & i. [See Salvage] To save, as a ship or goods, from the perils of the sea. [Recent]

Salv"er (?), n. One who salves, or uses salve as a remedy; hence, a quacksalver, or quack. [Obs.]

Sal"ver (?), n. [Cf. Salvage.] A salvor. Skeat.

Sal"ver (?), n. [Sp. salva pregustation, the tasting of viands before they are served, salver, fr. salvar to save, to taste, to prove the food or drink of nobles, from L. salvare to save. See Save.] A tray or waiter on which anything is presented.

Sal"ver-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Tubular, with a spreading border. See Hypocraterimorphous.

||Sal"vi*a (?), n. [L., sage.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the sage. See Sage.

Sal*vif"ic (?), a. [L. salficus saving; salvus saved, safe + facere to make.] Tending to save or secure safety. [Obs.]

Sal"vo (?), n.; pl. Salvos (#). [L. salvo jure, literally, the right being reserved. See Safe.] An exception; a reservation; an excuse.

They admit many salvos, cautions, and reservations.
Eikon Basilike.

Sal"vo, n. [F. salve a discharge of heavy cannon, a volley, L. salve hail, imperat. of salvere to be well, akin to salvus well. See Safe.] 1. (Mil.) A concentrated fire from pieces of artillery, as in endeavoring to make a break in a fortification; a volley.

2. A salute paid by a simultaneous, or nearly simultaneous, firing of a number of cannon.

Sal"vor (?), n. [See Salvation, Save] (Law) One who assists in saving a ship or goods at sea, without being under special obligation to do so. Wheaton.

Sam (?), adv. [AS. same. See Same, a.] Together. [Obs.] "All in that city sam." Spenser.

Sa*ma"ra (? or ?), n. [L. samara, samera, the seed of the elm.] (Bot.) A dry, indehiscent, usually one-seeded, winged fruit, as that of the ash, maple, and elm; a key or key fruit.

Sam"are (?), n. See Simar.

Sa*mar"i*tan (?), a. [L. Samaritanus.] Of or pertaining to Samaria, in Palestine. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Samaria; also, the language of Samaria.

Sa*ma"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. E. samarskite.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of doubtful identity.

&fist; Samarium was discovered, by means of spectrum analysis, in certain minerals (samarskite, cerite, etc.), in which it is associated with other elements of the earthy group. It has been confounded with the doubtful elements decipium, philippium, etc., and is possibly a complex mixture of elements not as yet clearly identified. Symbol Sm. Provisional atomic weight 150.2.

Sam"a*roid (?; 277), a. [Samara + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a samara, or winged seed vessel.

Sa*mar"ra (?), n. See Simar.

Sa*mar"skite (?), a. [After Samarski, a Russian.] (Min.) A rare mineral having a velvet-black color and submetallic luster. It is a niobate of uranium, iron, and the yttrium and cerium metals.

Sam"bo, n. [Sp. zambo, sambo.] A colloquial or humorous appellation for a negro; sometimes, the offspring of a black person and a mulatto; a zambo.

Sam"boo (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sambur.

||Sam*bu"cus (?), n. [L., an elder tree.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and trees; the elder.

Sam"buke (?), n. [L. sambuca, Gr. &?;.] (Mus.) An ancient stringed instrument used by the Greeks, the particular construction of which is unknown.

Sam"bur (?), n. [Hind. sāmbar, sābar.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian deer (Rusa Aristotelis) having a mane on its neck. Its antlers have but three prongs. Called also gerow. The name is applied to other species of the genus Rusa, as the Bornean sambur (R. equina).

Same (?), a. [AS. same, adv.; akin to OS. sama, samo, adv., OHG. sam, a., sama, adv., Icel. samr, a., Sw. samme, samma, Dan. samme, Goth. sama, Russ. samuii, Gr. &?;, Skr. sama, Gr. &?; like, L. simul at the same time, similis like, and E. some, a., -some. √191. Cf. Anomalous, Assemble, Homeopathy, Homily, Seem, v. i., Semi-, Similar, Some.] 1. Not different or other; not another or others; identical; unchanged.

Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end.
Ps. cii. 27.

2. Of like kind, species, sort, dimensions, or the like; not differing in character or in the quality or qualities compared; corresponding; not discordant; similar; like.

The ethereal vigor is in all the same.
Dryden.

3. Just mentioned, or just about to be mentioned.

What ye know, the same do I know.
Job. xiii. 2.

Do but think how well the same he spends,
Who spends his blood his country to relieve.
Daniel.

&fist; Same is commonly preceded by the, this, or that and is often used substantively as in the citations above. In a comparative use it is followed by as or with.

Bees like the same odors as we do.
Lubbock.

[He] held the same political opinions with his illustrious friend.
Macaulay.

Same"li*ness (?), n. Sameness, 2. [R.] Bayne.

Same"ness, n. 1. The state of being the same; identity; absence of difference; near resemblance; correspondence; similarity; as, a sameness of person, of manner, of sound, of appearance, and the like. "A sameness of the terms." Bp. Horsley.

2. Hence, want of variety; tedious monotony.

Syn. -- Identity; identicalness; oneness.

Sa*mette" (?), n. See Samite. [Obs.]

Sa"mi*an (?), a. [L. Samius.] Of or pertaining to the island of Samos.

Fill high the cup with Samian wine.
Byron.

Samian earth, a species of clay from Samos, formerly used in medicine as an astringent.

Sa"mi*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Samos.

Sa"mi*el (?; 277), n. [Turk. sam- yeli; Ar. samm poison + Turk. yel wind. Cf. Simoom.] A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows, in Turkey, from the desert. It is identical with the simoom of Arabia and the kamsin of Syria.

Sa"mi*ot (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. samiote.] Samian.

Sa"mite (?), a. [OF. samit, LL. samitum, examitum, from LGr. &?;, &?; woven with six threads; Gr. &?; six + &?; a thread. See Six, and cf. Dimity.] A species of silk stuff, or taffeta, generally interwoven with gold. Tennyson.

In silken samite she was light arrayed.
Spenser.

Sam"let (?), n. [Cf. Salmonet.] The parr.

Sam"mi*er (?), n. A machine for pressing the water from skins in tanning. Knight.

Sa*mo"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Samoan Islands (formerly called Navigators' Islands) in the South Pacific Ocean, or their inhabitants. -- n. An inhabitant of the Samoan Islands.

||Sa"mo*var (?), n. [Russ. samovar'.] A metal urn used in Russia for making tea. It is filled with water, which is heated by charcoal placed in a pipe, with chimney attached, which passes through the urn.

Sam`oy*edes" (?), n. pl.; sing. Samoyede (&?;). (Ethnol.) An ignorant and degraded Turanian tribe which occupies a portion of Northern Russia and a part of Siberia.

Samp (?), n. [From American Indian sāpac, saupac, made soft, or thinned.] An article of food consisting of maize broken or bruised, which is cooked by boiling, and usually eaten with milk; coarse hominy.

||Sam"pan (?), n. (Naut.) A Chinese boat from twelve to fifteen feet long, covered with a house, and sometimes used as a permanent habitation on the inland waters. [Written also sanpan.]

Sam"phire (? or ?; 277), n. [F. l'herbe de Saint Pierre. See Saint, and Petrel.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy, suffrutescent, umbelliferous European plant (Crithmum maritimum). It grows among rocks and on cliffs along the seacoast, and is used for pickles.

Hangs one that gathers samphire, dreadful trade!
Shak.

(b) The species of glasswort (Salicornia herbacea); -- called in England marsh samphire. (c) A seashore shrub (Borrichia arborescens) of the West Indies.

Golden samphire. See under Golden.

Sam"ple (?), n. [OE. sample, asaumple, OF. essample, example, fr. L. exemplum. See Example, and cf. Ensample, Sampler.] 1. Example; pattern. [Obs.] Spenser. "A sample to the youngest." Shak.

Thus he concludes, and every hardy knight
His sample followed.
Fairfax.

2. A part of anything presented for inspection, or shown as evidence of the quality of the whole; a specimen; as, goods are often purchased by samples.

I design this but for a sample of what I hope more fully to discuss.
Woodward.

Syn. -- Specimen; example. See Specimen.

Sam"ple, v. t. 1. To make or show something similar to; to match. Bp. Hall.

2. To take or to test a sample or samples of; as, to sample sugar, teas, wools, cloths.

Sam"pler (?), n. [See Exampler, Exemplar.] 1. One who makes up samples for inspection; one who examines samples, or by samples; as, a wool sampler.

2. A pattern; a specimen; especially, a collection of needlework patterns, as letters, borders, etc., to be used as samples, or to display the skill of the worker.

Susie dear, bring your sampler and Mrs. Schumann will show you how to make that W you bothered over.
E. E. Hale.

||Sam"shoo, Sam"shu (&?;), n. [Chinese san-shao thrice fired.] A spirituous liquor distilled by the Chinese from the yeasty liquor in which boiled rice has fermented under pressure. S. W. Williams.

Sam"son (?), n. An Israelite of Bible record (see Judges xiii.), distinguished for his great strength; hence, a man of extraordinary physical strength.

Samson post. (a) (Naut.) A strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck; also, a temporary or movable pillar carrying a leading block or pulley for various purposes. Brande & C. (b) In deep-well boring, the post which supports the walking beam of the apparatus.

San`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sanable; sanableness; curableness.

San"a*ble (?), a. [L. sanabilis, fr. sanare to heal, fr. sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] Capable of being healed or cured; susceptible of remedy.

Syn. -- Remediable; curable; healable.

San"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being sanable.

Sa*na"tion (?), n. [L. sanatio. See Sanable.] The act of healing or curing. [Obs.] Wiseman.

San"a*tive (?), a. [LL. sanativus.] Having the power to cure or heal; healing; tending to heal; sanatory. -- San"a*tive*ness, n.

San`a*to"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanatory.] An establishment for the treatment of the sick; a resort for invalids. See Sanitarium.

San"a*to*ry (?), a. [LL. sanatorius, fr. L. sanare to heal. See Sanable.] Conducive to health; tending to cure; healing; curative; sanative.

Sanatory ordinances for the protection of public health, such as quarantine, fever hospitals, draining, etc.
De Quincey.

&fist; Sanatory and sanitary should not be confounded. Sanatory signifies conducive to health, while sanitary has the more general meaning of pertaining to health.

||San`be*ni"to (?), n. [Sp. & Pg. sambenito, contr. from L. saccus sack + benedictus blessed.] 1. Anciently, a sackcloth coat worn by penitents on being reconciled to the church.

2. A garnment or cap, or sometimes both, painted with flames, figures, etc., and worn by persons who had been examined by the Inquisition and were brought forth for punishment at the auto-da-fé.

{ Sance"-bell` (?), Sanc"te bell` (?) }, n. See Sanctus bell, under Sanctus.

Sanc"ti*fi*cate (?), v. t. [L. sanctificatus, p. p. of sanctificare.] To sanctify. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sanc`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sanctificatio: cf. F. sanctification.] 1. The act of sanctifying or making holy; the state of being sanctified or made holy; esp. (Theol.), the act of God's grace by which the affections of men are purified, or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted to a supreme love to God; also, the state of being thus purified or sanctified.

God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth.
2 Thess. ii. 13.

2. The act of consecrating, or of setting apart for a sacred purpose; consecration. Bp. Burnet.

Sanc"ti*fied (?), a. Made holy; also, made to have the air of sanctity; sanctimonious.

Sanc"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who sanctifies, or makes holy; specifically, the Holy Spirit.

Sanc"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctifying (?).] [F. sanctifier, L. sanctificare; sanctus holy + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Saint, and -fy.] 1. To make sacred or holy; to set apart to a holy or religious use; to consecrate by appropriate rites; to hallow.

God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it.
Gen. ii. 3.

Moses . . . sanctified Aaron and his garments.
Lev. viii. 30.

2. To make free from sin; to cleanse from moral corruption and pollution; to purify.

Sanctify them through thy truth.
John xvii. 17.

3. To make efficient as the means of holiness; to render productive of holiness or piety.

A means which his mercy hath sanctified so to me as to make me repent of that unjust act.
Eikon Basilike.

4. To impart or impute sacredness, venerableness, inviolability, title to reverence and respect, or the like, to; to secure from violation; to give sanction to.

The holy man, amazed at what he saw,
Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law.
Dryden.

Truth guards the poet, sanctifies the line.
Pope.

Sanc"ti*fy`ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy.

Sanc*til"o*quent (?), a. [L. sanctus holy + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Discoursing on heavenly or holy things, or in a holy manner.

Sanc`ti*mo"ni*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. sanctimonialis. ] Sanctimonious. [Obs.]

Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [See Sanctimony.] 1. Possessing sanctimony; holy; sacred; saintly. Shak.

2. Making a show of sanctity; affecting saintliness; hypocritically devout or pious. "Like the sanctimonious pirate." Shak.

-- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. -- Sanc`ti*mo"ni*ous*ness, n.

Sanc"ti*mo*ny (?), n. [L. sanctimonia, fr. sanctus holy: cf. OF. sanctimonie. See Saint.] Holiness; devoutness; scrupulous austerity; sanctity; especially, outward or artificial saintliness; assumed or pretended holiness; hypocritical devoutness.

Her pretense is a pilgrimage; . . . which holy undertaking with most austere sanctimony she accomplished.
Shak.

Sanc"tion (?), n. [L. sanctio, from sancire, sanctum to render sacred or inviolable, to fix unalterably: cf. F. sanction. See Saint.] 1. Solemn or ceremonious ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body; establishment or furtherance of anything by giving authority to it; confirmation; approbation.

The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony.
I. Watts.

2. Anything done or said to enforce the will, law, or authority of another; as, legal sanctions.

Syn. -- Ratification; authorization; authority; countenance; support.

Sanc"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanctioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sanctioning.] To give sanction to; to ratify; to confirm; to approve.

Would have counseled, or even sanctioned, such perilous experiments.
De Quincey.

Syn. -- To ratify; confirm; authorize; countenance.

Sanc"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or giving, sanction.

Sanc"ti*tude (?), n. [L. sanctitudo.] Holiness; sacredness; sanctity. [R.] Milton.

Sanc"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Sanctities (#). [L. sanctitas, from sanctus holy. See Saint.] 1. The state or quality of being sacred or holy; holiness; saintliness; moral purity; godliness.

To sanctity she made no pretense, and, indeed, narrowly escaped the imputation of irreligion.
Macaulay.

2. Sacredness; solemnity; inviolability; religious binding force; as, the sanctity of an oath.

3. A saint or holy being. [R.]

About him all the sanctities of heaven.
Milton.

Syn. -- Holiness; godliness; piety; devotion; goodness; purity; religiousness; sacredness; solemnity. See the Note under Religion.

Sanc"tu*a*rize (?), v. t. To shelter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. [Obs.] Shak.

Sanc"tu*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Sanctuaries (#). [OE. seintuarie, OF. saintuaire, F. sanctuaire, fr. L. sanctuarium, from sanctus sacred, holy. See Saint.] A sacred place; a consecrated spot; a holy and inviolable site. Hence, specifically: (a) The most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Holy of Holies, in which was kept the ark of the covenant, and into which no person was permitted to enter except the high priest, and he only once a year, to intercede for the people; also, the most sacred part of the tabernacle; also, the temple at Jerusalem. (b) (Arch.) The most sacred part of any religious building, esp. that part of a Christian church in which the altar is placed. (c) A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed; a church, temple, or other place of worship. (d) A sacred and inviolable asylum; a place of refuge and protection; shelter; refuge; protection.

These laws, whoever made them, bestowed on temples the privilege of sanctuary.
Milton.

The admirable works of painting were made fuel for the fire; but some relics of it took sanctuary under ground, and escaped the common destiny.
Dryden.

Sanc"tum (?), n. [L., p. p. of sancire to consecrate.] A sacred place; hence, a place of retreat; a room reserved for personal use; as, an editor's sanctum.

||Sanctum sanctorum [L.], the Holy of Holies; the most holy place, as in the Jewish temple.

Sanc"tus (?), n. [L. sanctus, p. p. of sancire.] 1. (Eccl.) A part of the Mass, or, in Protestant churches, a part of the communion service, of which the first words in Latin are Sanctus, sanctus, sanctus [Holy, holy, holy]; -- called also Tersanctus.

2. (Mus.) An anthem composed for these words.

Sanctus bell, a small bell usually suspended in a bell cot at the apex of the nave roof, over the chancel arch, in mediæval churches, but a hand bell is now often used; -- so called because rung at the singing of the sanctus, at the conclusion of the ordinary of the Mass, and again at the elevation of the host. Called also Mass bell, sacring bell, saints' bell, sance-bell, sancte bell.

Sand (?), n. [AS. sand; akin to D. zand, G. sand, OHG. sant, Icel. sandr, Dan. & Sw. sand, Gr. &?;.] 1. Fine particles of stone, esp. of siliceous stone, but not reduced to dust; comminuted stone in the form of loose grains, which are not coherent when wet.

That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small pebbles.
Woodward.

2. A single particle of such stone. [R.] Shak.

3. The sand in the hourglass; hence, a moment or interval of time; the term or extent of one's life.

The sands are numbered that make up my life.
Shak.

4. pl. Tracts of land consisting of sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa; also, extensive tracts of sand exposed by the ebb of the tide. "The Libyan sands." Milton. "The sands o' Dee." C. Kingsley.

5. Courage; pluck; grit. [Slang]

Sand badger (Zoöl.), the Japanese badger (Meles ankuma). -- Sand bag. (a) A bag filled with sand or earth, used for various purposes, as in fortification, for ballast, etc. (b) A long bag filled with sand, used as a club by assassins. -- Sand ball, soap mixed with sand, made into a ball for use at the toilet. -- Sand bath. (a) (Chem.) A vessel of hot sand in a laboratory, in which vessels that are to be heated are partially immersed. (b) A bath in which the body is immersed in hot sand. -- Sand bed, a thick layer of sand, whether deposited naturally or artificially; specifically, a thick layer of sand into which molten metal is run in casting, or from a reducing furnace. -- Sand birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for numerous species of limicoline birds, such as the sandpipers, plovers, tattlers, and many others; -- called also shore birds. -- Sand blast, a process of engraving and cutting glass and other hard substances by driving sand against them by a steam jet or otherwise; also, the apparatus used in the process. -- Sand box. (a) A box with a perforated top or cover, for sprinkling paper with sand. (b) A box carried on locomotives, from which sand runs on the rails in front of the driving wheel, to prevent slipping. -- Sand-box tree (Bot.), a tropical American tree (Hura crepitans). Its fruit is a depressed many-celled woody capsule which, when completely dry, bursts with a loud report and scatters the seeds. See Illust. of Regma. -- Sand bug (Zoöl.), an American anomuran crustacean (Hippa talpoidea) which burrows in sandy seabeaches. It is often used as bait by fishermen. See Illust. under Anomura. -- Sand canal (Zoöl.), a tubular vessel having a calcareous coating, and connecting the oral ambulacral ring with the madreporic tubercle. It appears to be excretory in function. -- Sand cock (Zoöl.), the redshank. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand collar. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand saucer, below. -- Sand crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The lady crab. (b) A land crab, or ocypodian. -- Sand crack (Far.), a crack extending downward from the coronet, in the wall of a horse's hoof, which often causes lameness. -- Sand cricket (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large terrestrial crickets of the genus Stenophelmatus and allied genera, native of the sandy plains of the Western United States. -- Sand cusk (Zoöl.), any ophidioid fish. See Illust. under Ophidioid. -- Sand dab (Zoöl.), a small American flounder (Limanda ferruginea); -- called also rusty dab. The name is also applied locally to other allied species. -- Sand darter (Zoöl.), a small etheostomoid fish of the Ohio valley (Ammocrypta pellucida). -- Sand dollar (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small flat circular sea urchins, which live on sandy bottoms, especially Echinarachnius parma of the American coast. -- Sand drift, drifting sand; also, a mound or bank of drifted sand. -- Sand eel. (Zoöl.) (a) A lant, or launce. (b) A slender Pacific Ocean fish of the genus Gonorhynchus, having barbels about the mouth. -- Sand flag, sandstone which splits up into flagstones. -- Sand flea. (Zoöl.) (a) Any species of flea which inhabits, or breeds in, sandy places, especially the common dog flea. (b) The chigoe. (c) Any leaping amphipod crustacean; a beach flea, or orchestian. See Beach flea, under Beach. -- Sand flood, a vast body of sand borne along by the wind. James Bruce. -- Sand fluke. (Zoöl.) (a) The sandnecker. (b) The European smooth dab (Pleuronectes microcephalus); -- called also kitt, marysole, smear dab, town dab. -- Sand fly (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small dipterous flies of the genus Simulium, abounding on sandy shores, especially Simulium nocivum of the United States. They are very troublesome on account of their biting habits. Called also no-see-um, punky, and midge. -- Sand gall. (Geol.) See Sand pipe, below. -- Sand grass (Bot.), any species of grass which grows in sand; especially, a tufted grass (Triplasis purpurea) with numerous bearded joints, and acid awl-shaped leaves, growing on the Atlantic coast. -- Sand grouse (Zoöl.), any one of many species of Old World birds belonging to the suborder Pterocletes, and resembling both grouse and pigeons. Called also rock grouse, rock pigeon, and ganga. They mostly belong to the genus Pterocles, as the common Indian species (P. exustus). The large sand grouse (P. arenarius), the painted sand grouse (P. fasciatus), and the pintail sand grouse (P. alchata) are also found in India. See Illust. under Pterocletes. -- Sand hill, a hill of sand; a dune. -- Sand-hill crane (Zoöl.), the American brown crane (Grus Mexicana). -- Sand hopper (Zoöl.), a beach flea; an orchestian. -- Sand hornet (Zoöl.), a sand wasp. -- Sand lark. (Zoöl.) (a) A small lark (Alaudala raytal), native of India. (b) A small sandpiper, or plover, as the ringneck, the sanderling, and the common European sandpiper. (c) The Australian red- capped dotterel (Ægialophilus ruficapillus); -- called also red-necked plover. -- Sand launce (Zoöl.), a lant, or launce. -- Sand lizard (Zoöl.), a common European lizard (Lacerta agilis). -- Sand martin (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. -- Sand mole (Zoöl.), the coast rat. -- Sand monitor (Zoöl.), a large Egyptian lizard (Monitor arenarius) which inhabits dry localities. -- Sand mouse (Zoöl.), the dunlin. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sand myrtle. (Bot.) See under Myrtle. -- Sand partridge (Zoöl.), either of two small Asiatic partridges of the genus Ammoperdix. The wings are long and the tarsus is spurless. One species (A. Heeji) inhabits Palestine and Arabia. The other species (A. Bonhami), inhabiting Central Asia, is called also seesee partridge, and teehoo. -- Sand picture, a picture made by putting sand of different colors on an adhesive surface. -- Sand pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The sauger. (b) The lizard fish. -- Sand pillar, a sand storm which takes the form of a whirling pillar in its progress in desert tracts like those of the Sahara and Mongolia. -- Sand pipe (Geol.), a tubular cavity, from a few inches to several feet in depth, occurring especially in calcareous rocks, and often filled with gravel, sand, etc.; -- called also sand gall. -- Sand pride (Zoöl.), a small British lamprey now considered to be the young of larger species; -- called also sand prey. -- Sand pump, in artesian well boring, a long, slender bucket with a valve at the bottom for raising sand from the well. -- Sand rat (Zoöl.), the pocket gopher. -- Sand rock, a rock made of cemented sand. -- Sand runner (Zoöl.), the turnstone. -- Sand saucer (Zoöl.), the mass of egg capsules, or oöthecæ, of any mollusk of the genus Natica and allied genera. It has the shape of a bottomless saucer, and is coated with fine sand; -- called also sand collar. -- Sand screw (Zoöl.), an amphipod crustacean (Lepidactylis arenarius), which burrows in the sandy seabeaches of Europe and America. -- Sand shark (Zoöl.), an American shark (Odontaspis littoralis) found on the sandy coasts of the Eastern United States; -- called also gray shark, and dogfish shark. See Illust. under Remora. -- Sand skink (Zoöl.), any one of several species of Old World lizards belonging to the genus Seps; as, the ocellated sand skink (Seps ocellatus) of Southern Europe. -- Sand skipper (Zoöl.), a beach flea, or orchestian. -- Sand smelt (Zoöl.), a silverside. -- Sand snake. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of harmless burrowing snakes of the genus Eryx, native of Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia, especially E. jaculus of India and E. Johnii, used by snake charmers. (b) Any innocuous South African snake of the genus Psammophis, especially P. sibilans. -- Sand snipe (Zoöl.), the sandpiper. -- Sand star (Zoöl.), an ophiurioid starfish living on sandy sea bottoms; a brittle star. -- Sand storm, a cloud of sand driven violently by the wind. -- Sand sucker, the sandnecker. -- Sand swallow (Zoöl.), the bank swallow. See under Bank. -- Sand tube, a tube made of sand. Especially: (a) A tube of vitrified sand, produced by a stroke of lightning; a fulgurite. (b) (Zoöl.) Any tube made of cemented sand. (c) (Zoöl.) In starfishes, a tube having calcareous particles in its wall, which connects the oral water tube with the madreporic plate. -- Sand viper. (Zoöl.) See Hognose snake. -- Sand wasp (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the families Pompilidæ and Spheridæ, which dig burrows in sand. The female provisions the nest with insects or spiders which she paralyzes by stinging, and which serve as food for her young.

Sand (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sanded; p. pr. & vb. n. Sanding.] 1. To sprinkle or cover with sand.

2. To drive upon the sand. [Obs.] Burton.

3. To bury (oysters) beneath drifting sand or mud.

4. To mix with sand for purposes of fraud; as, to sand sugar. [Colloq.]

San"dal (?), n. Same as Sendal.

Sails of silk and ropes of sandal.
Longfellow.

San"dal, n. Sandalwood. "Fans of sandal." Tennyson.

San"dal, n. [F. sandale, L. sandalium, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?;, probably from Per. sandal.] (a) A kind of shoe consisting of a sole strapped to the foot; a protection for the foot, covering its lower surface, but not its upper. (b) A kind of slipper. (c) An overshoe with parallel openings across the instep.

San"daled (?), a. 1. Wearing sandals.

The measured footfalls of his sandaled feet.
Longfellow.

2. Made like a sandal.

San*dal"i*form (?), a. [Sandal + -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a sandal or slipper.

San"dal*wood (?), n. [F. sandal, santal, fr. Ar. çandal, or Gr. sa`ntalon; both ultimately fr. Skr. candana. Cf. Sanders.] (Bot.) (a) The highly perfumed yellowish heartwood of an East Indian and Polynesian tree (Santalum album), and of several other trees of the same genus, as the Hawaiian Santalum Freycinetianum and S. pyrularium, the Australian S. latifolium, etc. The name is extended to several other kinds of fragrant wood. (b) Any tree of the genus Santalum, or a tree which yields sandalwood. (c) The red wood of a kind of buckthorn, used in Russia for dyeing leather (Rhamnus Dahuricus).

False sandalwood, the fragrant wood of several trees not of the genus Santalum, as Ximenia Americana, Myoporum tenuifolium of Tahiti. -- Red sandalwood, a heavy, dark red dyewood, being the heartwood of two leguminous trees of India (Pterocarpus santalinus, and Adenanthera pavonina); -- called also red sanderswood, sanders or saunders, and rubywood.

{ San"da*rach, San"da*rac }, (&?;), n. [L. sandaraca, Gr. &?;.] 1. (Min.) Realgar; red sulphide of arsenic. [Archaic]

2. (Bot. Chem.) A white or yellow resin obtained from a Barbary tree (Callitris quadrivalvis or Thuya articulata), and pulverized for pounce; -- probably so called from a resemblance to the mineral.

Sand"bag`ger (?), n. An assaulter whose weapon is a sand bag. See Sand bag, under Sand.

Sand"-blind` (?), a. [For sam blind half blind; AS. sām- half (akin to semi- ) + blind.] Having defective sight; dim-sighted; purblind. Shak.

Sand"ed, a. 1. Covered or sprinkled with sand; sandy; barren. Thomson.

2. Marked with small spots; variegated with spots; speckled; of a sandy color, as a hound. Shak.

3. Short-sighted. [Prov. Eng.]

San`de*ma"ni*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Robert Sandeman, a Scotch sectary of the eighteenth century. See Glassite.

San`de*ma"ni*an*ism (?), n. The faith or system of the Sandemanians. A. Fuller.

San"der*ling (?), n. [Sand + - ling. So called because it obtains its food by searching the moist sands of the seashore.] (Zoöl.) A small gray and brown sandpiper (Calidris arenaria) very common on sandy beaches in America, Europe, and Asia. Called also curwillet, sand lark, stint, and ruddy plover.

San"ders (?), n. [See Sandal.] An old name of sandalwood, now applied only to the red sandalwood. See under Sandalwood.

San"ders-blue" (?), n. See Saunders-blue.

San"de*ver (?), n. See Sandiver. [Obs.]

Sand"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small marine fish of the Pacific coast of North America (Trichodon trichodon) which buries itself in the sand.

Sand"glass` (?), n. An instrument for measuring time by the running of sand. See Hourglass.

Sand"hill`er (?), n. A nickname given to any "poor white" living in the pine woods which cover the sandy hills in Georgia and South Carolina. [U.S.]

Sand"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sandy, or of being of a sandy color.

Sand"ish, a. Approaching the nature of sand; loose; not compact. [Obs.] Evelyn.

San"di*ver (?), n. [Perh. fr. OF. saïn grease, fat + de of + verre glass (cf. Saim), or fr. F. sel de verre sandiver.] A whitish substance which is cast up, as a scum, from the materials of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is skimmed off; -- called also glass gall. [Formerly written also sandever.]

||San"dix (?), n. [L. sandix, sandyx, vermilion, or a color like vermilion, Gr. &?;, &?;.] A kind of minium, or red lead, made by calcining carbonate of lead, but inferior to true minium. [Written also sandyx.] [Obs.]

Sand"man` (?), n. A mythical person who makes children sleepy, so that they rub their eyes as if there were sand in them.

Sand"neck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A European flounder (Hippoglossoides limandoides); -- called also rough dab, long fluke, sand fluke, and sand sucker.

Sand"pa`per (?), n. Paper covered on one side with sand glued fast, -- used for smoothing and polishing.

Sand"pa`per, v. t. To smooth or polish with sandpaper; as, to sandpaper a door.

Sand"pi`per (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small limicoline game birds belonging to Tringa, Actodromas, Ereunetes, and various allied genera of the family Tringidæ.

&fist; The most important North American species are the pectoral sandpiper (Tringa maculata), called also brownback, grass snipe, and jacksnipe; the red-backed, or black- breasted, sandpiper, or dunlin (T. alpina); the purple sandpiper (T. maritima: the red-breasted sandpiper, or knot (T. canutus); the semipalmated sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus); the spotted sandpiper, or teeter-tail (Actitis macularia); the buff-breasted sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis), and the Bartramian sandpiper, or upland plover. See under Upland. Among the European species are the dunlin, the knot, the ruff, the sanderling, and the common sandpiper (Actitis, or Tringoides, hypoleucus), called also fiddler, peeper, pleeps, weet-weet, and summer snipe. Some of the small plovers and tattlers are also called sandpipers.

2. (Zoöl.) A small lamprey eel; the pride.

Curlew sandpiper. See under Curlew. -- Stilt sandpiper. See under Stilt.

Sand"pit` (?), n. A pit or excavation from which sand is or has been taken.

San"dre (?), n. (Zoöl.) A Russian fish (Lucioperca sandre) which yields a valuable oil, called sandre oil, used in the preparation of caviare.

Sand"stone` (?), n. A rock made of sand more or less firmly united. Common or siliceous sandstone consists mainly of quartz sand.

&fist; Different names are applied to the various kinds of sandstone according to their composition; as, granitic, argillaceous, micaceous, etc.

Flexible sandstone (Min.), the finer- grained variety of itacolumite, which on account of the scales of mica in the lamination is quite flexible. -- Red sandstone, a name given to two extensive series of British rocks in which red sandstones predominate, one below, and the other above, the coal measures. These were formerly known as the Old and the New Red Sandstone respectively, and the former name is still retained for the group preceding the Coal and referred to the Devonian age, but the term New Red Sandstone is now little used, some of the strata being regarded as Permian and the remained as Triassic. See the Chart of Geology.

Sand"wich (?; 277), n. [Named from the Earl of Sandwich.] Two pieces of bread and butter with a thin slice of meat, cheese, or the like, between them.

Sand"wich, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sandwiched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sandwiching.] To make into a sandwich; also, figuratively, to insert between portions of something dissimilar; to form of alternate parts or things, or alternating layers of a different nature; to interlard.

Sand"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of annelids which burrow in the sand of the seashore. (b) Any species of annelids of the genus Sabellaria. They construct firm tubes of agglutinated sand on rocks and shells, and are sometimes destructive to oysters. (c) The chigoe, a species of flea.

Sand"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Arenaria, low, tufted herbs (order Caryophyllaceæ.)

Sand"y (?), a. [Compar. Sandier (?); superl. Sandiest.] [AS. sandig.] 1. Consisting of, abounding with, or resembling, sand; full of sand; covered or sprinkled with sand; as, a sandy desert, road, or soil.

2. Of the color of sand; of a light yellowish red color; as, sandy hair.

||San"dyx (?), n. [L.] See Sandix.

Sane (?), a. [L. sanus; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, safe, sound. Cf. Sound, a.] 1. Being in a healthy condition; not deranged; acting rationally; -- said of the mind.

2. Mentally sound; possessing a rational mind; having the mental faculties in such condition as to be able to anticipate and judge of the effect of one's actions in an ordinary maner; -- said of persons.

Syn. -- Sound; healthy; underanged; unbroken.

Sane"ness, n. The state of being sane; sanity.

Sang (?), imp. of Sing.

{ ||San"ga (?), San"gu (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The Abyssinian ox (Bos or Bibos, Africanus), noted for the great length of its horns. It has a hump on its back.

San`ga*ree" (?), n. [Sp. sangria, lit., bleeding, from sangre, blood, L. sanguis.] Wine and water sweetened and spiced, -- a favorite West Indian drink.

||Sang`-froid" (?), n. [F., cold blood.] Freedom from agitation or excitement of mind; coolness in trying circumstances; indifference; calmness. Burke.

San"gi*ac (?), n. See Sanjak.

{ San`graal" (?), San"gre*al (?) }, n. [See Saint, and Grail.] See Holy Grail, under Grail.

San*guif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Conveying blood; as, sanguiferous vessels, i. e., the arteries, veins, capillaries.

San`gui*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sanguification. See Sanguify.] (Physiol.) The production of blood; the conversion of the products of digestion into blood; hematosis.

San"gui*fi`er (?), n. A producer of blood.

San*guif"lu*ous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + fluere to flow.] Flowing or running with blood.

San"gui*fy (?), v. t. [L. sanguis blood + -fy: cf. F. sanguifier.] To produce blood from.

San*guig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sanguis + -genous.] Producing blood; as, sanguigenous food.

San`gui*na"ceous (?), n. Of a blood-red color; sanguine.

||San`gui*na"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Sanguinary, a. & n.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Poppy family.

&fist; Sanguinaria Canadensis, or bloodroot, is the only species. It has a perennial rootstock, which sends up a few roundish lobed leaves and solitary white blossoms in early spring. See Bloodroot.

2. The rootstock of the bloodroot, used in medicine as an emetic, etc.

San"gui*na*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sanguinary manner.

San"gui*na*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sanguinary.

San"gui*na*ry (?), a. [L. sanguinarius, fr. sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinaire.] 1. Attended with much bloodshed; bloody; murderous; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle.

We may not propagate religion by wars, or by sanguinary persecutions to force consciences.
Bacon.

2. Bloodthirsty; cruel; eager to shed blood.

Passion . . . makes us brutal and sanguinary.
Broome.

Syn. -- Bloody; murderous; bloodthirsty; cruel.

San"gui*na*ry, n. [L. herba sanguinaria an herb that stanches blood: cf. F. sanguinaire. See Sanguinary, a.] (Bot.) (a) The yarrow. (b) The Sanguinaria.

San"guine (?), a. [F. sanguin, L. sanguineus, fr. sanguis blood. Cf. Sanguineous.] 1. Having the color of blood; red.

Of his complexion he was sanguine.
Chaucer.

Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe.
Milton.

2. Characterized by abundance and active circulation of blood; as, a sanguine bodily temperament.

3. Warm; ardent; as, a sanguine temper.

4. Anticipating the best; not desponding; confident; full of hope; as, sanguine of success.

Syn. -- Warm; ardent; lively; confident; hopeful.

San"guine, n. 1. Blood color; red. Spenser.

2. Anything of a blood-red color, as cloth. [Obs.]

In sanguine and in pes he clad was all.
Chaucer.

3. (Min.) Bloodstone.

4. Red crayon. See the Note under Crayon, 1.

San"guine, v. t. To stain with blood; to impart the color of blood to; to ensanguine.

San"guine*less, a. Destitute of blood; pale. [R.]

San"guine*ly, adv. In a sanguine manner.

I can not speculate quite so sanguinely as he does.
Burke.

San"guine*ness, n. The quality of being sanguine.

San*guin"e*ous (?), a. [L. sanguineus. See Sanguine.] 1. Abounding with blood; sanguine.

2. Of or pertaining to blood; bloody; constituting blood. Sir T. Browne.

3. Blood-red; crimson. Keats.

san*guin"i*ty, n. The quality of being sanguine; sanguineness. Swift.

San"gui*niv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis + vorare to devour.] Subsisting on blood.

San*guin"o*len*cy (?), n. The state of being sanguinolent, or bloody.

San*guin"o*lent (?), a. [L. sanguinolentus, from sanguis blood: cf. F. sanguinolent.] Tinged or mingled with blood; bloody; as, sanguinolent sputa.

San"gui*suge (?), n. [L. sanguisuga; sanguis blood + sugere to suck.] (Zoöl.) A bloodsucker, or leech.

San*guiv"o*rous (?), a. [L. sanguis blood + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) Subsisting upon blood; -- said of certain blood-sucking bats and other animals. See Vampire.

{ San"he*drin (?), San"he*drim (?) }, n. [Heb. sanhedrīn, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; with + &?; a seat, fr. &?; to sit. See Sit.] (Jewish Antiq.) the great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy members, to whom the high priest was added. It had jurisdiction of religious matters.

San"he*drist (?), n. A member of the sanhedrin. Schaeffer (Lange's Com.).

||San"hi*ta (?), n. [Skr. samhita, properly, combination.] A collection of vedic hymns, songs, or verses, forming the first part of each Veda.

San"i*cle (?), n. [F., from L. sanare to heal.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Sanicula, reputed to have healing powers.

San"i*dine (?), n. [Gr. &?;. &?;, a board. So called in allusion to the tabular crystals.] (Min.) A variety of orthoclase feldspar common in certain eruptive rocks, as trachyte; -- called also glassy feldspar.

||Sa"ni*es (?), n. [L.] (Med.) A thin, serous fluid commonly discharged from ulcers or foul wounds.

Sa"ni*ous (?), a. [L. saniosus, fr. sanies: cf. F. sanieux.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as, the sanious matter of an ulcer.

2. (med.) Discharging sanies; as, a sanious ulcer.

San`i*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to health, or the laws of health; sanitary.

San`i*ta"ri*an, n. An advocate of sanitary measures; one especially interested or versed in sanitary measures.

San"i*ta*rist (?), n. A sanitarian.

San`i*ta"ri*um (?), n. [NL. See Sanitary.] A health station or retreat; a sanatorium. "A sanitarium for troops." L. Oliphant.

San"i*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sanitas health: cf. F. sanitaire. See Sanity.] Of or pertaining to health; designed to secure or preserve health; relating to the preservation or restoration of health; hygienic; as, sanitary regulations. See the Note under Sanatory.

Sanitary Commission. See under Commission.

San`i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of rendering sanitary; the science of sanitary conditions; the preservation of health; the use of sanitary measures; hygiene.

How much sanitation has advanced during the last half century.
H. Hartshorne.

San"i*ty (?), n. [L. sanitas, from sanus sound, healthy. See Sane.] The condition or quality of being sane; soundness of health of body or mind, especially of the mind; saneness.

San"jak (?), n. [Turk. sanjāg.] A district or a subvision of a vilayet. [Turkey]

Sank (?), imp. of Sink.

||Sank"ha (?), n. [Skr. çankha a shell.] A chank shell (Turbinella pyrum); also, a shell bracelet or necklace made in India from the chank shell.

||Sankh"ya (?), n. A Hindoo system of philosophy which refers all things to soul and a rootless germ called prakriti, consisting of three elements, goodness, passion, and darkness. Whitworth.

San"nop (săn"n&obreve;p), n. Same as Sannup. Bancroft.

San"nup (-nŭp), n. A male Indian; a brave; -- correlative of squaw.

San"ny (?), n. The sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sans (sän; E. sănz), prep. [F., from L. sine without.] Without; deprived or destitute of. Rarely used as an English word. "Sans fail." Chaucer.

Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.
Shak.

San"scrit (?), n. See Sanskrit.

||Sans`-cu`lotte" (F. &?;; E. &?;), n. [F., without breeches.] 1. A fellow without breeches; a ragged fellow; -- a name of reproach given in the first French revolution to the extreme republican party, who rejected breeches as an emblem peculiar to the upper classes or aristocracy, and adopted pantaloons.

2. Hence, an extreme or radical republican; a violent revolutionist; a Jacobin.

Sans`-cu*lot"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or involving, sans-culottism; radical; revolutionary; Jacobinical. Carlyle.

Sans`-cu*lot"tism (?), n. [F. sans- culottisme.] Extreme republican principles; the principles or practice of the sans-culottes.

San"skrit (?), n. [Skr. Samsk&rsdot;ta the Sanskrit language, literally, the perfect, polished, or classical language, fr. samsk&rsdot;ta prepared, wrought, made, excellent, perfect; sam together (akin to E. same) + k&rsdot;ta made. See Same, Create.] [Written also Sanscrit.] The ancient language of the Hindoos, long since obsolete in vernacular use, but preserved to the present day as the literary and sacred dialect of India. It is nearly allied to the Persian, and to the principal languages of Europe, classical and modern, and by its more perfect preservation of the roots and forms of the primitive language from which they are all descended, is a most important assistance in determining their history and relations. Cf. Prakrit, and Veda.

San"skrit, a. Of or pertaining to Sanskrit; written in Sanskrit; as, a Sanskrit dictionary or inscription.

San*skrit"ic (?), a. Sanskrit.

San"skrit*ist, n. One versed in Sanskrit.

||Sans`-sou`ci" (?), adv. [F.] Without care; free and easy.

San"tal (?), n. [Santalum + piperonal.] (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance, isomeric with piperonal, but having weak acid properties. It is extracted from sandalwood.

San`ta*la"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Santalaceæ), of which the genus Santalum is the type, and which includes the buffalo nut and a few other North American plants, and many peculiar plants of the southern hemisphere.

San*tal"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, sandalwood (Santalum); -- used specifically to designate an acid obtained as a resinous or red crystalline dyestuff, which is called also santalin.

San"ta*lin (?), n. [Cf. F. santaline.] (Chem.) Santalic acid. See Santalic.

||San"ta*lum (?), n. [NL. See Sandalwood.] (Bot.) A genus of trees with entire opposite leaves and small apetalous flowers. There are less than a dozen species, occurring from India to Australia and the Pacific Islands. See Sandalwood.

San`tees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Santee (&?;). (Ethnol.) One of the seven confederated tribes of Indians belonging to the Sioux, or Dakotas.

San"ter (?), v. i. See Saunter.

||San"ton (?), n. [Sp. santon, augmented fr. santo holy, L. sanctus.] A Turkish saint; a kind of dervish, regarded by the people as a saint: also, a hermit.

San"to*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of santonic acid.

San*ton"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid (distinct from santoninic acid) obtained from santonin as a white crystalline substance.

San"to*nin (?), n. [L. herba santonica, a kind of plant, fr. Santoni a people of Aquitania; cf. Gr. &?;: cf. F. santonine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance having a bitter taste, extracted from the buds of levant wormseed and used as an anthelmintic. It occassions a peculiar temporary color blindness, causing objects to appear as if seen through a yellow glass.

San"to*nin`ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of santoninic acid.

San`to*nin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to santonin; -- used specifically to designate an acid not known in the free state, but obtained in its salts.

||Sa"o (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine annelid of the genus Hyalinæcia, especially H. tubicola of Europe, which inhabits a transparent movable tube resembling a quill in color and texture.

Sap (?), n. [AS. sæp; akin to OHG. saf, G. saft, Icel. safi; of uncertain origin; possibly akin to L. sapere to taste, to be wise, sapa must or new wine boiled thick. Cf. Sapid, Sapient.] 1. The juice of plants of any kind, especially the ascending and descending juices or circulating fluid essential to nutrition.

&fist; The ascending is the crude sap, the assimilation of which takes place in the leaves, when it becomes the elaborated sap suited to the growth of the plant.

2. The sapwood, or alburnum, of a tree.

3. A simpleton; a saphead; a milksop. [Slang]

Sap ball (Bot.), any large fungus of the genus Polyporus. See Polyporus. -- Sap green, a dull light green pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhamnus catharticus, or buckthorn. It is used especially by water-color artists. -- Sap rot, the dry rot. See under Dry. -- Sap sucker (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small American woodpeckers of the genus Sphyrapicus, especially the yellow-bellied woodpecker (S. varius) of the Eastern United States. They are so named because they puncture the bark of trees and feed upon the sap. The name is loosely applied to other woodpeckers. -- Sap tube (Bot.), a vessel that conveys sap.

Sap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sapping.] [F. saper (cf. Sp. zapar, It. zapare), fr. sape a sort of scythe, LL. sappa a sort of mattock.] 1. To subvert by digging or wearing away; to mine; to undermine; to destroy the foundation of.

Nor safe their dwellings were, for sapped by floods,
Their houses fell upon their household gods.
Dryden.

2. (Mil.) To pierce with saps.

3. To make unstable or infirm; to unsettle; to weaken.

Ring out the grief that saps the mind.
Tennyson.

Sap (?), v. i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly undermining; to execute saps. W. P. Craighill.

Both assaults are carried on by sapping.
Tatler.

Sap, n. (Mil.) A narrow ditch or trench made from the foremost parallel toward the glacis or covert way of a besieged place by digging under cover of gabions, etc.

Sap fagot (Mil.), a fascine about three feet long, used in sapping, to close the crevices between the gabions before the parapet is made. -- Sap roller (Mil.), a large gabion, six or seven feet long, filled with fascines, which the sapper sometimes rolls along before him for protection from the fire of an enemy.

Sap`a*dil"lo (?), n. See Sapodila.

Sap"a*jo (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sapajou.

Sap"a*jou (?), n. [F. sapajou, sajou, Braz. sajuassu.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of South American monkeys of the genus Cebus, having long and prehensile tails. Some of the species are called also capuchins. The bonnet sapajou (C. subcristatus), the golden-handed sapajou (C. chrysopus), and the white-throated sapajou (C. hypoleucus) are well known species. See Capuchin.

Sa*pan" wood (?). [Malay sapang.] (Bot.) A dyewood yielded by Cæsalpinia Sappan, a thorny leguminous tree of Southern Asia and the neighboring islands. It is the original Brazil wood. [Written also sappan wood.]

Sap"ful (?), a. Abounding in sap; sappy.

Sap"head` (?), n. A weak-minded, stupid fellow; a milksop. [Low]

Sa*phe"nous (?), a. [Gr. &?; manifest.] (Anat.) (a) Manifest; -- applied to the two principal superficial veins of the lower limb of man. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the saphenous veins; as, the saphenous nerves; the saphenous opening, an opening in the broad fascia of the thigh through which the internal saphenous vein passes.

Sap"id (?), a. [L. sapidus, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. sapide. See Sapient, Savor.] Having the power of affecting the organs of taste; possessing savor, or flavor.

Camels, to make the water sapid, do raise the mud with their feet.
Sir T. Browne.

Sa*pid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sapidité.] The quality or state of being sapid; taste; savor; savoriness.

Whether one kind of sapidity is more effective than another.
M. S. Lamson.

Sap"id*ness, n. Quality of being sapid; sapidity.

When the Israelites fancied the sapidness and relish of the fleshpots, they longed to taste and to return.
Jer. Taylor.

Sa"pi*ence (?), n. [L. sapientia: cf. F. sapience. See Sapient..] The quality of being sapient; wisdom; sageness; knowledge. Cowper.

Woman, if I might sit beside your feet,
And glean your scattered sapience.
Tennyson.

Sa"pi*ent (?), a. [L. sapiens, -entis, p. pr. of sapere to taste, to have sense, to know. See Sage, a.] Wise; sage; discerning; -- often in irony or contempt.

Where the sapient king
Held dalliance with his fair Egyptian spouse.
Milton.

Syn. -- Sage; sagacious; knowing; wise; discerning.

Sa`pi*en"tial (?), a. [L. sapientialis.] Having or affording wisdom. -- Sa`pi*en"tial*ly, adv.

The sapiential books of the Old [Testament].
Jer. Taylor.

Sa`pi*en"tious (?), a. Sapiential. [Obs.]

Sa"pi*ent*ize, v. t. To make sapient. [R.] Coleridge.

Sa"pi*ent*ly (?), adv. In a sapient manner.

Sap`in*da"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of trees and shrubs (Sapindaceæ), including the (typical) genus Sapindus, the maples, the margosa, and about seventy other genera.

||Sa*pin"dus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sapo soap + Indicus Indian.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical and subtropical trees with pinnate leaves and panicled flowers. The fruits of some species are used instead of soap, and their round black seeds are made into necklaces.

Sap"less (?), a. 1. Destitute of sap; not juicy.

2. Fig.: Dry; old; husky; withered; spiritless. "A somewhat sapless womanhood." Lowell.

Now sapless on the verge of death he stands.
Dryden.

sap"ling (?), n. A young tree. Shak.

Sap`o*dil"la (?), n. [Sp. zapote, sapotillo, zapotillo, Mexican cochit-zapotl. Cf. Sapota.] (Bot.) A tall, evergeen, tropical American tree (Achras Sapota); also, its edible fruit, the sapodilla plum. [Written also sapadillo, sappadillo, sappodilla, and zapotilla.]

Sapodilla plum (Bot.), the fruit of Achras Sapota. It is about the size of an ordinary quince, having a rough, brittle, dull brown rind, the flesh being of a dirty yellowish white color, very soft, and deliciously sweet. Called also naseberry. It is eatable only when it begins to be spotted, and is much used in desserts.

Sa*pog"e*nin (?), n. [Saponin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of saponin.

Sap`o*na"ceous (?), a. [L. sapo, -onis, soap, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. soap. See Soap.] Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soapy.

&fist; Saponaceous bodies are compounds of an acid and a base, and are in reality a kind of salt.

Sap`o*nac"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being saponaceous.

Sap"o*na*ry (?), a. Saponaceous. Boyle.

Sa*pon*i*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of conversion into soap; as, a saponifiable substance.

Sa*pon`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. saponification. See Saponify.] The act, process, or result, of soap making; conversion into soap; specifically (Chem.), the decomposition of fats and other ethereal salts by alkalies; as, the saponification of ethyl acetate.

Sa*pon"i*fi`er (?), n. (Chem.) That which saponifies; any reagent used to cause saponification.

Sa*pon"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saponified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saponifying (?).] [L. sapo, -onis, soap + -fy: cf. F. saponifier.] To convert into soap, as tallow or any fat; hence (Chem.), to subject to any similar process, as that which ethereal salts undergo in decomposition; as, to saponify ethyl acetate.

Sap"o*nin (?), n. [L. sapo, - onis soap: cf. F. saponine.] (Chem.) A poisonous glucoside found in many plants, as in the root of soapwort (Saponaria), in the bark of soap bark (Quillaia), etc. It is extracted as a white amorphous powder, which occasions a soapy lather in solution, and produces a local anæsthesia. Formerly called also struthiin, quillaiin, senegin, polygalic acid, etc. By extension, any one of a group of related bodies of which saponin proper is the type.

Sap"o*nite (?), n. [Sw. saponit, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Min.) A hydrous silicate of magnesia and alumina. It occurs in soft, soapy, amorphous masses, filling veins in serpentine and cavities in trap rock.

Sap"o*nul (?), n. [F. saponule, fr. L. sapo, -onis, soap.] (Old Chem.) A soapy mixture obtained by treating an essential oil with an alkali; hence, any similar compound of an essential oil. [Written also saponule.] [Obs.]

||Sa"por (?), n. [L. See Savor.] Power of affecting the organs of taste; savor; flavor; taste.

There is some sapor in all aliments.
Sir T. Browne.

Sap`o*rif"ic (?), a. [L. sapor taste + facere to make.] Having the power to produce the sensation of taste; producing taste, flavor, or relish.

Sap`o*ros"i*ty (?), n. The quality of a body by which it excites the sensation of taste.

Sap"o*rous (?), a. [L. saporus that relishes well, savory, fr. sapor taste.] Having flavor or taste; yielding a taste. [R.] Bailey.

Sa*po"ta (?), n. [NL., from Sp. sapote, zapote. See Sapodilla.] (Bot.) The sapodilla.

Sap`o*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order (Sapotaceæ) of (mostly tropical) trees and shrubs, including the star apple, the Lucuma, or natural marmalade tree, the gutta-percha tree (Isonandra), and the India mahwa, as well as the sapodilla, or sapota, after which the order is named.

Sap*pan" wood" (?). Sapan wood.

Sap"pare (?), n. [F. sappare; -- so called by Saussure.] (Min.) Kyanite. [Written also sappar.]

Sap"per (?), n. [Cf. F. sapeur.] One who saps; specifically (Mil.), one who is employed in working at saps, building and repairing fortifications, and the like.

Sap"phic (?), a. [L. Sapphicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Sappho.] 1. Of or pertaining to Sappho, the Grecian poetess; as, Sapphic odes; Sapphic verse.

2. (Pros.) Belonging to, or in the manner of, Sappho; -- said of a certain kind of verse reputed to have been invented by Sappho, consisting of five feet, of which the first, fourth, and fifth are trochees, the second is a spondee, and the third a dactyl.

Sap"phic, n. (Pros.) A Sapphic verse.

Sap"phire (? or ?; 277), n. [OE. saphir, F. saphir, L. sapphirus, Gr. &?;, of Oriental origin; cf. Heb. sappīr.] 1. (Min.) Native alumina or aluminium sesquioxide, Al2O3; corundum; esp., the blue transparent variety of corundum, highly prized as a gem.

Of rubies, sapphires, and of pearlés white.
Chaucer.

&fist; Sapphire occurs in hexagonal crystals and also in granular and massive forms. The name sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, while the bright red crystals are called Oriental rubies (see under Ruby), the amethystine variety Oriental amethyst (see under Amethyst), and the dull massive varieties corundum (a name which is also used as a general term to include all varieties). See Corundum.

2. The color of the gem; bright blue.

3. (Zoöl.) Any humming bird of the genus Hylocharis, native of South America. The throat and breast are usually bright blue.

Star sapphire, or Asteriated sapphire (Min.), a kind of sapphire which exhibits asterism.

Sap"phire, a. Of or resembling sapphire; sapphirine; blue. "The sapphire blaze." Gray.

Sap"phir*ine (?), n. Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire; having the color, or any quality of sapphire. "Sapphirine degree of hardness." Boyle.

Sap"pho (?), n. [See Sapphic.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of brilliant South American humming birds of the genus Sappho, having very bright- colored and deeply forked tails; -- called also firetail.

Sap"pi*ness (?), n. The quality of being sappy; juiciness.

Sap`po*dil"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sapodilla.

Sap"py (?), a. [Compar. Sappier (?); superl. Sappiest.] [From 1st Sap.]

1. Abounding with sap; full of sap; juicy; succulent.

2. Hence, young, not firm; weak, feeble.

When he had passed this weak and sappy age.
Hayward.

3. Weak in intellect. [Low]

4. (Bot.) Abounding in sap; resembling, or consisting largely of, sapwood.

Sap"py (?), a. [Written also sapy.] [Cf. L. sapere to taste.] Musty; tainted. [Obs.]

Sa*proph"a*gan (?), n. [Gr. sapro`s rotten + fagei^n to eat: cf. F. saprophage.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon decaying animal and vegetable substances; a carrion beetle.

Sa*proph"a*gous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on carrion.

Sap"ro*phyte (?), n. [Gr. sapro`s rotten + fyto`n a plant.] (Bot.) Any plant growing on decayed animal or vegetable matter, as most fungi and some flowering plants with no green color, as the Indian pipe.

Sap`ro*phyt"ic (?), a. Feeding or growing upon decaying animal or vegetable matter; pertaining to a saprophyte or the saprophytes.

Sap"sa*go (?), n. [G. schabzieger; schaben to shave, to scrape + zieger a sort of whey.] A kind of Swiss cheese, of a greenish color, flavored with melilot.

Sap"skull` (?), n. A saphead. [Low]

Sap`u*ca"ia (?; Pg. &?;), n. [Pg. sapucaya.] (Bot.) A Brazilian tree. See Lecythis, and Monkey-pot. [Written also sapucaya.]

Sapucaia nut (Bot.), the seed of the sapucaia; -- called also paradise nut.

Sap"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The alburnum, or part of the wood of any exogenous tree next to the bark, being that portion of the tree through which the sap flows most freely; -- distinguished from heartwood.

Sar"a*ba*ite (?), n. [LL. Sarabaïtae, pl.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of certain vagrant or heretical Oriental monks in the early church.

Sar"a*band (?), n. [F. sarabande, Sp. zarabanda, fr. Per. serbend a song.] A slow Spanish dance of Saracenic origin, to an air in triple time; also, the air itself.

She has brought us the newest saraband from the court of Queen Mab.
Sir W. Scott.

Sar"a*cen (?), n. [L. Saracenus perhaps fr. Ar. sharqi, pl. sharqiīn, Oriental, Eastern, fr. sharaqa to rise, said of the sun: cf. F. sarrasin. Cf. Sarcenet, Sarrasin, Sirocco.] Anciently, an Arab; later, a Mussulman; in the Middle Ages, the common term among Christians in Europe for a Mohammedan hostile to the crusaders.

Saracens' consound (Bot.), a kind of ragwort (Senecio Saracenicus), anciently used to heal wounds.

{ Sar`a*cen"ic (?), Sar`a*cen"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to the Saracens; as, Saracenic architecture. "Saracenic music." Sir W. Scott.

Sar"a*sin (?), n. (Arch.) See Sarrasin.

||Sa`ras*wa"ti (?), n. [Skr. Sarasvatī.] (Hind. Myth.) The sakti or wife of Brahma; the Hindoo goddess of learning, music, and poetry.

Sar"casm (?), n. [F. sarcasme, L. sarcasmus, Gr. sarkasmo`s, from sarka`zein to tear flesh like dogs, to bite the lips in rage, to speak bitterly, to sneer, fr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] A keen, reproachful expression; a satirical remark uttered with some degree of scorn or contempt; a taunt; a gibe; a cutting jest.

The sarcasms of those critics who imagine our art to be a matter of inspiration.
Sir J. Reynolds.

Syn. -- Satire; irony; ridicule; taunt; gibe.

Sar*cas"mous (?), a. Sarcastic. [Obs.] "Sarcasmous scandal." Hubidras.

{ Sar*cas"tic (?), Sar*cas"tic*al (?) }, a. Expressing, or expressed by, sarcasm; characterized by, or of the nature of, sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly satirical; scornfully severe; taunting.

What a fierce and sarcastic reprehension would this have drawn from the friendship of the world!
South.

Sar*cas"tic*al*ly, adv. In a sarcastic manner.

Sar"cel (?), n. [OF. cercel, F. cerceau, L. circellus, dim. of circulus. See Circle.] One of the outer pinions or feathers of the wing of a bird, esp. of a hawk.

Sar"celed (?), a. (her.) Cut through the middle.

||Sar`celle" (?), n. [F., fr. L. querquedula.] (Zoöl.) The old squaw, or long- tailed duck.

Sarce"net (?), n. [OF. sarcenet; cf. LL. saracenicum cloth made by Saracens. See Saracen.] A species of fine thin silk fabric, used for linings, etc. [Written also sarsenet.]

Thou green sarcenet flap for a sore eye.
Shak.

Sar"cin (?), n. Same as Hypoxanthin.

||Sar*ci"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; of flesh, fr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Biol.) A genus of bacteria found in various organic fluids, especially in those those of the stomach, associated with certain diseases. The individual organisms undergo division along two perpendicular partitions, so that multiplication takes place in two directions, giving groups of four cubical cells. Also used adjectively; as, a sarcina micrococcus; a sarcina group.

Sarcina form (Biol.), the tetrad form seen in the division of a dumb-bell group of micrococci into four; -- applied particularly to bacteria. See micrococcus.

Sar"cle (?), v. t. [F. sarcler to weed, fr. L. sarculare to hoe, fr. sarculum hoe.] To weed, or clear of weeds, with a hoe. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sar"co- (?). A combining form from Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh; as, sarcophagous, flesh-eating; sarcology.

||Sar*cob"a*sis (?), n.; pl. Sarcobases (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; base.] (Bot.) A fruit consisting of many dry indehiscent cells, which contain but few seeds and cohere about a common style, as in the mallows.

Sar"co*blast (?), n. [Sarco- + -blast.] (Zoöl.) A minute yellowish body present in the interior of certain rhizopods.

Sar"co*carp (?), n. [Sarco- + Gr. &?; fruit: cf. F. sarcocarpe.] (Bot.) The fleshy part of a stone fruit, situated between the skin, or epicarp, and the stone, or endocarp, as in a peach. See Illust. of Endocarp.

&fist; The term has also been used to denote any fruit which is fleshy throughout. M. T. Masters.

Sar"co*cele (?), n. [Gr. &?;; sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; tumor: cf. F. sarcocèle.] (Med.) Any solid tumor of the testicle.

{ Sar"co*col (?), Sar`co*col"la (?) }, n. [L. sarcocolla, from Gr. &?;; sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; glue: cf. F. sarcocolle.] A gum resin obtained from certain shrubs of Africa (Penæa), -- formerly thought to cause healing of wounds and ulcers.

Sar"code (?), n. [Gr. &?; fleshy; sa`rx, flesh + e'i^dos form. Cf. Sarcoid.] (Biol.) A name applied by Dujardin in 1835 to the gelatinous material forming the bodies of the lowest animals; protoplasm.

{ Sar"co*derm (?), ||sar`co*der"ma (?) }, n. [NL. sarcoderma. See Sarco-, and Derm.] (Bot.) (a) A fleshy covering of a seed, lying between the external and internal integuments. (b) A sarcocarp.

Sar*cod"ic (? or ?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to sarcode.

Sar"coid (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Sarcode.] (Biol.) Resembling flesh, or muscle; composed of sarcode.

Sar`co*lac"tic (?), a. [Sarco- + lactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Relating to muscle and milk; as, sarcolactic acid. See Lactic acid, under Lactic.

Sar`co*lem"ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; rind, skin.] (Anat.) The very thin transparent and apparently homogeneous sheath which incloses a striated muscular fiber; the myolemma.

Sar"co*line (?), a. [Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Min.) Flesh-colored.

{ Sar`co*log"ic (?), Sar`co*log"ic*al (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to sarcology.

Sar*col"o*gy (?), n. [Sarco- + -logy: cf. F. sarcologie.] That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts. It includes myology, angiology, neurology, and splanchnology.

||Sar*co"ma (?), n.; pl. L. Sarcomata (# or #), E. sarcomas (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, from sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Med.) A tumor of fleshy consistence; -- formerly applied to many varieties of tumor, now restricted to a variety of malignant growth made up of cells resembling those of fetal development without any proper intercellular substance.

Sar*com"a*tous (? or ?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to sarcoma; resembling sarcoma.

||Sar*coph"a*ga (?), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of carnivorous and insectivorous marsupials including the dasyures and the opossums.

||Sar*coph"a*ga, n. [NL., fem. sing. See Sarcophagus.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Diptera, including the flesh flies.

Sar*coph"a*gan (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) Any animal which eats flesh, especially any carnivorous marsupial.

2. (Zoöl.) Any fly of the genus Sarcophaga.

Sar*coph"a*gous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Feeding on flesh; flesh-eating; carnivorous.

Sar*coph"a*gus (?), n.; pl. L. Sarcophagi (#), E. Sarcophaguses (#). [L., fr. Gr. sarkofa`gos, properly, eating flesh; sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + fagei^n to eat. Cf. Sarcasm.] 1. A species of limestone used among the Greeks for making coffins, which was so called because it consumed within a few weeks the flesh of bodies deposited in it. It is otherwise called lapis Assius, or Assian stone, and is said to have been found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Holland.

2. A coffin or chest-shaped tomb of the kind of stone described above; hence, any stone coffin.

3. A stone shaped like a sarcophagus and placed by a grave as a memorial.

Sar*coph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. sarkofagi`a. See Sarcophagus.] The practice of eating flesh.

Sar"co*phile (?), n. [Sacro- + Gr. &?; a lover.] (Zoöl.) A flesh-eating animal, especially any one of the carnivorous marsupials.

||Sar*cop"tes (?), n. [NL., from Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + ko`ptein to cut.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic mites including the itch mites.

Sar*cop"tid (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Sarcoptes and related genera of mites, comprising the itch mites and mange mites. -- a. Of or pertaining to the itch mites.

||Sar`co*rham"phi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh + &?; beak.] (Zoöl.) A division of raptorial birds comprising the vultures.

||Sar`co*sep"tum (?), n.; pl. Sarcosepta (#). [Sarco- + septum.] (Zoöl.) One of the mesenteries of an anthozoan.

Sar"co*sin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A crystalline nitrogenous substance, formed in the decomposition of creatin (one of the constituents of muscle tissue). Chemically, it is methyl glycocoll.

||Sar*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Med.) (a) Abnormal formation of flesh. (b) Sarcoma.

Sar*cot"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. sarcotique.] (Med.) Producing or promoting the growth of flesh. [R.] -- n. A sarcotic medicine. [R.]

Sar"cous (?), a. [Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Anat.) Fleshy; -- applied to the minute structural elements, called sarcous elements, or sarcous disks, of which striated muscular fiber is composed.

Sar`cu*la"tion (?), n. [L. sarculatio. See Sarcle.] A weeding, as with a hoe or a rake.

Sard (?), n. [L. sarda, Gr. &?;, or &?; (sc. &?;), i.e., Sardian stone, fr. &?; Sardian, &?; Sardes, the capital of Lydia: cf. F. sarde. Cf. Sardius.] (Min.) A variety of carnelian, of a rich reddish yellow or brownish red color. See the Note under Chalcedony.

Sar"da*chate (?), n. [L. sardachates: cf. F. sardachate. See Sard, and Agate.] (Min.) A variety of agate containing sard.

{ Sar"dan (?), Sar"del (?) }, n. [It. sardella. See Sardine a fish.] (Zoöl.) A sardine. [Obs.]

Sar"del, n. A precious stone. See Sardius.

Sar"dine (? or ?; 277), n. [F. sardine (cf. Sp. sardina, sarda, It. sardina, sardella), L. sardina, sarda; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;; so called from the island of Sardinia, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several small species of herring which are commonly preserved in olive oil for food, especially the pilchard, or European sardine (Clupea pilchardus). The California sardine (Clupea sagax) is similar. The American sardines of the Atlantic coast are mostly the young of the common herring and of the menhaden.

Sar"dine (? or ?; 277), n. See Sardius.

Sar*din"i*an (?), a. [L. Sardinianus.] Of or pertaining to the island, kingdom, or people of Sardinia. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Sardinia.

Sar"di*us (?), n. [L. sardius, lapis sardinus, Gr. &?;, &?;, &?;. See Sard.] A precious stone, probably a carnelian, one of which was set in Aaron's breastplate. Ex. xxviii. 17.

Sar"doin (?), n. [Cf. F. sardoine.] (Min.) Sard; carnelian.

Sar*do"ni*an (?), a. [Cf. F. sardonien.] Sardonic. [Obs.] "With Sardonian smile." Spenser.

Sar*don"ic (?), a. [F. sardonique, L. sardonius, Gr. &?;, &?;, perhaps fr. &?; to grin like a dog, or from a certain plant of Sardinia, Gr. &?;, which was said to screw up the face of the eater.] Forced; unnatural; insincere; hence, derisive, mocking, malignant, or bitterly sarcastic; -- applied only to a laugh, smile, or some facial semblance of gayety.

Where strained, sardonic smiles are glozing still,
And grief is forced to laugh against her will.
Sir H. Wotton.

The scornful, ferocious, sardonic grin of a bloody ruffian.
Burke.

Sardonic grin or laugh, an old medical term for a spasmodic affection of the muscles of the face, giving it an appearance of laughter.

Sar*don"ic, a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a kind of linen made at Colchis.

Sar"do*nyx (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Sard, and Onyx.] (Min.) A variety of onyx consisting of sard and white chalcedony in alternate layers.

||Sa"ree (?), n. [Hind. &?;.] The principal garment of a Hindoo woman. It consists of a long piece of cloth, which is wrapped round the middle of the body, a portion being arranged to hang down in front, and the remainder passed across the bosom over the left shoulder.

Sar*gas"so (?), n. [Sp. sargazo seaweed.] (Bot.) The gulf weed. See under Gulf.

Sargasso Sea, a large tract of the North Atlantic Ocean where sargasso in great abundance floats on the surface.

||Sar*gas"sum (?), n. [NL.] A genus of algæ including the gulf weed.

||Sar"go (?), n. [Sp. sargo, L. sargus a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes belonging to Sargus, Pomadasys, and related genera; -- called also sar, and saragu.

||Sa"ri (?), n. Same as Saree.

||Sa*rigue" (?), n. [F., from Braz. çarigueia, çarigueira.] (Zoöl.) A small South American opossum (Didelphys opossum), having four white spots on the face.

Sark (?), n. [AS. serce, syrce, a shirt; akin to Icel. serkr, Sw. särk.] A shirt. [Scot.]

Sark, v. t. (Carp.) To cover with sarking, or thin boards.

Sar"kin (?), n. [Gr. sa`rx, sa`rkos, flesh.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Hypoxanthin.

Sark"ing (?), n. [From Sark shirt.] (Carp.) Thin boards for sheathing, as above the rafters, and under the shingles or slates, and for similar purposes.

{ Sar"lac (?), Sar"lyk (?) }, n. [Mongolian sarlyk.] (Zoöl.) The yak.

{ Sar*ma"tian (?), Sar*mat"ic (?) }, a. [L. Sarmaticus.] Of or pertaining to Sarmatia, or its inhabitants, the ancestors of the Russians and the Poles.

Sar"ment (?), n. [L. sarmentum a twig, fr. sarpere to cut off, to trim: cf. F. sarment.] (Bot.) A prostrate filiform stem or runner, as of the strawberry. See Runner.

Sar`men*ta"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Bearing sarments, or runners, as the strawberry.

Sar`men*tose" (? or ?), a. [L. sarmentosus: cf. F. sarmenteux. See Sarment.] (Bot.) (a) Long and filiform, and almost naked, or having only leaves at the joints where it strikes root; as, a sarmentose stem. (b) Bearing sarments; sarmentaceous.

Sar*men"tous (?), a. (Bot.) Sarmentose.

Sarn (?), n. [W. sarn a causeway, paving.] A pavement or stepping-stone. [Prov. Eng.] Johnson.

||Sa"rong (?), n. [Malay sārung.] A sort of petticoat worn by both sexes in Java and the Malay Archipelago. Balfour (Cyc. of India)

Sa"ros (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;] (Astron) A Chaldean astronomical period or cycle, the length of which has been variously estimated from 3,600 years to 3,600 days, or a little short of 10 years. Brande & C.

Sar"plar (?), n. [Cf. LL. sarplare. See Sarplier.] A large bale or package of wool, containing eighty tods, or 2,240 pounds, in weight. [Eng.]

Sar"plier (?), n. [F. serpillière; cf. Pr. sarpelheira, LL. serpelleria, serpleria, Catalan sarpallera, Sp. arpillera.] A coarse cloth made of hemp, and used for packing goods, etc. [Written also sarpelere.] Tyrwhitt.

Sar"po (?), n. [Corruption of Sp. sapo a toad.] (Zoöl.) A large toadfish of the Southern United States and the Gulf of Mexico (Batrachus tau, var. pardus).

||Sar`ra*ce"ni*a (?), n. [NL. So named after a Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec.] (Bot.) A genus of American perennial herbs growing in bogs; the American pitcher plant.

&fist; They have hollow pitcher-shaped or tubular leaves, and solitary flowers with an umbrella-shaped style. Sarracenia purpurea, the sidesaddle flower, is common at the North; S. flava, rubra, Drummondii, variolaris, and psittacina are Southern species. All are insectivorous, catching and drowning insects in their curious leaves. See Illust. of Sidesaddle flower, under Sidesaddle.

{ Sar"ra*sin, Sar"ra*sine } (?), n. [F. sarrasine, LL. saracina. See Saracen.] (Fort.) A portcullis, or herse. [Written also sarasin.]

Sar"sa (?), n. Sarsaparilla. [Written also sarza.]

Sar`sa*pa*ril"la (?), n. [Sp. zarzaparrilla; zarza a bramble (perhaps fr. Bisc. zartzia) + parra a vine, or Parillo, a physician said to have discovered it.] (Bot.) (a) Any plant of several tropical American species of Smilax. (b) The bitter mucilaginous roots of such plants, used in medicine and in sirups for soda, etc.

&fist; The name is also applied to many other plants and their roots, especially to the Aralia nudicaulis, the wild sarsaparilla of the United States.

Sar`sa*pa*ril"lin (?), n. See Parillin.

Sarse (?), n. [F. sas, OF. saas, LL. setatium, fr. L. seta a stiff hair.] A fine sieve; a searce. [Obs.]

Sarse, v. t. To sift through a sarse. [Obs.]

Sar"sen (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain; perhaps for saracen stone, i.e., a heathen or pagan stone or monument.] One of the large sandstone blocks scattered over the English chalk downs; -- called also sarsen stone, and Druid stone. [Eng.]

Sarse"net (?), n. See Sarcenet.

Sart (?), n. An assart, or clearing. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sar*to"ri*al (?), a. [See Sartorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a tailor or his work.

Our legs skulked under the table as free from sartorial impertinences as those of the noblest savages.
Lowell.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sartorius muscle.

||Sar*to"ri*us (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sartor a patcher, tailor, fr. sarcire, sartum, to patch, mend.] (Anat.) A muscle of the thigh, called the tailor's muscle, which arises from the hip bone and is inserted just below the knee. So named because its contraction was supposed to produce the position of the legs assumed by the tailor in sitting.

Sa"rum use` (?). (Ch. of Eng.) A liturgy, or use, put forth about 1087 by St. Osmund, bishop of Sarum, based on Anglo-Saxon and Norman customs.

Sash (?), n. [Pers. shast a sort of girdle.] A scarf or band worn about the waist, over the shoulder, or otherwise; a belt; a girdle, -- worn by women and children as an ornament; also worn as a badge of distinction by military officers, members of societies, etc.

Sash, v. t. To adorn with a sash or scarf. Burke.

Sash, n. [F. châssis a frame, sash, fr. châsse a shrine, reliquary, frame, L. capsa. See Case a box.] 1. The framing in which the panes of glass are set in a glazed window or door, including the narrow bars between the panes.

2. In a sawmill, the rectangular frame in which the saw is strained and by which it is carried up and down with a reciprocating motion; -- also called gate.

French sash, a casement swinging on hinges; - - in distinction from a vertical sash sliding up and down.

Sash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sashing.] To furnish with a sash or sashes; as, to sash a door or a window.

Sash"er*y (?), n. [From 1st Sash.] A collection of sashes; ornamentation by means of sashes. [R.]

Distinguished by their sasheries and insignia.
Carlyle.

Sash"oon (?), n. [Etymology uncertain.] A kind of pad worn on the leg under the boot. [Obs.] Nares.

Sa"sin (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Indian antelope (Antilope bezoartica, or cervicapra), noted for its beauty and swiftness. It has long, spiral, divergent horns.

{ Sas"sa*by (?), Sas"sa*bye (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus lunata), similar to the hartbeest, but having its horns regularly curved.

Sas"sa*fras (?), n. [F. sassafras (cf. It. sassafrasso, sassafras, Sp. sasafras, salsafras, salsifrax, salsifragia, saxifragia), fr. L. saxifraga saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) An American tree of the Laurel family (Sassafras officinale); also, the bark of the roots, which has an aromatic smell and taste.

Australian sassafras, a lofty tree (Doryophora Sassafras) with aromatic bark and leaves. -- Chilian sassafras, an aromatic tree (Laurelia sempervirens). -- New Zealand sassafras, a similar tree (Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ). - - Sassafras nut. See Pichurim bean. -- Swamp sassafras, the sweet bay (Magnolia glauca). See Magnolia.

Sas"sa*nage (?), n. [See Sarse a sieve.] Stones left after sifting. Smart.

Sas`sa*ra"ra (?), n. [Perh. a corruption of certiorari, the name of a writ.] A word used to emphasize a statement. [Obs.]

Out she shall pack, with a sassarara.
Goldsmith.

Sasse (?), n. [D. sas, fr. F. sas the basin of a waterfall.] A sluice or lock, as in a river, to make it more navigable. [Obs.] Pepys.

Sas"sen*ach (?), n. [Gael. sasunnach.] A Saxon; an Englishman; a Lowlander. [Celtic] Sir W. Scott.

{ Sas"so*lin (?), Sas"so*line (?) }, n. [From Sasso, a town in Italy: cf. F. sassolin.] (Min.) Native boric acid, found in saline incrustations on the borders of hot springs near Sasso, in the territory of Florence.

{ Sas"so*rol (?), Sas`so*rol"la (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The rock pigeon. See under Pigeon.

Sas"sy bark` (?). (Bot.) The bark of a West African leguminous tree (Erythrophlæum Guineense, used by the natives as an ordeal poison, and also medicinally; -- called also mancona bark.

||Sas"tra (?), n. Same as Shaster.

Sat (?), imp. of Sit. [Written also sate.]

Sa"tan (?), n. [Heb. sātān an adversary, fr. sātan to be adverse, to persecute: cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, L. Satan, Satanas.] The grand adversary of man; the Devil, or Prince of darkness; the chief of the fallen angels; the archfiend.

I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven.
Luke x. 18.

{ Sa*tan"ic (?), Sa*tan"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. satanique, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Satan; having the qualities of Satan; resembling Satan; extremely malicious or wicked; devilish; infernal. "Satanic strength." "Satanic host." Milton.

Detest the slander which, with a Satanic smile, exults over the character it has ruined.
Dr. T. Dwight.

-- Sa*tan"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tan"ic*al*ness, n.

Sa"tan*ism (?), n. The evil and malicious disposition of Satan; a diabolical spirit. [R.]

Sa"tan*ist, n. A very wicked person. [R.] Granger.

Sa`tan*oph"a*ny (?), n. [Satan + Gr. &?; to appear.] An incarnation of Satan; a being possessed by a demon. [R.] O. A. Brownson.

Satch"el (?) n. [OF. sachel, fr. L. saccellus, dim. of saccus. See Sack a bag.] A little sack or bag for carrying papers, books, or small articles of wearing apparel; a hand bag. [Spelled also sachel.]

The whining schoolboy with his satchel.
Shak.

Sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sating.] [Probably shortened fr. satiate: cf. L. satur full. See Satiate.] To satisfy the desire or appetite of; to satiate; to glut; to surfeit.

Crowds of wanderers sated with the business and pleasure of great cities.
Macaulay.

Sate (?), imp. of Sit.

But sate an equal guest at every board.
Lowell.

Sat*een" (?), n. [Cf. Satin.] A kind of dress goods made of cotton or woolen, with a glossy surface resembling satin.

Sate"less (?), a. Insatiable. [R.] Young.

Sat"el*lite (?), n. [F., fr. L. satelles, -itis, an attendant.] 1. An attendant attached to a prince or other powerful person; hence, an obsequious dependent. "The satellites of power." I. Disraeli.

2. (Astron.) A secondary planet which revolves about another planet; as, the moon is a satellite of the earth. See Solar system, under Solar.

Satellite moth (Zoöl.), a handsome European noctuid moth (Scopelosoma satellitia).

Sat"el*lite, a. (Anat.) Situated near; accompanying; as, the satellite veins, those which accompany the arteries.

Sat`el*li"tious (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, satellites. [R.] Cheyne.

Sath"an*as (?), n. [L. Satanas. See Satan] Satan. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

Sa"ti*ate (?), a. [L. satiatus, p. p. of satiare to satisfy, from sat, satis, enough. See Sad, a., and cf. Sate.] Filled to satiety; glutted; sated; -- followed by with or of. "Satiate of applause." Pope.

Sa"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satiating.] 1. To satisfy the appetite or desire of; to feed to the full; to furnish enjoyment to, to the extent of desire; to sate; as, to satiate appetite or sense.

These [smells] rather woo the sense than satiate it.
Bacon.

I may yet survive the malice of my enemies, although they should be satiated with my blood.
Eikon Basilike.

2. To full beyond natural desire; to gratify to repletion or loathing; to surfeit; to glut.

3. To saturate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

Syn. -- To satisfy; sate; suffice; cloy; gorge; overfill; surfeit; glut. -- Satiate, Satisfy, Content. These words differ principally in degree. To content is to make contented, even though every desire or appetite is not fully gratified. To satisfy is to appease fully the longings of desire. To satiate is to fill so completely that it is not possible to receive or enjoy more; hence, to overfill; to cause disgust in.

Content with science in the vale of peace.
Pope.

His whole felicity is endless strife;
No peace, no satisfaction, crowns his life.
Beaumont.

He may be satiated, but not satisfied.
Norris.

Sa`ti*a"tion (?), n. Satiety.

Sa*ti"e*ty (?), n. [L. satietas, from satis, sat, enough: cf. F. satiété.] The state of being satiated or glutted; fullness of gratification, either of the appetite or of any sensual desire; fullness beyond desire; an excess of gratification which excites wearisomeness or loathing; repletion; satiation.

In all pleasures there is satiety.
Hakewill.

But thy words, with grace divine
Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.
Milton.

Syn. -- Repletion; satiation; surfeit; cloyment.

Sat"in (?), n. [F. satin (cf. Pg. setim), fr. It. setino, from seta silk, L. saeta, seta, a thick, stiff hair, a bristle; or possibly ultimately of Chinese origin; cf. Chin. sz-tün, sz- twan. Cf. Sateen.] A silk cloth, of a thick, close texture, and overshot woof, which has a glossy surface.

Cloths of gold and satins rich of hue.
Chaucer.

Denmark satin, a kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for women's shoes. -- Farmer's satin. See under Farmer. -- Satin bird (Zoöl.), an Australian bower bird. Called also satin grackle. -- Satin flower (Bot.) See Honesty, 4. -- Satin spar. (Min.) (a) A fine fibrous variety of calcite, having a pearly luster. (b) A similar variety of gypsum. -- Satin sparrow (Zoöl.), the shining flycatcher (Myiagra nitida) of Tasmania and Australia. The upper surface of the male is rich blackish green with a metallic luster. -- Satin stone, satin spar.

Sat`i*net" (?), n. [F., fr. satin. See Satin.] 1. A thin kind of satin.

2. A kind of cloth made of cotton warp and woolen filling, used chiefly for trousers.

Sat"in*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) The hard, lemon-colored, fragrant wood of an East Indian tree (Chloroxylon Swietenia). It takes a lustrous finish, and is used in cabinetwork. The name is also given to the wood of a species of prickly ash (Xanthoxylum Caribæum) growing in Florida and the West Indies.

Sat"in*y (?), a. Like or composed of satin; glossy; as, to have a satiny appearance; a satiny texture.

Sa"tion (?), n. [L. satio, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] A sowing or planting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sat"ire (?; in Eng. often &?;; 277), n. [L. satira, satura, fr. satura (sc. lanx) a dish filled with various kinds of fruits, food composed of various ingredients, a mixture, a medley, fr. satur full of food, sated, fr. sat, satis, enough: cf. F. satire. See Sate, Sad, a., and cf. Saturate.] 1. A composition, generally poetical, holding up vice or folly to reprobation; a keen or severe exposure of what in public or private morals deserves rebuke; an invective poem; as, the Satires of Juvenal.

2. Keeness and severity of remark; caustic exposure to reprobation; trenchant wit; sarcasm.

Syn. -- Lampoon; sarcasm; irony; ridicule; pasquinade; burlesque; wit; humor.

{ Sa*tir"ic (?), Sa*tir"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satiricus: cf. F. satirique.] 1. Of or pertaining to satire; of the nature of satire; as, a satiric style.

2. Censorious; severe in language; sarcastic; insulting. "Satirical rogue." Shak.

Syn. -- Cutting; caustic; poignant; sarcastic; ironical; bitter; reproachful; abusive.

-- Sa*tir"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sa*tir"ic*al*ness, n.

Sat"ir*ist (?), n. [Cf. F. satiriste.] One who satirizes; especially, one who writes satire.

The mighty satirist, who . . . had spread terror through the Whig ranks.
Macaulay.

Sat"ir*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satirized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satirizing (?).] [Cf. F. satiriser.] To make the object of satire; to attack with satire; to censure with keenness or severe sarcasm.

It is as hard to satirize well a man of distinguished vices, as to praise well a man of distinguished virtues.
Swift.

Sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. [OE. satisfaccioun, F. satisfaction, fr. L. satisfactio, fr. satisfacere to satisfy. See Satisfy.] 1. The act of satisfying, or the state of being satisfied; gratification of desire; contentment in possession and enjoyment; repose of mind resulting from compliance with its desires or demands.

The mind having a power to suspend the execution and satisfaction of any of its desires.
Locke.

2. Settlement of a claim, due, or demand; payment; indemnification; adequate compensation.

We shall make full satisfaction.
Shak.

3. That which satisfies or gratifies; atonement.

Die he, or justice must; unless for him
Some other, able, and as willing, pay
The rigid satisfaction, death for death.
Milton.

Syn. -- Contentment; content; gratification; pleasure; recompense; compensation; amends; remuneration; indemnification; atonement.

Sat`is*fac"tive (?), a. Satisfactory. [Obs.]

Satisfactive discernment of fish.
Sir T. Browne.

Sat`is*fac"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. satisfactoire.] 1. Giving or producing satisfaction; yielding content; especially, relieving the mind from doubt or uncertainty, and enabling it to rest with confidence; sufficient; as, a satisfactory account or explanation.

2. Making amends, indemnification, or recompense; causing to cease from claims and to rest content; compensating; atoning; as, to make satisfactory compensation, or a satisfactory apology.

A most wise and sufficient means of redemption and salvation, by the satisfactory and meritorious death and obedience of the incarnate Son of God, Jesus Christ.
Bp. Sanderson.

-- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ly (#), adv. -- Sat`is*fac"to*ri*ness, n.

Sat"is*fi`a*ble, a. That may be satisfied.

Sat"is*fi`er (?), n. One who satisfies.

Sat"is*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Satisfied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Satisfying (?).] [OF. satisfier; L. satis enough + -ficare (in comp.) to make; cf. F. satisfaire, L. satisfacere. See Sad, a., and Fact.] 1. In general, to fill up the measure of a want of (a person or a thing); hence, to grafity fully the desire of; to make content; to supply to the full, or so far as to give contentment with what is wished for.

Death shall . . . with us two
Be forced to satisfy his ravenous maw.
Milton.

2. To pay to the extent of claims or deserts; to give what is due to; as, to satisfy a creditor.

3. To answer or discharge, as a claim, debt, legal demand, or the like; to give compensation for; to pay off; to requite; as, to satisfy a claim or an execution.

4. To free from doubt, suspense, or uncertainty; to give assurance to; to set at rest the mind of; to convince; as, to satisfy one's self by inquiry.

The standing evidences of the truth of the gospel are in themselves most firm, solid, and satisfying.
Atterbury.

Syn. -- To satiate; sate; content; grafity; compensate. See Satiate.

Sat"is*fy (?), v. i. 1. To give satisfaction; to afford gratification; to leave nothing to be desired.

2. To make payment or atonement; to atone. Milton.

Sat"is*fy`ing*ly (?), adv. So as to satisfy; satisfactorily.

Sa"tive (?), a. [L. sativus, fr. serere, satum, to sow.] Sown; propagated by seed. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Sa"tle (?), v. t. & i. To settle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sa"trap (? or ?; 277), n. [L. satrapes, Gr. &?;, fr. OPers. khshatrapāvan ruler: cf. F. satrape.] The governor of a province in ancient Persia; hence, a petty autocrat despot.

Sa"trap*al (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to a satrap, or a satrapy.

Sa"trap*ess (? or ?), n. A female satrap.

Sa*trap"ic*al (?), a. Satrapal. [R.]

Sa"trap*y (?; 277), n.; pl. Satrapies (#). [L. satrapia, satrapea, Gr. &?;: cf. F. satrapie.] The government or jurisdiction of a satrap; a principality. Milton.

Sat"su*ma ware" (? or ?). (Fine Arts) A kind of ornamental hard-glazed pottery made at Satsuma in Kiushu, one of the Japanese islands.

Sat"u*ra*ble (?; 135), a. [L. saturabilis: cf. F. saturable.] Capable of being saturated; admitting of saturation. -- Sat`u*ra*bil"i*ty (#), n.

Sat"u*rant (?), a. [L. saturans, p. pr. See Saturate.] Impregnating to the full; saturating.

Sat"u*rant, n. 1. (Chem.) A substance used to neutralize or saturate the affinity of another substance.

2. (Med.) An antacid, as magnesia, used to correct acidity of the stomach.

Sat"u*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saturated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saturating.] [L. saturatus, p. p. of saturare to saturate, fr. satur full of food, sated. See Satire.] 1. To cause to become completely penetrated, impregnated, or soaked; to fill fully; to sate.

Innumerable flocks and herds covered that vast expanse of emerald meadow saturated with the moisture of the Atlantic.
Macaulay.

Fill and saturate each kind
With good according to its mind.
Emerson.

2. (Chem.) To satisfy the affinity of; to cause to become inert by chemical combination with all that it can hold; as, to saturate phosphorus with chlorine.

Sat"u*rate (?), p. a. [L. saturatus, p. p.] Filled to repletion; saturated; soaked.

Dries his feathers saturate with dew.
Cowper.

The sand beneath our feet is saturate
With blood of martyrs.
Longfellow.

Sat"u*ra`ted (?), a. 1. Filled to repletion; holding by absorption, or in solution, all that is possible; as, saturated garments; a saturated solution of salt.

2. (Chem.) Having its affinity satisfied; combined with all it can hold; -- said of certain atoms, radicals, or compounds; thus, methane is a saturated compound. Contrasted with unsaturated.

&fist; A saturated compound may exchange certain ingredients for others, but can not take on more without such exchange.

Saturated color (Optics), a color not diluted with white; a pure unmixed color, like those of the spectrum.

Sat`u*ra"tion (?), n. [L. saturatio: cf. F. saturation.] 1. The act of saturating, or the state of being saturating; complete penetration or impregnation.

2. (Chem.) The act, process, or result of saturating a substance, or of combining it to its fullest extent.

3. (Optics) Freedom from mixture or dilution with white; purity; -- said of colors.

&fist; The degree of saturation of a color is its relative purity, or freedom from admixture with white.

Sat"u*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, saturates.

Sat"ur*day (?; 48), n. [OE. Saterday, AS. Sæterdæg, Sæterndæg, Sæternesdæg, literally, Saturn's day, fr. L. Saturnus Saturn + AS. dæg day; cf. L. dies Saturni.] The seventh or last day of the week; the day following Friday and preceding Sunday.

Sa*tu"ri*ty (?), n. [L. saturitas, fr. satur full of food, sated.] The state of being saturated; fullness of supply. [Obs.] Warner.

Sa"turn (?), n. [L. Saturnus, literally, the sower, fr. serere, satum, to sow. See Season.] 1. (Roman Myth.) One of the elder and principal deities, the son of Cœlus and Terra (Heaven and Earth), and the father of Jupiter. The corresponding Greek divinity was Kro`nos, later CHro`nos, Time.

2. (Astron.) One of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more remote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun nearly eight hundred and eighty millions of miles, and its year, or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twenty-nine years and a half. It is surrounded by a remarkable system of rings, and has eight satellites.

3. (Alchem.) The metal lead. [Archaic]

Sat`ur*na"li*a (?), n. pl. [L. See Saturn.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The festival of Saturn, celebrated in December, originally during one day, but afterward during seven days, as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves.

2. Hence: A period or occasion of general license, in which the passions or vices have riotous indulgence.

Sat`ur*na"li*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Saturnalia.

2. Of unrestrained and intemperate jollity; riotously merry; dissolute. "Saturnalian amusement." Burke.

Sa*tur"ni*an (?), a. [L. Saturnius.] 1. (Roman Myth.) Of or pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age.

2. Hence: Resembling the golden age; distinguished for peacefulness, happiness, contentment.

Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times.
Pope.

3. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the planet Saturn; as, the Saturnian year.

Saturnian verse (Pros.), a meter employed by early Roman satirists, consisting of three iambics and an extra syllable followed by three trochees, as in the line: -- Th&ebreve; quēen | wăs īn | th&ebreve; kītch | &ebreve;n || ēat&ibreve;ng | brēad ănd | hōn&ebreve;y.

Sa*tur"ni*an, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large handsome moths belonging to Saturnia and allied genera. The luna moth, polyphemus, and promethea, are examples. They belong to the Silkworn family, and some are raised for their silk. See Polyphemus.

Sat`urn*i*cen"tric (?), a. (Astron.) Appearing as if seen from the center of the planet Saturn; relating or referred to Saturn as a center.

Sat"ur*nine (?), a. [L. Saturnus the god Saturn, also, the planet Saturn: cf. F. saturnin of or pertaining to lead (Saturn, in old chemistry, meaning lead), saturnien saturnine, saturnian. See Saturn.] 1. Born under, or influenced by, the planet Saturn.

2. Heavy; grave; gloomy; dull; -- the opposite of mercurial; as, a saturnine person or temper. Addison.

3. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to lead; characterized by, or resembling, lead, which was formerly called Saturn. [Archaic]

Saturnine colic (Med.), lead colic.

Sat"ur*nism (?), n. (Med.) Plumbism. Quain.

Sat"ur*nist (?), n. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament. W. Browne.

Sa"tyr (?; 277), n. [L. satyrus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. satyre.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A sylvan deity or demigod, represented as part man and part goat, and characterized by riotous merriment and lasciviousness.

Rough Satyrs danced; and Fauns, with cloven heel,
From the glad sound would not be absent long.
Milton.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of butterflies belonging to the family Nymphalidæ. Their colors are commonly brown and gray, often with ocelli on the wings. Called also meadow browns.

3. (Zoöl.) The orang- outang.

||Sat`y*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Satyr.] Immoderate venereal appetite in the male. Quain.

{ Sa*tyr"ic (?), Sa*tyr"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. satyricus, Gr. satyriko`s.] Of or pertaining to satyrs; burlesque; as, satyric tragedy. P. Cyc.

||Sa*tyr"i*on (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. saty`rion.] (Bot.) Any one of several kinds of orchids. [Obs.]

Sau"ba ant` (?). (Zoöl.) A South American ant (Œcodoma cephalotes) remarkable for having two large kinds of workers besides the ordinary ones, and for the immense size of its formicaries. The sauba ant cuts off leaves of plants and carries them into its subterranean nests, and thus often does great damage by defoliating trees and cultivated plants.

Sauce (?), n. [F., fr. OF. sausse, LL. salsa, properly, salt pickle, fr. L. salsus salted, salt, p. p. of salire to salt, fr. sal salt. See Salt, and cf. Saucer, Souse pickle, Souse to plunge.] 1. A composition of condiments and appetizing ingredients eaten with food as a relish; especially, a dressing for meat or fish or for puddings; as, mint sauce; sweet sauce, etc. "Poignant sauce." Chaucer.

High sauces and rich spices fetched from the Indies.
Sir S. Baker.

2. Any garden vegetables eaten with meat. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby. Bartlett.

Roots, herbs, vine fruits, and salad flowers . . . they dish up various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt.
Beverly.

3. Stewed or preserved fruit eaten with other food as a relish; as, apple sauce, cranberry sauce, etc. [U.S.] "Stewed apple sauce." Mrs. Lincoln (Cook Book).

4. Sauciness; impertinence. [Low.] Haliwell.

To serve one the same sauce, to retaliate in the same kind. [Vulgar]

Sauce (s&add;s), v. t. [Cf. F. saucer.] [imp. & p. p. Sauced (s&add;st); p. pr. & vb. n. Saucing (s&add;"s&ibreve;ng).] 1. To accompany with something intended to give a higher relish; to supply with appetizing condiments; to season; to flavor.

2. To cause to relish anything, as if with a sauce; to tickle or gratify, as the palate; to please; to stimulate; hence, to cover, mingle, or dress, as if with sauce; to make an application to. [R.]

Earth, yield me roots;
Who seeks for better of thee, sauce his palate
With thy most operant poison!
Shak.

3. To make poignant; to give zest, flavor or interest to; to set off; to vary and render attractive.

Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings.
Sir P. Sidney.

Thou sayest his meat was sauced with thy upbraidings.
Shak.

4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language; to be impudent or saucy to. [Colloq. or Low]

I'll sauce her with bitter words.
Shak.

||Sauce (sōs), n. [F.] (Fine Art) A soft crayon for use in stump drawing or in shading with the stump.

Sauce"-a*lone` (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) Jack-by-the-hedge. See under Jack.

Sauce"box` (?), n. [See Sauce, and Saucy.] A saucy, impudent person; especially, a pert child.

Saucebox, go, meddle with your lady's fan,
And prate not here!
A. Brewer.

Sauce"pan` (?), n. A small pan with a handle, in which sauce is prepared over a fire; a stewpan.

Sau"cer (?), n. [F. saucière, from sauce. See Sauce.] 1. A small pan or vessel in which sauce was set on a table. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A small dish, commonly deeper than a plate, in which a cup is set at table.

3. Something resembling a saucer in shape. Specifically: (a) A flat, shallow caisson for raising sunken ships. (b) A shallow socket for the pivot of a capstan.

Sau"ci*ly (?), adv. In a saucy manner; impudently; with impertinent boldness. Addison.

Sau"ci*ness, n. The quality or state of being saucy; that which is saucy; impertinent boldness; contempt of superiors; impudence.

Your sauciness will jest upon my love.
Shak.

Syn. -- Impudence; impertinence; rudeness; insolence. See Impudence.

{ ||Sau`cis`son" (?), Sau`cisse" (?) }, n. [F., fr. saucisse sausage. See Sausage.] 1. (Mining or Gun.) A long and slender pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or of leather, filled with powder, and used to communicate fire to mines, caissons, bomb chests, etc.

2. (Fort.) A fascine of more than ordinary length.

Sau"cy (?), a. [Compar. Saucier (?); superl. Sauciest.] [From Sauce.] 1. Showing impertinent boldness or pertness; transgressing the rules of decorum; treating superiors with contempt; impudent; insolent; as, a saucy fellow.

Am I not protector, saucy priest?
Shak.

2. Expressive of, or characterized by, impudence; impertinent; as, a saucy eye; saucy looks.

We then have done you bold and saucy wrongs.
Shak.

Syn. -- Impudent; insolent; impertinent; rude.

Sauer"kraut` (?), n. [G., fr. sauer sour + kraut herb, cabbage.] Cabbage cut fine and allowed to ferment in a brine made of its own juice with salt, -- a German dish.

Sauf (?), a. Safe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sauf, conj. & prep. Save; except. [Obs.] "Sauf I myself." Chaucer.

Sauf"ly, adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sau"ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) An American fresh-water food fish (Stizostedion Canadense); -- called also gray pike, blue pike, hornfish, land pike, sand pike, pickering, and pickerel.

{ Saugh, Sauh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. of See. Chaucer.

Sauks (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) Same as Sacs.

Saul (?), n. Soul. [Obs.]

Saul, n. Same as Sal, the tree.

Sau"lie (?), n. A hired mourner at a funeral. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

||Sault (?), n. [OF., F. saut, fr. L. saltus. See Salt a leap.] A rapid in some rivers; as, the Sault Ste. Marie. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Saun"ders (?), n. See Sandress.

Saun"ders-blue` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. F. cendres bleues blue ashes.] A kind of color prepared from calcined lapis lazuli; ultramarine; also, a blue prepared from carbonate of copper. [Written also sanders-blue.]

Saun"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sauntered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sauntering.] [Written also santer.] [Probably fr. F. s'aventurer to adventure (one's self), through a shortened form s'auntrer. See Adventure, n. & v.] To wander or walk about idly and in a leisurely or lazy manner; to lounge; to stroll; to loiter.

One could lie under elm trees in a lawn, or saunter in meadows by the side of a stream.
Masson.

Syn. -- To loiter; linger; stroll; wander.

Saun"ter, n. A sauntering, or a sauntering place.

That wheel of fops, that saunter of the town.
Young.

Saun"ter*er (?), n. One who saunters.

Saur (?), n. [Contracted from Gael. salachar filth, nastiness, fr. salach nasty, fr. sal filth, refuse.] Soil; dirt; dirty water; urine from a cowhouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Sau"rel (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any carangoid fish of the genus Trachurus, especially T. trachurus, or T. saurus, of Europe and America, and T. picturatus of California. Called also skipjack, and horse mackerel.

||Sau"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A division of Reptilia formerly established to include the Lacertilia, Crocodilia, Dinosauria, and other groups. By some writers the name is restricted to the Lacertilia.

Sau"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, the Sauria. -- n. One of the Sauria.

Sau"ri*oid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Sauroid.

||Sau"ro*ba*tra"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Sauria, and Batrachia.] (Zoöl.) The Urodela.

Sau*rog"na*thous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a lizard + &?; the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the bones of the palate arranged as in saurians, the vomer consisting of two lateral halves, as in the woodpeckers (Pici).

Sau"roid (?), a. [Gr. &?; a lizard + -oid: cf. Gr. &?; lizardlike.] (Zoöl.) (a) Like or pertaining to the saurians. (b) Resembling a saurian superficially; as, a sauroid fish.

Sau`roid*ich"nite (?), n. [See Sauroid, and Ichnite.] (Paleon.) The fossil track of a saurian.

||Sau*rop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + -poda.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of herbivorous dinosaurs having the feet of a saurian type, instead of birdlike, as they are in many dinosaurs. It includes the largest known land animals, belonging to Brontosaurus, Camarasaurus, and allied genera. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Sau*rop"si*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + &?; appearance.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive group of vertebrates, comprising the reptiles and birds.

||Sau*rop`te*ryg"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + &?;, &?;, a wing.] (Paleon.) Same as Plesiosauria.

||Sau*ru"ræ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lizard + &?; a tail.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of birds having a long vertebrated tail with quills along each side of it. Archæopteryx is the type. See Archæopteryx, and Odontornithes.

Sau"ry (?), n.; pl. Sauries (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) A slender marine fish (Scomberesox saurus) of Europe and America. It has long, thin, beaklike jaws. Called also billfish, gowdnook, gawnook, skipper, skipjack, skopster, lizard fish, and Egypt herring.

Sau"sage (?; 48), n. [F. saucisse, LL. salcitia, salsicia, fr. salsa. See Sauce.] 1. An article of food consisting of meat (esp. pork) minced and highly seasoned, and inclosed in a cylindrical case or skin usually made of the prepared intestine of some animal.

2. A saucisson. See Saucisson. Wilhelm.

Sau"se*flem (?), a. [OF. saus salt (L. salsus) + flemme phlegm.] Having a red, pimpled face. [Obs.] [Written also sawceflem.] Chaucer.

Saus"sur*ite (?), n. [F. So called from M. Saussure.] (Min.) A tough, compact mineral, of a white, greenish, or grayish color. It is near zoisite in composition, and in part, at least, has been produced by the alteration of feldspar.

{ Saut, Saute (?) }, n. An assault. [Obs.]

||Sau`te" (?), p. p. of Sauter. C. Owen.

||Sau`ter" (?), v. t. [F., properly, to jump.] To fry lightly and quickly, as meat, by turning or tossing it over frequently in a hot pan greased with a little fat.

Sau"ter (?), n. Psalter. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sau`te*relle (?), n. [F.] An instrument used by masons and others to trace and form angles.

Sau`terne" (?), n. [F.] A white wine made in the district of Sauterne, France.

Sau"trie (?), n. Psaltery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sau`ve*garde" (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The monitor.

Sav"a*ble (?), a. [From Save. Cf. Salvable.] Capable of, or admitting of, being saved.

In the person prayed for there ought to be the great disposition of being in a savable condition.
Jer. Taylor.

Sav"a*ble*ness, n. Capability of being saved.

Sa*va"ci*oun` (?), n. Salvation. [Obs.]

Sav"age (?; 48), a. [F. sauvage, OF. salvage, fr. L. silvaticus belonging to a wood, wild, fr. silva a wood. See Silvan, and cf. Sylvatic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the forest; remote from human abodes and cultivation; in a state of nature; wild; as, a savage wilderness.

2. Wild; untamed; uncultivated; as, savage beasts.

Cornels, and savage berries of the wood.
Dryden.

3. Uncivilized; untaught; unpolished; rude; as, savage life; savage manners.

What nation, since the commencement of the Christian era, ever rose from savage to civilized without Christianity?
E. D. Griffin.

4. Characterized by cruelty; barbarous; fierce; ferocious; inhuman; brutal; as, a savage spirit.

Syn. -- Ferocious; wild; uncultivated; untamed; untaught; uncivilized; unpolished; rude; brutish; brutal; heathenish; barbarous; cruel; inhuman; fierce; pitiless; merciless; unmerciful; atrocious. See Ferocious.

Sav"age, n. 1. A human being in his native state of rudeness; one who is untaught, uncivilized, or without cultivation of mind or manners.

2. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a barbarian.

Sav"age (?; 48), v. t. To make savage. [R.]

Its bloodhounds, savaged by a cross of wolf.
Southey.

Sav"age*ly, adv. In a savage manner.

Sav"age*ness, n. The state or quality of being savage.

Wolves and bears, they say,
Casting their savageness aside have done
Like offices of pity.
Shak.

Sav"age*ry (?; 277), n. [F. sauvagerie.] 1. The state of being savage; savageness; savagism.

A like work of primeval savagery.
C. Kingsley.

2. An act of cruelty; barbarity.

The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke,
That ever wall-eyed wrath or staring rage
Presented to the tears of soft remorse.
Shak.

3. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak.

Sav"a*gism (?), n. The state of being savage; the state of rude, uncivilized men, or of men in their native wildness and rudeness.

Sav`a*nil"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The tarpum. [Local, U.S.]

Sa*van"na (?), n. [Of American Indian origin; cf. Sp. sabana, F. savane.] A tract of level land covered with the vegetable growth usually found in a damp soil and warm climate, -- as grass or reeds, -- but destitute of trees. [Spelt also savannah.]

Savannahs are clear pieces of land without woods.
Dampier.

Savanna flower (Bot.), a West Indian name for several climbing apocyneous plants of the genus Echites. -- Savanna sparrow (Zoöl.), an American sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis or Passerculus savanna) of which several varieties are found on grassy plains from Alaska to the Eastern United States. -- Savanna wattle (Bot.), a name of two West Indian trees of the genus Citharexylum.

||Sa`vant" (?), n.; pl. Savants (F. &?;; E. &?;). [F., fr. savoir to know, L. sapere. See Sage, a.] A man of learning; one versed in literature or science; a person eminent for acquirements.

Save (?), n. [See Sage the herb.] The herb sage, or salvia. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Save (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Saved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Saving.] [OE. saven, sauven, salven, OF. salver, sauver, F. sauver, L. salvare, fr. salvus saved, safe. See Safe, a.] 1. To make safe; to procure the safety of; to preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of any kind; to rescue from impending danger; as, to save a house from the flames.

God save all this fair company.
Chaucer.

He cried, saying, Lord, save me.
Matt. xiv. 30.

Thou hast . . . quitted all to save
A world from utter loss.
Milton.

2. (Theol.) Specifically, to deliver from sin and its penalty; to rescue from a state of condemnation and spiritual death, and bring into a state of spiritual life.

Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners.
1 Tim. i. 15.

3. To keep from being spent or lost; to secure from waste or expenditure; to lay up; to reserve.

Now save a nation, and now save a groat.
Pope.

4. To rescue from something undesirable or hurtful; to prevent from doing something; to spare.

I'll save you
That labor, sir. All's now done.
Shak.

5. To hinder from doing, suffering, or happening; to obviate the necessity of; to prevent; to spare.

Will you not speak to save a lady's blush?
Dryden.

6. To hold possession or use of; to escape loss of.

Just saving the tide, and putting in a stock of merit.
Swift.

To save appearances, to preserve a decent outside; to avoid exposure of a discreditable state of things.

Syn. -- To preserve; rescue; deliver; protect; spare; reserve; prevent.

Save, v. i. To avoid unnecessary expense or expenditure; to prevent waste; to be economical.

Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material.
Bacon.

Save, prep. or conj. [F. sauf, properly adj., safe. See Safe, a.] Except; excepting; not including; leaving out; deducting; reserving; saving.

Five times received I forty stripes save one.
2 Cor. xi. 24.

Syn. -- See Except.

Save, conj. Except; unless.

Save"a*ble (?), a. See Savable.

Save"-all` (?), n. [Save + all.] Anything which saves fragments, or prevents waste or loss. Specifically: (a) A device in a candlestick to hold the ends of candles, so that they be burned. (b) (Naut.) A small sail sometimes set under the foot of another sail, to catch the wind that would pass under it. Totten.

(c) A trough to prevent waste in a paper-making machine.

Sav"e*loy (?), n. [F. cervelas, It. cervellata, fr. cervello brain, L. cerebellum, dim. of cerebrum brain. See Cerebral.] A kind of dried sausage. McElrath.

Save"ly (?), adv. Safely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Save"ment (?), n. The act of saving. [Obs.]

Sav"er (?), n. One who saves.

{ Sav"in, Sav"ine (?) }, n. [OE. saveine, AS. safinæ, savine, L. sabina herba. Cf. Sabine.] [Written also sabine.] (Bot.) (a) A coniferous shrub (Juniperus Sabina) of Western Asia, occasionally found also in the northern parts of the United States and in British America. It is a compact bush, with dark-colored foliage, and produces small berries having a glaucous bloom. Its bitter, acrid tops are sometimes used in medicine for gout, amenorrhœa, etc. (b) The North American red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana.)

Sav"ing (?), a. 1. Preserving; rescuing.

He is the saving strength of his anointed.
Ps. xxviii. 8.

2. Avoiding unnecessary expense or waste; frugal; not lavish or wasteful; economical; as, a saving cook.

3. Bringing back in returns or in receipts the sum expended; incurring no loss, though not gainful; as, a saving bargain; the ship has made a saving voyage.

4. Making reservation or exception; as, a saving clause.

&fist; Saving is often used with a noun to form a compound adjective; as, labor-saving, life-saving, etc.

Sav"ing (sāv"&ibreve;ng), prep. or conj.; but properly a participle. With the exception of; except; excepting; also, without disrespect to. "Saving your reverence." Shak. "Saving your presence." Burns.

None of us put off our clothes, saving that every one put them off for washing.
Neh. iv. 23.

And in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.
Rev. ii. 17.

Sav"ing, n. 1. Something kept from being expended or lost; that which is saved or laid up; as, the savings of years of economy.

2. Exception; reservation.

Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still with a saving to honesty.
L'Estrange.

Savings bank, a bank in which savings or earnings are deposited and put at interest.

Sav"ing*ly, adv. 1. In a saving manner; with frugality or parsimony.

2. So as to be finally saved from eternal death.

Savingly born of water and the Spirit.
Waterland.

Sav"ing*ness, n. 1. The quality of being saving; carefulness not to expend money uselessly; frugality; parsimony. Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

2. Tendency to promote salvation. Johnson.

Sav"ior (sāv"y&etilde;r), n. [OE. saveour, OF. salveor, F. sauveur, fr. L. salvator, fr. salvare to save. See Save, v.] [Written also saviour.] 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from destruction or danger.

2. Specifically: The (or our, your, etc.) Savior, he who brings salvation to men; Jesus Christ, the Redeemer.

Sav"ior*ess, n. A female savior. [Written also saviouress.] [R.] Bp. Hall.

Sa"vor (?), n. [OE. savour, savor, savur, OF. savor, savour, F. saveur, fr. L. sapor, fr. sapere to taste, savor. See Sage, a., and cf. Sapid, Insipid, Sapor.] [Written also savour.] 1. That property of a thing which affects the organs of taste or smell; taste and odor; flavor; relish; scent; as, the savor of an orange or a rose; an ill savor.

I smell sweet savors and I feel soft things.
Shak.

2. Hence, specific flavor or quality; characteristic property; distinctive temper, tinge, taint, and the like.

Why is not my life a continual joy, and the savor of heaven perpetually upon my spirit?
Baxter.

3. Sense of smell; power to scent, or trace by scent. [R.] "Beyond my savor." Herbert.

4. Pleasure; delight; attractiveness. [Obs.]

She shall no savor have therein but lite.
Chaucer.

Syn. -- Taste; flavor; relish; odor; scent; smell.

Sa"vor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Savored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Savoring.] [Cf. OF. savorer, F. savourer. See Savor, n.] [Written also savour.] 1. To have a particular smell or taste; -- with of.

2. To partake of the quality or nature; to indicate the presence or influence; to smack; -- with of.

This savors not much of distraction.
Shak.

I have rejected everything that savors of party.
Addison.

3. To use the sense of taste. [Obs.]

By sight, hearing, smelling, tasting or savoring, and feeling.
Chaucer.

Sa"vor, v. t. 1. To perceive by the smell or the taste; hence, to perceive; to note. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. To have the flavor or quality of; to indicate the presence of. [R.]

That cuts us off from hope, and savors only
Rancor and pride, impatience and despite.
Milton.

3. To taste or smell with pleasure; to delight in; to relish; to like; to favor. [R.] Shak.

Sa"vor*i*ly (?), adv. In a savory manner.

Sa"vor*i*ness, n. The quality of being savory.

Sa"vor*less, a. Having no savor; destitute of smell or of taste; insipid.

Sa"vor*ly, a. Savory. [Obs.]

Sa"vor*ly, adv. In a savory manner. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sa"vor*ous (-ŭs), a. [Cf. F. savoureux, OF. saveros, L. saporosus. Cf. Saporous, and see Savor, n.] Having a savor; savory. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Sa"vor*y (-&ybreve;), a. [From Savor.] Pleasing to the organs of taste or smell. [Written also savoury.]

The chewing flocks
Had ta'en their supper on the savory herb.
Milton.

Sa"vo*ry (sā"v&osl;*r&ybreve;), n. [F. savorée; cf. It. santoreggia, satureja, L. satureia,] (Bot.) An aromatic labiate plant (Satureia hortensis), much used in cooking; -- also called summer savory. [Written also savoury.]

Sa*voy" (?), n. [F. chou de Savoie cabbage of Savoy.] (Bot.) A variety of the common cabbage (Brassica oleracea major), having curled leaves, -- much cultivated for winter use.

Sav`oy*ard" (?), n. [F.] A native or inhabitant of Savoy.

Saw (s&add;), imp. of See.

Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sagu; akin to secgan to say. See Say, v. t. and cf. Saga.]

1. Something said; speech; discourse. [Obs.] "To hearken all his sawe." Chaucer.

2. A saying; a proverb; a maxim.

His champions are the prophets and apostles,
His weapons holy saws of sacred writ.
Shak.

3. Dictate; command; decree. [Obs.]

[Love] rules the creatures by his powerful saw.
Spenser.

Saw, n. [OE. sawe, AS. sage; akin to D. zaag, G. säge, OHG. sega, saga, Dan. sav, Sw. såg, Icel. sög, L. secare to cut, securis ax, secula sickle. Cf. Scythe, Sickle, Section, Sedge.] An instrument for cutting or dividing substances, as wood, iron, etc., consisting of a thin blade, or plate, of steel, with a series of sharp teeth on the edge, which remove successive portions of the material by cutting and tearing.

&fist; Saw is frequently used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound.

Band saw, Crosscut saw, etc. See under Band, Crosscut, etc. -- Circular saw, a disk of steel with saw teeth upon its periphery, and revolved on an arbor. -- Saw bench, a bench or table with a flat top for for sawing, especially with a circular saw which projects above the table. -- Saw file, a three-cornered file, such as is used for sharpening saw teeth. -- Saw frame, the frame or sash in a sawmill, in which the saw, or gang of saws, is held. -- Saw gate, a saw frame. -- Saw gin, the form of cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney, in which the cotton fibers are drawn, by the teeth of a set of revolving circular saws, through a wire grating which is too fine for the seeds to pass. -- Saw grass (Bot.), any one of certain cyperaceous plants having the edges of the leaves set with minute sharp teeth, especially the Cladium Mariscus of Europe, and the Cladium effusum of the Southern United States. Cf. Razor grass, under Razor. -- Saw log, a log of suitable size for sawing into lumber. -- Saw mandrel, a mandrel on which a circular saw is fastened for running. -- Saw pit, a pit over which timbor is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. Mortimer. -- Saw sharpener (Zoöl.), the great titmouse; -- so named from its harsh call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Saw whetter (Zoöl.), the marsh titmouse (Parus palustris); -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scroll saw, a ribbon of steel with saw teeth upon one edge, stretched in a frame and adapted for sawing curved outlines; also, a machine in which such a saw is worked by foot or power.

Saw (?), v. t. [imp. Sawed (?); p. p. Sawed or Sawn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sawing.] 1. To cut with a saw; to separate with a saw; as, to saw timber or marble.

2. To form by cutting with a saw; as, to saw boards or planks, that is, to saw logs or timber into boards or planks; to saw shingles; to saw out a panel.

3. Also used figuratively; as, to saw the air.

Saw, v. i. 1. To use a saw; to practice sawing; as, a man saws well.

2. To cut, as a saw; as, the saw or mill saws fast.

3. To be cut with a saw; as, the timber saws smoothly.

Sa*war"ra nut` (?). See Souari nut.

Saw"bel`ly (?), n. The alewife. [Local, U.S.]

Saw"bill` (?), n. The merganser. [Prov. Eng.]

Saw"bones` (?), n. A nickname for a surgeon.

Saw"buck` (?), n. A sawhorse.

Saw"ce*flem (?), a. See Sauseflem. [Obs.]

Saw"der (?), n. A corrupt spelling and pronunciation of solder.

Soft sawder, seductive praise; flattery; blarney. [Slang]

Saw"dust` (?), n. Dust or small fragments of wood (or of stone, etc.) made by the cutting of a saw.

Saw"er` (?), n. One who saws; a sawyer.

Saw"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of elasmobranch fishes of the genus Pristis. They have a sharklike form, but are more nearly allied to the rays. The flattened and much elongated snout has a row of stout toothlike structures inserted along each edge, forming a sawlike organ with which it mutilates or kills its prey.

Saw"fly` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of hymenopterous insects belonging to the family Tenthredinidæ. The female usually has an ovipositor containing a pair of sawlike organs with which she makes incisions in the leaves or stems of plants in which to lay the eggs. The larvæ resemble those of Lepidoptera.

Saw"horse` (?), n. A kind of rack, shaped like a double St. Andrew's cross, on which sticks of wood are laid for sawing by hand; -- called also buck, and sawbuck.

Saw"mill` (?), n. A mill for sawing, especially one for sawing timber or lumber.

Saw"neb` (?), n. A merganser. [Prov. Eng.]

Saw" pal*met"to. See under Palmetto.

Saw"-set` (?), n. An instrument used to set or turn the teeth of a saw a little sidewise, that they may make a kerf somewhat wider than the thickness of the blade, to prevent friction; -- called also saw-wrest.

Saw"tooth` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An arctic seal (Lobodon carcinophaga), having the molars serrated; -- called also crab-eating seal.

Saw"-toothed" (?), a. Having a tooth or teeth like those of a saw; serrate.

Saw"try (?), n. A psaltery. [Obs.] Dryden.

Saw"-whet` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small North American owl (Nyctale Acadica), destitute of ear tufts and having feathered toes; -- called also Acadian owl.

Saw"-wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the composite genus Serratula; -- so named from the serrated leaves of most of the species.

Saw"-wrest` (?), n. See Saw- set.

Saw"yer (?), n. [Saw + - yer, as in lawyer. Cf. Sawer.] 1. One whose occupation is to saw timber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel; a sawer.

2. A tree which has fallen into a stream so that its branches project above the surface, rising and falling with a rocking or swaying motion in the current. [U.S.]

3. (Zoöl.) The bowfin. [Local, U.S.]

Sax (?), n. [AS. seax a knife.] A kind of chopping instrument for trimming the edges of roofing slates.

Sax"a*tile (?), a. [L. saxatilis, fr. saxum a rock: cf. F. saxatile.] Of or pertaining to rocks; living among rocks; as, a saxatile plant.

Sax"horn` (?), n. (Mus.) A name given to a numerous family of brass wind instruments with valves, invented by Antoine Joseph Adolphe Sax (known as Adolphe Sax), of Belgium and Paris, and much used in military bands and in orchestras.

Sax`i*ca"va (?), n.; pl. E. saxicavas (#), L. Saxicavæ (#). [NL. See Saxicavous.] (Zoöl.) Any species of marine bivalve shells of the genus Saxicava. Some of the species are noted for their power of boring holes in limestone and similar rocks.

Sax`i*ca"vid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the saxicavas. -- n. A saxicava.

Sax`i*ca"vous (?), a. [L. saxum rock + cavare to make hollow, fr. cavus hollow: cf. F. saxicave.] (Zoöl.) Boring, or hollowing out, rocks; -- said of certain mollusks which live in holes which they burrow in rocks. See Illust. of Lithodomus.

Sax*ic"o*line (?), a. [L. saxum a rock + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Stone- inhabiting; pertaining to, or having the characteristics of, the stonechats.

Sax*ic"o*lous (?), a. [See Saxicoline.] (Bot.) Growing on rocks.

||Sax*if"ra*ga (?), n. [L., saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] (Bot.) A genus of exogenous polypetalous plants, embracing about one hundred and eighty species. See Saxifrage.

Sax`i*fra*ga"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Saxifragaceæ) of which saxifrage is the type. The order includes also the alum root, the hydrangeas, the mock orange, currants and gooseberries, and many other plants.

Sax*if"ra*gant (?), a. [See Saxifrage.] Breaking or destroying stones; saxifragous. [R.] -- n. That which breaks or destroys stones. [R.]

Sax"i*frage (?; 48), n. [L. saxifraga, from saxifragus stone-breaking; saxum rock + frangere to break: cf. F. saxifrage. See Fracture, and cf. Sassafras, Saxon.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga, mostly perennial herbs growing in crevices of rocks in mountainous regions.

Burnet saxifrage, a European umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella Saxifraga). -- Golden saxifrage, a low half-succulent herb (Chrysosplenium oppositifolium) growing in rivulets in Europe; also, C. Americanum, common in the United States. See also under Golden. -- Meadow saxifrage, or Pepper saxifrage. See under Meadow.

Sax*if"ra*gous (?), a. [L. saxifragus: cf. F. saxifrage. See Saxifrage.] Dissolving stone, especially dissolving stone in the bladder.

Sax"on (săks"ŭn or -'n), n. [L. Saxo, pl. Saxones, from the Saxon national name; cf. AS. pl. Seaxe, Seaxan, fr. seax a knife, a short sword, a dagger (akin to OHG. sahs, and perhaps to L. saxum rock, stone, knives being originally made of stone); and cf. G. Sachse, pl. Sachsen. Cf. Saxifrage.] 1. (a) One of a nation or people who formerly dwelt in the northern part of Germany, and who, with other Teutonic tribes, invaded and conquered England in the fifth and sixth centuries. (b) Also used in the sense of Anglo- Saxon. (c) A native or inhabitant of modern Saxony.

2. The language of the Saxons; Anglo- Saxon.

Old Saxon, the Saxon of the continent of Europe in the old form of the language, as shown particularly in the "Heliand", a metrical narration of the gospel history preserved in manuscripts of the 9th century.

Sax"on, a. Of or pertaining to the Saxons, their country, or their language. (b) Anglo-Saxon. (c) Of or pertaining to Saxony or its inhabitants.

Saxon blue (Dyeing), a deep blue liquid used in dyeing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concentrated sulphuric acid. Brande & C. -- Saxon green (Dyeing), a green color produced by dyeing with yellow upon a ground of Saxon blue.

Sax*on"ic (?), a. Relating to the Saxons or Anglo- Saxons.

Sax"on*ism (?), n. An idiom of the Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language. T. Warton.

Sax"on*ist, n. One versed in the Saxon language.

Sax"on*ite (?), n. (Min.) See Mountain soap, under Mountain.

Sax"o*phone (?), n. [A.A.J. Sax, the inventor (see Saxhorn) + Gr. &?; tone.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of brass, containing a reed, and partaking of the qualities both of a brass instrument and of a clarinet.

Sax"-tu`ba (?), n. [See Saxhorn, and Tube.] (Mus.) A powerful instrument of brass, curved somewhat like the Roman buccina, or tuba.

Say (sā), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Say (sā), n. [Aphetic form of assay.] 1. Trial by sample; assay; sample; specimen; smack. [Obs.]

If those principal works of God . . . be but certain tastes and says, as it were, of that final benefit.
Hooker.

Thy tongue some say of breeding breathes.
Shak.

2. Tried quality; temper; proof. [Obs.]

He found a sword of better say.
Spenser.

3. Essay; trial; attempt. [Obs.]

To give a say at, to attempt. B. Jonson.

Say, v. t. To try; to assay. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Say, n. [OE. saie, F. saie, fr. L. saga, equiv. to sagum, sagus, a coarse woolen mantle; cf. Gr. sa`gos. See Sagum.] 1. A kind of silk or satin. [Obs.]

Thou say, thou serge, nay, thou buckram lord!
Shak.

2. A delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth. [Obs.]

His garment neither was of silk nor say.
Spenser.

Say, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Said (s&ebreve;d), contracted from sayed; p. pr. & vb. n. Saying.] [OE. seggen, seyen, siggen, sayen, sayn, AS. secgan; akin to OS. seggian, D. zeggen, LG. seggen, OHG. sagēn, G. sagen, Icel. segja, Sw. säga, Dan. sige, Lith. sakyti; cf. OL. insece tell, relate, Gr. 'e`nnepe (for 'en-sepe), 'e`spete. Cf. Saga, Saw a saying.] 1. To utter or express in words; to tell; to speak; to declare; as, he said many wise things.

Arise, and say how thou camest here.
Shak.

2. To repeat; to rehearse; to recite; to pronounce; as, to say a lesson.

Of my instruction hast thou nothing bated
In what thou hadst to say?
Shak.

After which shall be said or sung the following hymn.
Bk. of Com. Prayer.

3. To announce as a decision or opinion; to state positively; to assert; hence, to form an opinion upon; to be sure about; to be determined in mind as to.

But what it is, hard is to say.
Milton.

4. To mention or suggest as an estimate, hypothesis, or approximation; hence, to suppose; -- in the imperative, followed sometimes by the subjunctive; as, he had, say fifty thousand dollars; the fox had run, say ten miles.

Say, for nonpayment that the debt should double,
Is twenty hundred kisses such a trouble?
Shak.

It is said, or They say, it is commonly reported; it is rumored; people assert or maintain. - - That is to say, that is; in other words; otherwise.

Say, v. i. To speak; to express an opinion; to make answer; to reply.

You have said; but whether wisely or no, let the forest judge.
Shak.

To this argument we shall soon have said; for what concerns it us to hear a husband divulge his household privacies?
Milton.

Say, n. [From Say, v. t.; cf. Saw a saying.] A speech; something said; an expression of opinion; a current story; a maxim or proverb. [Archaic or Colloq.]

He no sooner said out his say, but up rises a cunning snap.
L'Estrange.

That strange palmer's boding say,
That fell so ominous and drear
Full on the object of his fear.
Sir W. Scott.

Say"er (?), n. One who says; an utterer.

Mr. Curran was something much better than a sayer of smart sayings.
Jeffrey.

Sa*yette" (?), n. [F. Cf. Say a kind of serge.] A mixed stuff, called also sagathy. See Sagathy.

Say"ing (?), n. That which is said; a declaration; a statement, especially a proverbial one; an aphorism; a proverb.

Many are the sayings of the wise,
In ancient and in modern books enrolled.
Milton.

Syn. -- Declaration; speech; adage; maxim; aphorism; apothegm; saw; proverb; byword.

Say"man (?), n. [Say sample + man.] One who assays. [Obs.] Bacon.

Say"mas`ter (?), n. A master of assay; one who tries or proves. [Obs.] "Great saymaster of state." B. Jonson.

Saynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

'Sblood (?), interj. An abbreviation of God's blood; -- used as an oath. [Obs.] Shak.

Scab (skăb), n. [OE. scab, scabbe, shabbe; cf. AS. scæb, sceabb, scebb, Dan. & Sw. skab, and also L. scabies, fr. scabere to scratch, akin to E. shave. See Shave, and cf. Shab, Shabby.] 1. An incrustation over a sore, wound, vesicle, or pustule, formed by the drying up of the discharge from the diseased part.

2. The itch in man; also, the scurvy. [Colloq. or Obs.]

3. The mange, esp. when it appears on sheep. Chaucer.

4. A disease of potatoes producing pits in their surface, caused by a minute fungus (Tiburcinia Scabies).

5. (Founding) A slight irregular protuberance which defaces the surface of a casting, caused by the breaking away of a part of the mold.

6. A mean, dirty, paltry fellow. [Low] Shak.

7. A nickname for a workman who engages for lower wages than are fixed by the trades unions; also, for one who takes the place of a workman on a strike. [Cant]

Scab, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scabbing.] To become covered with a scab; as, the wound scabbed over.

Scab"bard (?), n. [OE. scaubert, scauberk, OF. escaubers, escauberz, pl., scabbards, probably of German or Scan. origin; cf. Icel. skālpr scabbard, and G. bergen to conceal. Cf. Hauberk.] The case in which the blade of a sword, dagger, etc., is kept; a sheath.

Nor in thy scabbard sheathe that famous blade.
Fairfax.

Scabbard fish (Zoöl.), a long, compressed, silver-colored tænioid fish (Lepidopus caudatus, or argyreus), found on the European coasts, and more abundantly about New Zealand, where it is called frostfish and considered an excellent food fish.

Scab"bard (?), v. t. To put in a scabbard.

Scab"bard plane` (?). See Scaleboard plane, under Scaleboard.

Scab"bed (? or ?), a. 1. Abounding with scabs; diseased with scabs.

2. Fig.: Mean; paltry; vile; worthless. Bacon.

Scab"bed*ness (?), n. Scabbiness.

Scab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a scabby manner.

Scab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being scabby.

Scab"ble (?), v. t. See Scapple.

Scab"by (?), a. [Compar. Scabbier (&?;); superl. Scabbiest.] 1. Affected with scabs; full of scabs.

2. Diseased with the scab, or mange; mangy. Swift.

||Sca"bi*es (?), n. (Med.) The itch.

Sca"bi*ous (?), a. [L. scabiosus, from scabies the scab: cf. F. scabieux.] Consisting of scabs; rough; itchy; leprous; as, scabious eruptions. Arbuthnot.

Sca"bi*ous, n. [Cf. F. scabieuse. See Scabious, a.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Scabiosa, several of the species of which are common in Europe. They resemble the Compositæ, and have similar heads of flowers, but the anthers are not connected.

Sweet scabious. (a) Mourning bride. (b) A daisylike plant (Erigeron annuus) having a stout branching stem.

Scab"ling (?), n. [See Scapple.] A fragment or chip of stone. [Written also scabline.]

Sca*bred"i*ty (?), n. [L. scabredo, fr. scaber rough.] Roughness; ruggedness. [Obs.] Burton.

Sca"brous (?), a. [L. scabrosus, fr. scaber rough: cf. F. scabreux.] 1. Rough to the touch, like a file; having small raised dots, scales, or points; scabby; scurfy; scaly. Arbuthnot.

2. Fig.: Harsh; unmusical. [R.]

His verse is scabrous and hobbling.
Dryden.

Sca"brous*ness, n. The quality of being scabrous.

Scab"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Elecampane.

Scad (?), n. [Gael. & Ir. sgadan a herring.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small carangoid fish (Trachurus saurus) abundant on the European coast, and less common on the American. The name is applied also to several allied species. (b) The goggler; -- called also big-eyed scad. See Goggler. (c) The friar skate. [Scot.] (d) The cigar fish, or round robin.

Scaf"fold (?), n. [OF. eschafault, eschafaut, escafaut, escadafaut, F. échafaud; probably originally the same word as E. & F. catafalque, It. catafalco. See Catafalque.] 1. A temporary structure of timber, boards, etc., for various purposes, as for supporting workmen and materials in building, for exhibiting a spectacle upon, for holding the spectators at a show, etc.

Pardon, gentles all,
The flat, unraised spirits that have dared
On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
So great an object.
Shak.

2. Specifically, a stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal; as, to die on the scaffold.

That a scaffold of execution should grow a scaffold of coronation.
Sir P. Sidney.

3. (Metal.) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material forming a shelf, or dome-shaped obstruction, above the tuyères in a blast furnace.

Scaf"fold, v. t. To furnish or uphold with a scaffold.

Scaf"fold*age (?), n. A scaffold. [R.] Shak.

Scaf"fold*ing, n. 1. A scaffold; a supporting framework; as, the scaffolding of the body. Pope.

2. Materials for building scaffolds.

Scagl"ia (?), n. [It. scaglia a scale, a shell, a chip of marble.] A reddish variety of limestone.

Scagl*io"la (?), n. [It. scagliuola, dim. of scaglia. See Scaglia.] An imitation of any veined and ornamental stone, as marble, formed by a substratum of finely ground gypsum mixed with glue, the surface of which, while soft, is variegated with splinters of marble, spar, granite, etc., and subsequently colored and polished.

||Sca"la (?), n.; pl. Scalæ (#). [L., a ladder.] 1. (Surg.) A machine formerly employed for reducing dislocations of the humerus.

2. (Anat.) A term applied to any one of the three canals of the cochlea.

Scal"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being scaled.

{ Sca*lade" (?), Sca*la"do (?) }, n. (Mil.) See Escalade. Fairfax.

Sca"lar (?), n. (Math.) In the quaternion analysis, a quantity that has magnitude, but not direction; -- distinguished from a vector, which has both magnitude and direction.

||Sca*la"ri*a (?), n. [L., flight of steps.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Scalaria, or family Scalaridæ, having elongated spiral turreted shells, with rounded whorls, usually crossed by ribs or varices. The color is generally white or pale. Called also ladder shell, and wentletrap. See Ptenoglossa, and Wentletrap.

Sca*lar"i*form (?), a. [L. scalare, scalaria, staircase, ladder + -form: cf. F. scalariforme.] 1. Resembling a ladder in form or appearance; having transverse bars or markings like the rounds of a ladder; as, the scalariform cells and scalariform pits in some plants.

2. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to a scalaria.

Sca"la*ry (?), a. [L. scalaris, fr. scalae, pl. scala, staircase, ladder.] Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Scal"a*wag (?), n. A scamp; a scapegrace. [Spelt also scallawag.] [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Scald (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scalding.] [OF. eschalder, eschauder, escauder, F. échauder, fr. L. excaldare; ex + caldus, calidus, warm, hot. See Ex, and Caldron.] 1. To burn with hot liquid or steam; to pain or injure by contact with, or immersion in, any hot fluid; as, to scald the hand.

Mine own tears
Do scald like molten lead.
Shak.

Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall.
Cowley.

2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in hot water or other liquor; as, to scald milk or meat.

Scald, n. A burn, or injury to the skin or flesh, by some hot liquid, or by steam.

Scald, a. [For scalled. See Scall.] 1. Affected with the scab; scabby. Shak.

2. Scurvy; paltry; as, scald rhymers. [Obs.] Shak.

Scald crow (Zoöl.), the hooded crow. [Ireland] -- Scald head (Med.), a name popularly given to several diseases of the scalp characterized by pustules (the dried discharge of which forms scales) and by falling out of the hair.

Scald, n. Scurf on the head. See Scall. Spenser.

Scald (skăld or sk&add;ld; 277), n. [Icel. skāld.] One of the ancient Scandinavian poets and historiographers; a reciter and singer of heroic poems, eulogies, etc., among the Norsemen; more rarely, a bard of any of the ancient Teutonic tribes. [Written also skald.]

A war song such as was of yore chanted on the field of battle by the scalds of the yet heathen Saxons.
Sir W. Scott.

Scald"er (?), n. A Scandinavian poet; a scald.

Scald"fish` (?), n. [Scald, a. + fish.] (Zoöl.) A European flounder (Arnoglossus laterna, or Psetta arnoglossa); -- called also megrim, and smooth sole.

Scald"ic (? or ?), a. Of or pertaining to the scalds of the Norsemen; as, scaldic poetry.

Scale (skāl), n. [AS. scāle; perhaps influenced by the kindred Icel. skāl balance, dish, akin also to D. schaal a scale, bowl, shell, G. schale, OHG. scāla, Dan. skaal drinking cup, bowl, dish, and perh. to E. scale of a fish. Cf. Scale of a fish, Skull the brain case.] 1. The dish of a balance; hence, the balance itself; an instrument or machine for weighing; as, to turn the scale; -- chiefly used in the plural when applied to the whole instrument or apparatus for weighing. Also used figuratively.

Long time in even scale
The battle hung.
Milton.

The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more
Now than my vows.
Waller.

2. pl. (Astron.) The sign or constellation Libra.

Platform scale. See under Platform.

Scale, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaling.] To weigh or measure according to a scale; to measure; also, to grade or vary according to a scale or system.

Scaling his present bearing with his past.
Shak.

To scale, or scale down, a debt, wages, etc., to reduce a debt, etc., according to a fixed ratio or scale. [U.S.]

Scale, n. [Cf. AS. scealu, scalu, a shell, parings; akin to D. schaal, G. schale, OHG. scala, Dan. & Sw. skal a shell, Dan. skiæl a fish scale, Goth. skalja tile, and E. shale, shell, and perhaps also to scale of a balance; but perhaps rather fr. OF. escale, escaile, F. écaille scale of a fish, and écale shell of beans, pease, eggs, nuts, of German origin, and akin to Goth. skalja, G. schale. See Shale.] 1. (Anat.) One of the small, thin, membranous, bony or horny pieces which form the covering of many fishes and reptiles, and some mammals, belonging to the dermal part of the skeleton, or dermoskeleton. See Cycloid, Ctenoid, and Ganoid.

Fish that, with their fins and shining scales,
Glide under the green wave.
Milton.

2. Hence, any layer or leaf of metal or other material, resembling in size and thinness the scale of a fish; as, a scale of iron, of bone, etc.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the small scalelike structures covering parts of some invertebrates, as those on the wings of Lepidoptera and on the body of Thysanura; the elytra of certain annelids. See Lepidoptera.

4. (Zoöl.) A scale insect. (See below.)

5. (Bot.) A small appendage like a rudimentary leaf, resembling the scales of a fish in form, and often in arrangement; as, the scale of a bud, of a pine cone, and the like. The name is also given to the chaff on the stems of ferns.

6. The thin metallic side plate of the handle of a pocketknife. See Illust. of Pocketknife.

7. An incrustation deposit on the inside of a vessel in which water is heated, as a steam boiler.

8. (Metal.) The thin oxide which forms on the surface of iron forgings. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide, Fe3O4. Also, a similar coating upon other metals.

Covering scale (Zoöl.), a hydrophyllium. -- Ganoid scale. (Zoöl.) See under Ganoid. -- Scale armor (Mil.), armor made of small metallic scales overlapping, and fastened upon leather or cloth. -- Scale beetle (Zoöl.), the tiger beetle. -- Scale carp (Zoöl.), a carp having normal scales. -- Scale insect (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of small hemipterous insects belonging to the family Coccidæ, in which the females, when adult, become more or less scalelike in form. They are found upon the leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs, and often do great damage to fruit trees. See Orange scale,under Orange. -- Scale moss (Bot.), any leafy-stemmed moss of the order Hepaticæ; -- so called from the small imbricated scalelike leaves of most of the species. See Hepatica, 2, and Jungermannia.

Scale (?), v. t. 1. To strip or clear of scale or scales; as, to scale a fish; to scale the inside of a boiler.

2. To take off in thin layers or scales, as tartar from the teeth; to pare off, as a surface. "If all the mountains were scaled, and the earth made even." T. Burnet.

3. To scatter; to spread. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

4. (Gun.) To clean, as the inside of a cannon, by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten.

Scale, v. i. 1. To separate and come off in thin layers or laminæ; as, some sandstone scales by exposure.

Those that cast their shell are the lobster and crab; the old skins are found, but the old shells never; so it is likely that they scale off.
Bacon.

2. To separate; to scatter. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scale, n. [L. scalae, pl., scala staircase, ladder; akin to scandere to climb. See Scan; cf. Escalade.] 1. A ladder; a series of steps; a means of ascending. [Obs.]

2. Hence, anything graduated, especially when employed as a measure or rule, or marked by lines at regular intervals. Specifically: (a) A mathematical instrument, consisting of a slip of wood, ivory, or metal, with one or more sets of spaces graduated and numbered on its surface, for measuring or laying off distances, etc., as in drawing, plotting, and the like. See Gunter's scale. (b) A series of spaces marked by lines, and representing proportionately larger distances; as, a scale of miles, yards, feet, etc., for a map or plan. (c) A basis for a numeral system; as, the decimal scale; the binary scale, etc. (d) (Mus.) The graduated series of all the tones, ascending or descending, from the keynote to its octave; -- called also the gamut. It may be repeated through any number of octaves. See Chromatic scale, Diatonic scale, Major scale, and Minor scale, under Chromatic, Diatonic, Major, and Minor.

3. Gradation; succession of ascending and descending steps and degrees; progressive series; scheme of comparative rank or order; as, a scale of being.

There is a certain scale of duties . . . which for want of studying in right order, all the world is in confusion.
Milton.

4. Relative dimensions, without difference in proportion of parts; size or degree of the parts or components in any complex thing, compared with other like things; especially, the relative proportion of the linear dimensions of the parts of a drawing, map, model, etc., to the dimensions of the corresponding parts of the object that is represented; as, a map on a scale of an inch to a mile.

Scale of chords, a graduated scale on which are given the lengths of the chords of arcs from 0° to 90° in a circle of given radius, -- used in measuring given angles and in plotting angles of given numbers of degrees.

Scale, v. t. [Cf. It. scalare, fr. L. scalae, scala. See Scale a ladder.] To climb by a ladder, or as if by a ladder; to ascend by steps or by climbing; to clamber up; as, to scale the wall of a fort.

Oft have I scaled the craggy oak.
Spenser.

Scale, v. i. To lead up by steps; to ascend. [Obs.]

Satan from hence, now on the lower stair,
That scaled by steps of gold to heaven-gate,
Looks down with wonder.
Milton.

Scale"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Polynoidæ, and allies, which have two rows of scales, or elytra, along the back. See Illust. under Chætopoda.

Scale"beam` (?), n. 1. The lever or beam of a balance; the lever of a platform scale, to which the poise for weighing is applied.

2. A weighing apparatus with a sliding weight, resembling a steelyard.

Scale"board` (?; commonly &?;), n. [3d scale + board.] 1. (Print.) A thin slip of wood used to justify a page. [Obs.] Crabb.

2. A thin veneer of leaf of wood used for covering the surface of articles of furniture, and the like.

Scaleboard plane, a plane for cutting from a board a wide shaving forming a scaleboard.

Scaled (?), a. 1. Covered with scales, or scalelike structures; -- said of a fish, a reptile, a moth, etc.

2. Without scales, or with the scales removed; as, scaled herring.

3. (Zoöl.) Having feathers which in form, color, or arrangement somewhat resemble scales; as, the scaled dove.

Scaled dove (Zoöl.), any American dove of the genus Scardafella. Its colored feather tips resemble scales.

Scale"less (?), a. Destitute of scales.

Sca*lene" (?), a. [L. scalenus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. scalène.] 1. (Geom.) (a) Having the sides and angles unequal; -- said of a triangle. (b) Having the axis inclined to the base, as a cone.

2. (Anat.) (a) Designating several triangular muscles called scalene muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the scalene muscles.

Scalene muscles (Anat.), a group of muscles, usually three on each side in man, extending from the cervical vertebræ to the first and second ribs.

Sca*lene", n. (Geom.) A triangle having its sides and angles unequal.

Sca*le`no*he"dral (sk&adot;*lē`n&osl;*hē"dral), a. (Crystallog.) Of or pertaining to a scalenohedron.

Sca*le`no*he"dron (-dr&obreve;n), n. [Gr. skalhno`s uneven + "e`dra seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A pyramidal form under the rhombohedral system, inclosed by twelve faces, each a scalene triangle.

Scal"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scales; specifically, a dentist's instrument for removing tartar from the teeth.

Scale"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the wings covered with small scalelike structures, as the Lepidoptera; scaly-winged.

Scal"i*ness (?), n. The state of being scaly; roughness.

Scal"ing (skāl"&ibreve;ng), a. 1. Adapted for removing scales, as from a fish; as, a scaling knife; adapted for removing scale, as from the interior of a steam boiler; as, a scaling hammer, bar, etc.

2. Serving as an aid in clambering; as, a scaling ladder, used in assaulting a fortified place.

Scal*io"la (?), n. Same as Scagliola.

Scall (?), n. [Icel. skalli a bald head. Cf. Scald, a.] A scurf or scabby disease, especially of the scalp.

It is a dry scall, even a leprosy upon the head.
Lev. xiii. 30.

Scall, a. Scabby; scurfy. [Obs.] Shak.

Scalled (?), a. Scabby; scurfy; scall. [Obs.] "With scalled brows black." Chaucer.

Scalled head. (Med.) See Scald head, under Scald, a.

Scal"lion (?), n. [OF. escalone, eschaloingne, L. caepa Ascalonia onion of Ascalon; caepa onion + Ascalonius of Ascalon, fr. Ascalo Ascalon, a town in Palestine. Cf. Shallot.] 1. (Bot.) A kind of small onion (Allium Ascalonicum), native of Palestine; the eschalot, or shallot.

2. Any onion which does not "bottom out," but remains with a thick stem like a leek. Amer. Cyc.

Scal"lop (?; 277), n. [OF. escalope a shell, probably of German or Dutch origin, and akin to E. scale of a fish; cf. D. schelp shell. See Scale of a fish, and cf. Escalop.] [Written also scollop.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve mollusks of the genus Pecten and allied genera of the family Pectinidæ. The shell is usually radially ribbed, and the edge is therefore often undulated in a characteristic manner. The large adductor muscle of some the species is much used as food. One species (Vola Jacobæus) occurs on the coast of Palestine, and its shell was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land. Called also fan shell. See Pecten, 2.

&fist; The common edible scallop of the Eastern United States is Pecten irradians; the large sea scallop, also used as food, is P. Clintonius, or tenuicostatus.

2. One of series of segments of circles joined at their extremities, forming a border like the edge or surface of a scallop shell.

3. One of the shells of a scallop; also, a dish resembling a scallop shell.

Scal"lop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scalloping.] 1. To mark or cut the edge or border of into segments of circles, like the edge or surface of a scallop shell. See Scallop, n., 2.

2. (Cookery) To bake in scallop shells or dishes; to prepare with crumbs of bread or cracker, and bake. See Scalloped oysters, below.

Scal"loped (?), a. 1. Furnished with a scallop; made or done with or in a scallop.

2. Having the edge or border cut or marked with segments of circles. See Scallop, n., 2.

3. (Cookery) Baked in a scallop; cooked with crumbs.

Scalloped oysters (Cookery), opened oysters baked in a deep dish with alternate layers of bread or cracker crumbs, seasoned with pepper, nutmeg, and butter. This was at first done in scallop shells.

Scal"lop*er (?), n. One who fishes for scallops.

Scal"lop*ing, n. Fishing for scallops.

Scalp (skălp), n. [Cf. Scallop.] A bed of oysters or mussels. [Scot.]

Scalp, n. [Perhaps akin to D. schelp shell. Cf. Scallop.] 1. That part of the integument of the head which is usually covered with hair.

By the bare scalp of Robin Hodd's fat friar,
This fellow were a king for our wild faction!
Shak.

2. A part of the skin of the head, with the hair attached, cut or torn off from an enemy by the Indian warriors of North America, as a token of victory.

3. Fig.: The top; the summit. Macaulay.

Scalp lock, a long tuft of hair left on the crown of the head by the warriors of some tribes of American Indians.

Scalp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scalped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scalping.] 1. To deprive of the scalp; to cut or tear the scalp from the head of.

2. (Surg.) To remove the skin of.

We must scalp the whole lid [of the eye].
J. S. Wells.

3. (Milling) To brush the hairs or fuzz from, as wheat grains, in the process of high milling. Knight.

Scalp, v. i. To make a small, quick profit by slight fluctuations of the market; -- said of brokers who operate in this way on their own account. [Cant]

Scal"pel (skăl"p&ebreve;l), n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum a knife, akin to scalpere to cut, carve, scrape: cf. F. scalpel.] (Surg.) A small knife with a thin, keen blade, -- used by surgeons, and in dissecting.

Scalper (skălp"&etilde;r), n. 1. One who, or that which, scalps.

2. (Surg.) Same as Scalping iron, under Scalping.

3. A broker who, dealing on his own account, tries to get a small and quick profit from slight fluctuations of the market. [Cant]

4. A person who buys and sells the unused parts of railroad tickets. [Cant]

Scalp"ing (skălp"&ibreve;ng), a. & n. from Scalp.

Scalping iron (Surg.), an instrument used in scraping foul and carious bones; a raspatory. -- Scalping knife, a knife used by North American Indians in scalping.

Scal"pri*form (?), a. [L. scalprum chisel, knife + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a chisel; as, the scalpriform incisors of rodents.

Scal"y (?), a. 1. Covered or abounding with scales; as, a scaly fish. "Scaly crocodile." Milton.

2. Resembling scales, laminæ, or layers.

3. Mean; low; as, a scaly fellow. [Low]

4. (Bot.) Composed of scales lying over each other; as, a scaly bulb; covered with scales; as, a scaly stem.

Scaly ant-eater (Zoöl.), the pangolin.

Scal"y-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scale-winged.

Scam"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scambling.] [Cf. OD. schampelen to deviate, to slip, schampen to go away, escape, slip, and E. scamper, shamble.] 1. To move awkwardly; to be shuffling, irregular, or unsteady; to sprawl; to shamble. "Some scambling shifts." Dr. H. More. "A fine old hall, but a scambling house." Evelyn.

2. To move about pushing and jostling; to be rude and turbulent; to scramble. "The scambling and unquiet time did push it out of . . . question." Shak.

Scam"ble, v. t. To mangle. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Scam"bler (?), n. 1. One who scambles.

2. A bold intruder upon the hospitality of others; a mealtime visitor. [Scot.]

Scam"bling*ly (?), adv. In a scambling manner; with turbulence and noise; with bold intrusiveness.

{ Scam"ell (?), or Scam"mel }, n. (Zoöl.) The female bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.]

&fist; Whether this is the scamel mentioned by Shakespeare ["Tempest," ii. 2] is not known.

||Sca*mil"lus (?), n.; pl. Scamilli (#). [L., originally, a little bench, dim. of scamnum bench, stool.] (Arch.) A sort of second plinth or block, below the bases of Ionic and Corinthian columns, generally without moldings, and of smaller size horizontally than the pedestal.

Scam*mo"ni*ate (?), a. Made from scammony; as, a scammoniate aperient.

Scam"mo*ny (skăm"m&osl;*n&ybreve;), n. [F. scammonée, L. scammonia, scammonea, Gr. skammwni`a.] 1. (Bot.) A species of bindweed or Convolvulus (C. Scammonia).

2. An inspissated sap obtained from the root of the Convolvulus Scammonia, of a blackish gray color, a nauseous smell like that of old cheese, and a somewhat acrid taste. It is used in medicine as a cathartic.

Scamp (skămp), n. [OF. escamper to run away, to make one's escape. Originally, one who runs away, a fugitive, a vagabond. See Scamper.] A rascal; a swindler; a rogue. De Quincey.

Scamp, v. t. [Cf. Scamp,n., or Scant, a., and Skimp.] To perform in a hasty, neglectful, or imperfect manner; to do superficially. [Colloq.]

A workman is said to scamp his work when he does it in a superficial, dishonest manner.
Wedgwood.

Much of the scamping and dawdling complained of is that of men in establishments of good repute.
T. Hughes.

||Scam`pa*vi"a (?), n. [It.] A long, low war galley used by the Neapolitans and Sicilians in the early part of the nineteenth century.

Scam"per (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scampered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scampering.] [OF. escamper to escape, to save one's self; L. ex from + campus the field (sc. of battle). See Camp, and cf. Decamp, Scamp, n., Shamble, v. t.] To run with speed; to run or move in a quick, hurried manner; to hasten away. Macaulay.

The lady, however, . . . could not help scampering about the room after a mouse.
S. Sharpe.

Scam"per, n. A scampering; a hasty flight.

Scam"per*er (?), n. One who scampers. Tyndell.

Scamp"ish (?), a. Of or like a scamp; knavish; as, scampish conduct.

Scan (skăn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanned (skănd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scanning.] [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to scan, akin to Skr. skand to spring, leap: cf. F. scander. Cf. Ascend, Descend, Scale a ladder.] 1. To mount by steps; to go through with step by step. [Obs.]

Nor stayed till she the highest stage had scand.
Spenser.

2. Specifically (Pros.), to go through with, as a verse, marking and distinguishing the feet of which it is composed; to show, in reading, the metrical structure of; to recite metrically.

3. To go over and examine point by point; to examine with care; to look closely at or into; to scrutinize.

The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous, and liable to be scanned and sifted.
Atterbury.

Scan"dal (?), n. [F. scandale, fr. L. scandalum, Gr. &?;, a snare laid for an enemy, a stumbling block, offense, scandal: cf. OE. scandle, OF. escandle. See Slander.] 1. Offense caused or experienced; reproach or reprobation called forth by what is regarded as wrong, criminal, heinous, or flagrant: opprobrium or disgrace.

O, what a scandal is it to our crown,
That two such noble peers as ye should jar!
Shak.

[I] have brought scandal
To Israel, diffidence of God, and doubt
In feeble hearts.
Milton.

2. Reproachful aspersion; opprobrious censure; defamatory talk, uttered heedlessly or maliciously.

You must not put another scandal on him.
Shak.

My known virtue is from scandal free.
Dryden.

3. (Equity) Anything alleged in pleading which is impertinent, and is reproachful to any person, or which derogates from the dignity of the court, or is contrary to good manners. Daniell.

Syn. -- Defamation; detraction; slander; calumny; opprobrium; reproach; shame; disgrace.

Scan"dal (?), v. t. 1. To treat opprobriously; to defame; to asperse; to traduce; to slander. [R.]

I do fawn on men and hug them hard
And after scandal them.
Shak.

2. To scandalize; to offend. [Obs.] Bp. Story.

Syn. -- To defame; traduce; reproach; slander; calumniate; asperse; vilify; disgrace.

Scan"dal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scandalized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Scandalizing (&?;).] [F. scandaliser, L. scandalizare, from Gr. skandali`zein.] 1. To offend the feelings or the conscience of (a person) by some action which is considered immoral or criminal; to bring shame, disgrace, or reproach upon.

I demand who they are whom we scandalize by using harmless things.
Hooker.

The congregation looked on in silence, the better class scandalized, and the lower orders, some laughing, others backing the soldier or the minister, as their fancy dictated.
Sir W. Scott.

2. To reproach; to libel; to defame; to slander.

To tell his tale might be interpreted into scandalizing the order.
Sir W. Scott.

Scan"dal*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. scandaleux.] 1. Giving offense to the conscience or moral feelings; exciting reprobation; calling out condemnation.

Nothing scandalous or offensive unto any.
Hooker.

2. Disgraceful to reputation; bringing shame or infamy; opprobrious; as, a scandalous crime or vice.

3. Defamatory; libelous; as, a scandalous story.

Scan"dal*ous*ly, adv. 1. In a manner to give offense; shamefully.

His discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the dignity of his station.
Swift.

2. With a disposition to impute immorality or wrong.

Shun their fault, who, scandalously nice,
Will needs mistake an author into vice.
Pope.

Scan"dal*ous*ness, n. Quality of being scandalous.

||Scan"da*lum mag*na"tum` (?). [L., scandal of magnates.] (Law) A defamatory speech or writing published to the injury of a person of dignity; -- usually abbreviated scan. mag.

Scan"dent (?), a. [L. scandens, -entis, p. pr. of scandere to climb.] Climbing.

&fist; Scandent plants may climb either by twining, as the hop, or by twisted leafstalks, as the clematis, or by tendrils, as the passion flower, or by rootlets, as the ivy.

Scan"di*a (?), n. [NL. See Scandium.] (Chem.) A chemical earth, the oxide of scandium.

Scan"dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to scandium; derived from, or containing, scandium.

Scan`di*na"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Scandinavia, that is, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Scandinavia.

Scan"di*um (?), n. [NL. So called because found in Scandinavian minerals.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element of the boron group, whose existence was predicted under the provisional name ekaboron by means of the periodic law, and subsequently discovered by spectrum analysis in certain rare Scandinavian minerals (euxenite and gadolinite). It has not yet been isolated. Symbol Sc. Atomic weight 44.

Scan"sion (?), n. [L. scansio, fr. scandere, scansum, to climb. See Scan.] (Pros.) The act of scanning; distinguishing the metrical feet of a verse by emphasis, pauses, or otherwise.

||Scan*so"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. scandere, scansum, to climb.] (Zoöl.) An artifical group of birds formerly regarded as an order. They are distributed among several orders by modern ornithologists.

&fist; The toes are in pairs, two before and two behind, by which they are enabled to cling to, and climb upon, trees, as the woodpeckers, parrots, cuckoos, and trogons. See Illust. under Aves.

Scan*so"ri*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) (a) Capable of climbing; as, the woodpecker is a scansorial bird; adapted for climbing; as, a scansorial foot. (b) Of or pertaining to the Scansores. See Illust.. under Aves.

Scansorial tail (Zoöl.), a tail in which the feathers are stiff and sharp at the tip, as in the woodpeckers.

Scant (?), a. [Compar. Scanter (?); superl. Scantest.] [Icel. skamt, neuter of skamr, skammr, short; cf. skamta to dole out, to portion.] 1. Not full, large, or plentiful; scarcely sufficient; less than is wanted for the purpose; scanty; meager; not enough; as, a scant allowance of provisions or water; a scant pattern of cloth for a garment.

His sermon was scant, in all, a quarter of an hour.
Ridley.

2. Sparing; parsimonious; chary.

Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence.
Shak.

Syn. -- See under Scanty.

Scant, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scanting.] 1. To limit; to straiten; to treat illiberally; to stint; as, to scant one in provisions; to scant ourselves in the use of necessaries.

Where a man hath a great living laid together and where he is scanted.
Bacon.

I am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions.
Dryden.

2. To cut short; to make small, narrow, or scanty; to curtail. "Scant not my cups." Shak.

Scant, v. i. To fail, or become less; to scantle; as, the wind scants.

Scant, adv. In a scant manner; with difficulty; scarcely; hardly. [Obs.] Bacon.

So weak that he was scant able to go down the stairs.
Fuller.

Scant, n. Scantness; scarcity. [R.] T. Carew.

Scant"i*ly (?), adv. In a scanty manner; not fully; not plentifully; sparingly; parsimoniously.

His mind was very scantily stored with materials.
Macaulay.

Scant"i*ness, n. Quality or condition of being scanty.

Scan"tle (?), v. i. [Dim. of scant, v.] To be deficient; to fail. [Obs.] Drayton.

Scan"tle (?), v. t. [OF. escanteler, eschanteler, to break into contles; pref. es- (L. ex) + cantel, chantel, corner, side, piece. Confused with E. scant. See Cantle.] To scant; to be niggard of; to divide into small pieces; to cut short or down. [Obs.]

All their pay
Must your discretion scantle; keep it back.
J. Webster.

Scant"let (?), n. [OF. eschantelet corner.] A small pattern; a small quantity. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Scant"ling (?), a. [See Scant, a.] Not plentiful; small; scanty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Scant"ling, n. [Cf. OF. eschantillon, F. échantillon, a sample, pattern, example. In some senses confused with scant insufficient. See Scantle, v. t.] 1. A fragment; a bit; a little piece. Specifically: (a) A piece or quantity cut for a special purpose; a sample. [Obs.]

Such as exceed not this scantling; -- to be solace to the sovereign and harmless to the people.
Bacon.

A pretty scantling of his knowledge may taken by his deferring to be baptized so many years.
Milton.

(b) A small quantity; a little bit; not much. [Obs.]

Reducing them to narrow scantlings.
Jer. Taylor.

2. A piece of timber sawed or cut of a small size, as for studs, rails, etc.

3. The dimensions of a piece of timber with regard to its breadth and thickness; hence, the measure or dimensions of anything.

4. A rough draught; a rude sketch or outline.

5. A frame for casks to lie upon; a trestle. Knight.

Scant"ly, adv. 1. In a scant manner; not fully or sufficiently; narrowly; penuriously. Dryden.

2. Scarcely; hardly; barely.

Scantly they durst their feeble eyes dispread
Upon that town.
Fairfax.

We hold a tourney here to-morrow morn,
And there is scantly time for half the work.
Tennyson.

Scant"ness, n. The quality or condition of being scant; narrowness; smallness; insufficiency; scantiness. "Scantness of outward things." Barrow.

Scant"y (?), a. [Compar. Scantier (?); superl. Scantiest.] [From Scant, a.] 1. Wanting amplitude or extent; narrow; small; not abundant.

His dominions were very narrow and scanty.
Locke.

Now scantier limits the proud arch confine.
Pope.

2. Somewhat less than is needed; insufficient; scant; as, a scanty supply of words; a scanty supply of bread.

3. Sparing; niggardly; parsimonious.

In illustrating a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of words.
I. Watts.

Syn. -- Scant; narrow; small; poor; deficient; meager; scarce; chary; sparing; parsimonious; penurious; niggardly; grudging.

Scape (?), n. [L. scapus shaft, stem, stalk; cf. Gr. &?; a staff: cf. F. scape. Cf. Scepter.] 1. (Bot.) A peduncle rising from the ground or from a subterranean stem, as in the stemless violets, the bloodroot, and the like.

2. (Zoöl.) The long basal joint of the antennæ of an insect.

3. (Arch.) (a) The shaft of a column. (b) The apophyge of a shaft.

Scape, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Scaped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaping.] [Aphetic form of escape.] To escape. [Obs. or Poetic.] Milton.

Out of this prison help that we may scape.
Chaucer.

Scape, n. 1. An escape. [Obs.]

I spake of most disastrous chances, . . .
Of hairbreadth scapes in the imminent, deadly breach.
Shak.

2. Means of escape; evasion. [Obs.] Donne.

3. A freak; a slip; a fault; an escapade. [Obs.]

Not pardoning so much as the scapes of error and ignorance.
Milton.

4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. [Obs.] Shak.

Scape"gal`lows (?), n. One who has narrowly escaped the gallows for his crimes. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Scape"goat` (?), n. [Scape (for escape) + goat.] 1. (Jewish Antiq.) A goat upon whose head were symbolically placed the sins of the people, after which he was suffered to escape into the wilderness. Lev. xvi. 10.

2. Hence, a person or thing that is made to bear blame for others. Tennyson.

Scape"grace` (?), n. A graceless, unprincipled person; one who is wild and reckless. Beaconsfield.

Scape"less, a. (Bot.) Destitute of a scape.

Scape"ment (?), n. [See Scape, v., Escapement.] Same as Escapement, 3.

Scape"-wheel` (?), n. (Horol.) The wheel in an escapement (as of a clock or a watch) into the teeth of which the pallets play.

Sca*phan"der (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, anything hollowed + &?;, &?;, a man: cf. F. scaphandre.] The case, or impermeable apparel, in which a diver can work while under water.

Scaph"ism (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh a trough.] An ancient mode of punishing criminals among the Persians, by confining the victim in a trough, with his head and limbs smeared with honey or the like, and exposed to the sun and to insects until he died.

Scaph"ite (?), n. [L. scapha a boat, fr. Gr. ska`fh a boat, anything dug or scooped out, fr. ska`ptein to dig.] (Paleon.) Any fossil cephalopod shell of the genus Scaphites, belonging to the Ammonite family and having a chambered boat-shaped shell. Scaphites are found in the Cretaceous formation.

Scaph`o*ce*phal"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or affected with, scaphocephaly.

Scaph`o*ceph"a*ly (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh a boat + kefalh` head.] (Anat.) A deformed condition of the skull, in which the vault is narrow, elongated, and more or less boat-shaped.

Scaph`o*ce"rite (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh boat + E. cerite.] (Zoöl.) A flattened plate or scale attached to the second joint of the antennæ of many Crustacea.

Sca*phog"na*thite (?), n. [Gr. ska`fh boat + gna`qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) A thin leafike appendage (the exopodite) of the second maxilla of decapod crustaceans. It serves as a pumping organ to draw the water through the gill cavity.

Scaph"oid (?; 277), a. [Gr. ska`fh a boat + -oid: cf. F. scaphoïde.] (Anat.) Resembling a boat in form; boat-shaped. -- n. The scaphoid bone.

Scaphoid bone (a) One of the carpal bones, which articulates with the radius; the radiale. (b) One of the tarsal bones; the navicular bone. See under Navicular.

Scaph`o*lu"nar (?), a. [Scaphoid + lunar.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scaphoid and lunar bones of the carpus. -- n. The scapholunar bone.

Scapholunar bone, a bone formed by the coalescence of the scaphoid and lunar in the carpus of carnivora.

||Sca*phop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ska`fh a boat + -poda.] (Zoöl.) A class of marine cephalate Mollusca having a tubular shell open at both ends, a pointed or spadelike foot for burrowing, and many long, slender, prehensile oral tentacles. It includes Dentalium, or the tooth shells, and other similar shells. Called also Prosopocephala, and Solenoconcha.

Sca"pi*form (?), a. (Bot.) Resembling a scape, or flower stem.

Scap"o*lite (skăp"&osl;*līt), n. [Gr. &?; a staff, or L. scapus a stem, stalk + -lite: cf. F. scapolite.] (Mon.) A grayish white mineral occuring in tetragonal crystals and in cleavable masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina and soda.

&fist; The scapolite group includes scapolite proper, or wernerite, also meionite, dipyre, etc.

Scap"ple (skăp"p'l), v. t. [Cf. OF. eskapeler, eschapler, to cut, hew, LL. scapellare. Cf. Scabble.] (a) To work roughly, or shape without finishing, as stone before leaving the quarry. (b) To dress in any way short of fine tooling or rubbing, as stone. Gwilt.

Scap"u*la (skăp"&usl;*l&adot;), n.; pl. L. Scapulæ (#), E. Scapulas (#). [L.] 1. (Anat.) The principal bone of the shoulder girdle in mammals; the shoulder blade.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the plates from which the arms of a crinoid arise.

Scap"u*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. scapulaire. Cf. Scapulary.] Of or pertaining to the scapula or the shoulder.

Scapular arch (Anat.), the pectoral arch. See under pectoral. -- Scapular region, or Scapular tract (Zoöl.), a definite longitudinal area over the shoulder and along each side of the back of a bird, from which the scapular feathers arise.

Scap"u*lar, n. (Zoöl.) One of a special group of feathers which arise from each of the scapular regions and lie along the sides of the back.

{ Scap"u*lar (?), Scap"u*la*ry (?) }, n. [F. scapulaire, LL. scapularium, scapulare, fr. L. scapula shoulder blade.] 1. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A loose sleeveless vestment falling in front and behind, worn by certain religious orders and devout persons. (b) The name given to two pieces of cloth worn under the ordinary garb and over the shoulders as an act of devotion. Addis & Arnold.

2. (Surg.) A bandage passing over the shoulder to support it, or to retain another bandage in place.

Scap"u*la*ry, a. Same as Scapular, a.

Scap"u*la*ry, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 2d and 3d Scapular.

Scap"u*let (?), n. [Dim. of scapula.] (Zoöl.) A secondary mouth fold developed at the base of each of the armlike lobes of the manubrium of many rhizostome medusæ. See Illustration in Appendix.

Scap"u*lo- (&?;). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the scapula or the shoulder; as, the scapulo-clavicular articulation, the articulation between the scapula and clavicle.

||Sca"pus (?), n. [L.] See 1st Scape.

Scar (?), n. [OF. escare, F. eschare an eschar, a dry slough (cf. It. & Sp. escara), L. eschara, fr. Gr. &?; hearth, fireplace, scab, eschar. Cf. Eschar.] 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an animal, made by a wound or ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed; a cicatrix; a mark left by a previous injury; a blemish; a disfigurement.

This earth had the beauty of youth, . . . and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on all its body.
T. Burnet.

2. (Bot.) A mark left upon a stem or branch by the fall of a leaf, leaflet, or frond, or upon a seed by the separation of its support. See Illust.. under Axillary.

Scar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarring.] To mark with a scar or scars.

Yet I'll not shed her blood;
Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow.
Shak.

His cheeks were deeply scarred.
Macaulay.

Scar, v. i. To form a scar.

Scar, n. [Scot. scar, scaur, Icel. sker a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea; akin to Dan. skiær, Sw. skär. Cf. Skerry.] An isolated or protruding rock; a steep, rocky eminence; a bare place on the side of a mountain or steep bank of earth. [Written also scaur.]

O sweet and far, from cliff and scar,
The horns of Elfland faintly blowing.
Tennyson.

Scar, n. [L. scarus, a kind of fish, Gr. ska`ros.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish, the scarus, or parrot fish.

{ Scar"ab (?), Scar"a*bee (?) }, n. [L. scarabaeus; cf. F. scarabée.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lamellicorn beetles of the genus Scarabæus, or family Scarabæidæ, especially the sacred, or Egyptian, species (Scarabæus sacer, and S. Egyptiorum).

||Scar`a*bæ"us (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scarab.

Scar"a*boid (?), a. [Scarab + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scarabæidæ, an extensive group which includes the Egyptian scarab, the tumbledung, and many similar lamellicorn beetles.

Scar"a*boid, n. (Zoöl.) A scaraboid beetle.

Scar"a*mouch` (?), n. [F. scaramouche, It. scaramuccio, scaramuccia, originally the name of a celebrated Italian comedian; cf. It. scaramuccia, scaramuccio, F. escarmouche, skirmish. Cf. Skirmish.] A personage in the old Italian comedy (derived from Spain) characterized by great boastfulness and poltroonery; hence, a person of like characteristics; a buffoon.

Scarce (skârs), a. [Compar. Scarcer (skâr"s&etilde;r); superl. Scarcest.] [OE. scars, OF. escars, eschars, LL. scarpsus, excarpsus, for L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere to pick out, and hence to contract, to shorten; ex (see Ex-) + carpere. See Carpet, and cf. Excerp.] 1. Not plentiful or abundant; in small quantity in proportion to the demand; not easily to be procured; rare; uncommon.

You tell him silver is scarcer now in England, and therefore risen one fifth in value.
Locke.

The scarcest of all is a Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserved.
Addison.

2. Scantily supplied (with); deficient (in); - - with of. [Obs.] "A region scarce of prey." Milton.

3. Sparing; frugal; parsimonious; stingy. [Obs.] "Too scarce ne too sparing." Chaucer.

To make one's self scarce, to decamp; to depart. [Slang]

Syn. -- Rare; infrequent; deficient. See Rare.

{ Scarce, Scarce"ly }, adv. 1. With difficulty; hardly; scantly; barely; but just.

With a scarce well-lighted flame.
Milton.

The eldest scarcely five year was of age.
Chaucer.

Slowly she sails, and scarcely stems the tides.
Dryden.

He had scarcely finished, when the laborer arrived who had been sent for my ransom.
W. Irving.

2. Frugally; penuriously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scarce"ment (?), n. (Arch. & Engin.) An offset where a wall or bank of earth, etc., retreats, leaving a shelf or footing.

{ Scarce"ness (?), Scar"ci*ty (?) }, n. The quality or condition of being scarce; smallness of quantity in proportion to the wants or demands; deficiency; lack of plenty; short supply; penury; as, a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties. Chaucer.

A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples.
Addison.

Praise . . . owes its value to its scarcity.
Rambler.

The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness.
Collier.

Syn. -- Deficiency; lack; want; penury; dearth; rareness; rarity; infrequency.

Scard (?), n. A shard or fragment. [Obs.]

Scare (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scaring.] [OE. skerren, skeren, Icel. skirra to bar, prevent, skirrask to shun , shrink from; or fr. OE. skerre, adj., scared, Icel. skjarr; both perhaps akin to E. sheer to turn.] To frighten; to strike with sudden fear; to alarm.

The noise of thy crossbow
Will scare the herd, and so my shoot is lost.
Shak.

To scare away, to drive away by frightening. -- To scare up, to find by search, as if by beating for game. [Slang]

Syn. -- To alarm; frighten; startle; affright; terrify.

Scare, n. Fright; esp., sudden fright produced by a trifling cause, or originating in mistake. [Colloq.]

Scare"crow` (?), n. 1. Anything set up to frighten crows or other birds from cornfields; hence, anything terifying without danger.

A scarecrow set to frighten fools away.
Dryden.

2. A person clad in rags and tatters.

No eye hath seen such scarecrows. I'll not march with them through Coventry, that's flat.
Shak.

3. (Zoöl.) The black tern. [Prov. Eng.]

Scare"fire` (?), n. 1. An alarm of fire. [Obs.]

2. A fire causing alarm. [Obs.] Fuller.

Scarf (skärf), n. [Icel. skarfr.] A cormorant. [Scot.]

Scarf, n.; pl. Scarfs, rarely Scarves (skärvz). [Cf. OF. escharpe a pilgrim's scrip, or wallet (hanging about the neck), F. écharpe sash, scarf; probably from OHG. scharpe pocket; also (from the French) Dan. skiærf; Sw. skärp, Prov. G. schärfe, LG. scherf, G. schärpe; and also AS. scearf a fragment; possibly akin to E. scrip a wallet. Cf. Scarp a scarf.] An article of dress of a light and decorative character, worn loosely over the shoulders or about the neck or the waist; a light shawl or handkerchief for the neck; also, a cravat; a neckcloth.

Put on your hood and scarf.
Swift.

With care about the banners, scarves, and staves.
R. Browning.

Scarf, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarfing.] 1. To throw on loosely; to put on like a scarf. "My sea-gown scarfed about me." Shak.

2. To dress with a scarf, or as with a scarf; to cover with a loose wrapping. Shak.

Scarf, v. t. [Sw. skarfva to eke out, to join together, skarf a seam, joint; cf. Dan. skarre to joint, to unite timber, Icel. skara to clinch the planks of a boat, G. scharben to chop, to cut small.] (a) To form a scarf on the end or edge of, as for a joint in timber, metal rods, etc. (b) To unite, as two pieces of timber or metal, by a scarf joint.

Scarf (?), n. (a) In a piece which is to be united to another by a scarf joint, the part of the end or edge that is tapered off, rabbeted, or notched so as to be thinner than the rest of the piece. (b) A scarf joint.

Scarf joint (a) A joint made by overlapping and bolting or locking together the ends of two pieces of timber that are halved, notched, or cut away so that they will fit each other and form a lengthened beam of the same size at the junction as elsewhere. (b) A joint formed by welding, riveting, or brazing together the overlapping scarfed ends, or edges, of metal rods, sheets, etc. -- Scarf weld. See under Weld.

Scarf"skin` (?), n. (Anat.) See Epidermis.

Scar`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. scarificatio: cf. F. scarification.] The act of scarifying.

Scar"i*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. scarificateur.] (Surg.) An instrument, principally used in cupping, containing several lancets moved simultaneously by a spring, for making slight incisions.

Scar"i*fi`er (?), n. 1. One who scarifies.

2. (Surg.) The instrument used for scarifying.

3. (Agric.) An implement for stripping and loosening the soil, without bringing up a fresh surface.

You have your scarifiers to make the ground clean.
Southey.

Scar"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarifying (?).] [F. scarifier, L. scarificare, scarifare, fr. Gr. &?; to scratch up, fr. &?; a pointed instrument.] 1. To scratch or cut the skin of; esp. (Med.), to make small incisions in, by means of a lancet or scarificator, so as to draw blood from the smaller vessels without opening a large vein.

2. (Agric.) To stir the surface soil of, as a field.

{ Sca"ri*ose (?), Sca"ri*ous (?) }, a. [F. scarieux, NL. scariosus. Cf. Scary.] (Bot.) Thin, dry, membranous, and not green. Gray.

Scar`la*ti"na (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. scarlatine. See Scarlet.] (Med.) Scarlet fever. -- Scar`la*ti"nal (#), a. -- Scar*lat"i*nous (# or #), a.

Scar"less (?), a. Free from scar. Drummond.

Scar"let (?), n. [OE. scarlat, scarlet, OF. escarlate, F. écarlate (cf. Pr. escarlat, escarlata, Sp. & Pg. escarlata, It. scarlatto, LL. scarlatum), from Per. sakirlāt.] A deep bright red tinged with orange or yellow, -- of many tints and shades; a vivid or bright red color.

2. Cloth of a scarlet color.

All her household are clothed with scarlet.
Prov. xxxi. 21.

Scar"let, a. Of the color called scarlet; as, a scarlet cloth or thread.

Scarlet admiral (Zoöl.), the red admiral. See under Red. -- Scarlet bean (Bot.), a kind of bean (Phaseolus multiflorus) having scarlet flowers; scarlet runner. -- Scarlet fever (Med.), a contagious febrile disease characterized by inflammation of the fauces and a scarlet rash, appearing usually on the second day, and ending in desquamation about the sixth or seventh day. -- Scarlet fish (Zoöl.), the telescope fish; -- so called from its red color. See under Telescope. -- Scarlet ibis (Zoöl.) See under Ibis. -- Scarlet maple (Bot.), the red maple. See Maple. -- Scarlet mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of bright red carnivorous mites found among grass and moss, especially Thombidium holosericeum and allied species. The young are parasitic upon spiders and insects. -- Scarlet oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus coccinea) of the United States; -- so called from the scarlet color of its leaves in autumn. -- Scarlet runner (Bot.), the scarlet bean. -- Scarlet tanager. (Zoöl.) See under Tanager.

Scar"let, v. t. To dye or tinge with scarlet. [R.]

The ashy paleness of my cheek
Is scarleted in ruddy flakes of wrath.
Ford.

{ Scar"mage (?), Scar"moge (?) }, n. A slight contest; a skirmish. See Skirmish. [Obs.]

Such cruel game my scarmoges disarms.
Spenser.

Scarn (?), n. [Icel. skarn; akin to AS. scearn. Cf. Shearn.] Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Scarn bee (Zoöl.), a dung beetle.

Sca"roid, a. [Scarus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Scaridæ, a family of marine fishes including the parrot fishes.

Scarp (?), n. [OF. escharpe. See 2d Scarf.] (Her.) A band in the same position as the bend sinister, but only half as broad as the latter.

Scarp, n. [Aphetic form of Escarp.] 1. (Fort.) The slope of the ditch nearest the parapet; the escarp.

2. A steep descent or declivity.

Scarp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scarped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scarping.] To cut down perpendicularly, or nearly so; as, to scarp the face of a ditch or a rock.

From scarped cliff and quarried stone.
Tennyson.

Sweep ruins from the scarped mountain.
Emerson.

Scar"ring (?), n. A scar; a mark.

We find upon the limestone rocks the scarrings of the ancient glacier which brought the bowlder here.
Tyndall.

Scar"ry (?), a. Bearing scars or marks of wounds.

Scar"ry, a. [See 4th Scar.] Like a scar, or rocky eminence; containing scars. Holinshed.

||Sca"rus (?), n. [L. See Scar a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A Mediterranean food fish (Sparisoma scarus) of excellent quality and highly valued by the Romans; -- called also parrot fish.

Sca"ry (?), n. [Prov. E. scare scraggy.] Barren land having only a thin coat of grass. [Prov. Eng.]

Scar"y (?), a. [From Scare.] 1. Subject to sudden alarm. [Colloq. U. S.] Whittier.

2. Causing fright; alarming. [Colloq. U. S.]

Scase"ly (?), adv. Scarcely; hardly. [Obs. or Colloq.] Robynson (More's Utopia)

Scat (skăt), interj. Go away; begone; away; -- chiefly used in driving off a cat.

{ Scat, Scatt }, n. [Icel. skattr.] Tribute. [R.] "Seizing scatt and treasure." Longfellow.

Scat, n. A shower of rain. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Scatch (?), n. [F. escache.] A kind of bit for the bridle of a horse; -- called also scatchmouth. Bailey.

Scatch"es (?), n. pl. [OF. eschaces, F. échasses, fr. D. schaats a high-heeled shoe, a skate. See Skate, for the foot.] Stilts. [Prov. Eng.]

Scate (skāt), n. See Skate, for the foot.

Scat"e*brous (?), a. [L. scatebra a gushing up of water, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.]

Scath (skăth; 277), n. [Icel. skaði; akin to Dan. skade, Sw. skada, AS. sceaða, scaða, foe, injurer, OS. skaðo, D. schade, harm, injury, OHG. scade, G. schade, schaden; cf. Gr. 'askhqh`s unharmed. Cf. Scathe, v.] Harm; damage; injury; hurt; waste; misfortune. [Written also scathe.]

But she was somedeal deaf, and that was skathe.
Chaucer.

Great mercy, sure, for to enlarge a thrall,
Whose freedom shall thee turn to greatest scath.
Spenser.

Wherein Rome hath done you any scath,
Let him make treble satisfaction.
Shak.

{ Scathe (skā&thlig;; 277), Scath (skăth; 277) }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scathed (skā&thlig;d or skătht); p. pr. & vb. n. Scathing (skā&thlig;"&ibreve;ng or skăth"-).] [Icel. skaða; akin to AS. sceaðan, sceððan, Dan. skade, Sw. skada, D. & G. schaden, OHG. scadōn, Goth. skaþjan.] To do harm to; to injure; to damage; to waste; to destroy.

As when heaven's fire
Hath scathed the forest oaks or mountain pines.
Milton.

Strokes of calamity that scathe and scorch the soul.
W. Irving.

Scath"ful (?), a. Harmful; doing damage; pernicious. Shak.

-- Scath"ful*ness, n.

Scath"less, a. Unharmed. R. L. Stevenson.

He, too, . . . is to be dismissed scathless.
Sir W. Scott.

Scath"ly, a. Injurious; scathful. [Obs.]

Scat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scattering.] [OE. scateren. See Shatter.] 1. To strew about; to sprinkle around; to throw down loosely; to deposit or place here and there, esp. in an open or sparse order.

And some are scattered all the floor about.
Chaucer.

Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains,
Their scattered cottages, and ample plains?
Dryden.

Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly,
Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy.
Prior.

2. To cause to separate in different directions; to reduce from a close or compact to a loose or broken order; to dissipate; to disperse.

Scatter and disperse the giddy Goths.
Shak.

3. Hence, to frustrate, disappoint, and overthrow; as, to scatter hopes, plans, or the like.

Syn. -- To disperse; dissipate; spread; strew.

Scat"ter, v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated; to disperse or separate; as, clouds scatter after a storm.

Scat"ter-brain` (?), n. A giddy or thoughtless person; one incapable of concentration or attention. [Written also scatter-brains.]

Scat"ter-brained` (?), a. Giddy; thoughtless.

Scat"tered (?), a. 1. Dispersed; dissipated; sprinkled, or loosely spread.

2. (Bot.) Irregular in position; having no regular order; as, scattered leaves.

-- Scat"tered*ly, adv. -- Scat"tered*ness, n.

Scat"ter*good` (?), n. One who wastes; a spendthrift.

Scat"ter*ing, a. Going or falling in various directions; not united or aggregated; divided among many; as, scattering votes.

Scat"ter*ing, n. Act of strewing about; something scattered. South.

Scat"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a scattering manner; dispersedly.

Scat"ter*ling (?), n. [Scatter + -ling.] One who has no fixed habitation or residence; a vagabond. [Obs.] "Foreign scatterlings." Spenser.

Sca*tu"ri*ent (?), a.[L. scaturiens, p. pr. of scaturire gush out, from scatere to bubble, gush.] Gushing forth; full to overflowing; effusive. [R.]

A pen so scaturient and unretentive.
Sir W. Scott.

Scat`u*rig"i*nous (?), a. [L. scaturiginosus, fr. scaturigo gushing water. See Scaturient.] Abounding with springs. [Obs.]

Scaup (sk&add;p), n. [See Scalp a bed of oysters or mussels.] 1. A bed or stratum of shellfish; scalp. [Scot.]

2. (Zoöl.) A scaup duck. See below.

Scaup duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of northern ducks of the genus Aythya, or Fuligula. The adult males are, in large part, black. The three North American species are: the greater scaup duck (Aythya marila, var. nearctica), called also broadbill, bluebill, blackhead, flock duck, flocking fowl, and raft duck; the lesser scaup duck (A. affinis), called also little bluebill, river broadbill, and shuffler; the tufted, or ring-necked, scaup duck (A. collaris), called also black jack, ringneck, ringbill, ringbill shuffler, etc. See Illust.. of Ring-necked duck, under Ring-necked. The common European scaup, or mussel, duck (A. marila), closely resembles the American variety.

Scaup"er (?), n. [Cf. Scalper.] A tool with a semicircular edge, -- used by engravers to clear away the spaces between the lines of an engraving. Fairholt.

Scaur (?), n. A precipitous bank or rock; a scar.

Scav"age (?; 48), n. [LL. scavagium, fr. AS. sceáwian to look at, to inspect. See Show.] (O. Eng. Law) A toll or duty formerly exacted of merchant strangers by mayors, sheriffs, etc., for goods shown or offered for sale within their precincts. Cowell.

Scav"enge (?), v. t. To cleanse, as streets, from filth. C. Kingsley.

Scav"en*ger (?), n. [OE. scavager an officer with various duties, originally attending to scavage, fr. OE. & E. scavage. See Scavage, Show, v.] A person whose employment is to clean the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping, and carrying off the filth. The name is also applied to any animal which devours refuse, carrion, or anything injurious to health.

Scavenger beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds on decaying substances, as the carrion beetle. -- Scavenger crab (Zoöl.), any crab which feeds on dead animals, as the spider crab. -- Scavenger's daughter [corrupt. of Skevington's daughter], an instrument of torture invented by Sir W. Skevington, which so compressed the body as to force the blood to flow from the nostrils, and sometimes from the hands and feet. Am. Cyc.

||Sca"zon (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ska`zwn, fr. ska`zein to limp.] (Lat. Pros.) A choliamb.

Scel"er*at (?), n. [F. scélérat from L. sceleratus, p. p. of scelerare to pollute, from scelus, sceleris, a crime.] A villain; a criminal. [Obs.] Cheyne.

Sce*les"tic (?), a. [L. scelestus, from scelus wickedness.] Evil; wicked; atrocious. [Obs.] "Scelestic villainies." Feltham.

Scel"et (?), n. [See Skeleton.] A mummy; a skeleton. [Obs.] Holland.

||Sce"na (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) (a) A scene in an opera. (b) An accompanied dramatic recitative, interspersed with passages of melody, or followed by a full aria. Rockstro.

||Sce*na"ri*o (?), n. [It.] A preliminary sketch of the plot, or main incidents, of an opera.

Scen"a*ry (?), n. [Cf. L. scaenarius belonging to the stage.] Scenery. [Obs.] Dryden.

Scene (?), n. [L. scaena, scena, Gr. skhnh` a covered place, a tent, a stage.] 1. The structure on which a spectacle or play is exhibited; the part of a theater in which the acting is done, with its adjuncts and decorations; the stage.

2. The decorations and fittings of a stage, representing the place in which the action is supposed to go on; one of the slides, or other devices, used to give an appearance of reality to the action of a play; as, to paint scenes; to shift the scenes; to go behind the scenes.

3. So much of a play as passes without change of locality or time, or important change of character; hence, a subdivision of an act; a separate portion of a play, subordinate to the act, but differently determined in different plays; as, an act of four scenes.

My dismal scene I needs must act alone.
Shak.

4. The place, time, circumstance, etc., in which anything occurs, or in which the action of a story, play, or the like, is laid; surroundings amid which anything is set before the imagination; place of occurrence, exhibition, or action. "In Troy, there lies the scene." Shak.

The world is a vast scene of strife.
J. M. Mason.

5. An assemblage of objects presented to the view at once; a series of actions and events exhibited in their connection; a spectacle; a show; an exhibition; a view.

Through what new scenes and changes must we pass!
Addison.

6. A landscape, or part of a landscape; scenery.

A sylvan scene with various greens was drawn,
Shades on the sides, and in the midst a lawn.
Dryden.

7. An exhibition of passionate or strong feeling before others; often, an artifical or affected action, or course of action, done for effect; a theatrical display.

Probably no lover of scenes would have had very long to wait for some explosions between parties, both equally ready to take offense, and careless of giving it.
De Quincey.

Behind the scenes, behind the scenery of a theater; out of the view of the audience, but in sight of the actors, machinery, etc.; hence, conversant with the hidden motives and agencies of what appears to public view.

Scene, v. t. To exhibit as a scene; to make a scene of; to display. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft.

Scene"ful (?), a. Having much scenery. [R.]

Scene"man (?), n.; pl. Scenemen (&?;). The man who manages the movable scenes in a theater.

Scen"er*y (?), n. 1. Assemblage of scenes; the paintings and hangings representing the scenes of a play; the disposition and arrangement of the scenes in which the action of a play, poem, etc., is laid; representation of place of action or occurence.

2. Sum of scenes or views; general aspect, as regards variety and beauty or the reverse, in a landscape; combination of natural views, as woods, hills, etc.

Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery.
W. Irving.

Scene"shift`er (?), n. One who moves the scenes in a theater; a sceneman.

{ Scen"ic (?), Scen"ic*al (?) }, a. [L. scaenicus, scenicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. scénique. See Scene.] Of or pertaining to scenery; of the nature of scenery; theatrical.

All these situations communicate a scenical animation to the wild romance, if treated dramatically.
De Quincey.

Scen"o*graph (?), n. [See Scenography.] A perspective representation or general view of an object.

{ Scen`o*graph"ic (?), Scen`o*graph"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. scénographique, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to scenography; drawn in perspective. -- Scen`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sce*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [L. scaenographia, Gr. &?;; &?; scene, stage + gra`fein to write: cf. F. scénographie.] The art or act of representing a body on a perspective plane; also, a representation or description of a body, in all its dimensions, as it appears to the eye. Greenhill.

Scent (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scented; p. pr. & vb. n. Scenting.] [Originally sent, fr. F. sentir to feel, to smell. See Sense.] 1. To perceive by the olfactory organs; to smell; as, to scent game, as a hound does.

Methinks I scent the morning air.
Shak.

2. To imbue or fill with odor; to perfume.

Balm from a silver box distilled around,
Shall all bedew the roots, and scent the sacred ground.
Dryden.

Scent, v. i. 1. To have a smell. [Obs.]

Thunderbolts . . . do scent strongly of brimstone.
Holland.

2. To hunt animals by means of the sense of smell.

Scent, n. 1. That which, issuing from a body, affects the olfactory organs of animals; odor; smell; as, the scent of an orange, or of a rose; the scent of musk.

With lavish hand diffuses scents ambrosial.
Prior.

2. Specifically, the odor left by an animal on the ground in passing over it; as, dogs find or lose the scent; hence, course of pursuit; track of discovery.

He gained the observations of innumerable ages, and traveled upon the same scent into Ethiopia.
Sir W. Temple.

3. The power of smelling; the sense of smell; as, a hound of nice scent; to divert the scent. I. Watts.

Scent"ful (?), a. 1. Full of scent or odor; odorous. "A scentful nosegay." W. Browne.

2. Of quick or keen smell.

The scentful osprey by the rock had fished.
W. Browne.

Scent"ing*ly (?), adv. By scent. [R.] Fuller.

Scent"less, a. Having no scent.

The scentless and the scented rose.
Cowper.

||Scep"sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; doubt, fr. &?; to consider: cf. G. skepsis. See Skeptic.] Skepticism; skeptical philosophy. [R.]

Among their products were the system of Locke, the scepsis of Hume, the critical philosophy of Kant.
J. Martineau.

{ Scep"ter, Scep"tre } (?), n. [F. sceptre, L. sceptrum, from Gr. &?; a staff to lean upon, a scepter; probably akin to E. shaft. See Shaft, and cf. Scape a stem, shaft.] 1. A staff or baton borne by a sovereign, as a ceremonial badge or emblem of authority; a royal mace.

And the king held out Esther the golden scepter that was in his hand.
Esther v. 2.

2. Hence, royal or imperial power or authority; sovereignty; as, to assume the scepter.

The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come.
Gen. xlix. 10.

{ Scep"ter, Scep"tre }, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sceptered (?) or Sceptred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sceptering (?) or Sceptring (&?;).] To endow with the scepter, or emblem of authority; to invest with royal authority.

To Britain's queen the sceptered suppliant bends.
Tickell.

Scep`ter*el"late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a straight shaft with whorls of spines; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. under Spicule.

{ Scep"ter*less, Scep"tre*less }, a. Having no scepter; without authority; powerless; as, a scepterless king.

{ Scep"tic (?), Scep"tic*al, Scep"ti*cism, etc.} See Skeptic, Skeptical, Skepticism, etc.

Scep"tral (?), a. Of or pertaining to a scepter; like a scepter.

Scern (?), v. t. To discern; to perceive. [Obs.]

Schade (?), n. Shade; shadow. [Obs.]

&fist; English words now beginning with sh, like shade, were formerly often spelled with a c between the s and h; as, schade; schame; schape; schort, etc.

Schah (?), n. See Shah.

Sche"di*asm (?), n. [Gr. &?; an extempore, fr. &?; to do offhand, &?; sudden, fr. &?; near.] Cursory writing on a loose sheet. [R.]

Sched"ule (?; in England commonly ?; 277), n. [F. cédule, formerly also spelt schedule, L. schedula, dim. of scheda, scida, a strip of papyrus bark, a leaf of paper; akin to (or perh. from) Gr. &?; a tablet, leaf, and to L. scindere to cleave, Gr. &?;. See Schism, and cf. Cedule.] A written or printed scroll or sheet of paper; a document; especially, a formal list or inventory; a list or catalogue annexed to a larger document, as to a will, a lease, a statute, etc.

Syn. -- Catalogue; list; inventory. see List.

Sched"ule, v. t. To form into, or place in, a schedule.

Scheele's" green` (?). [See Scheelite.] (Chem.) See under Green.

Scheel"in (?), n. (Chem.) Scheelium. [Obs.]

Scheel"ite (&?;), n. [From C.W. Scheele, a Swedish chemist.] (Min.) Calcium tungstate, a mineral of a white or pale yellowish color and of the tetragonal system of crystallization.

Schee"li*um (?), n. [NL. From C.W. Scheele, who discovered it.] (Chem.) The metal tungsten. [Obs.]

Scheik (shēk or shāk), n. See Sheik.

Schel"ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) The powan. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sche"ma (?), n.; pl. Schemata (#), E. Schemas (#). [G. See Scheme.] (Kantian Philos.) An outline or image universally applicable to a general conception, under which it is likely to be presented to the mind; as, five dots in a line are a schema of the number five; a preceding and succeeding event are a schema of cause and effect.

Sche*mat"ic (?), a. [Cf. Gr. &?; pretended.] Of or pertaining to a scheme or a schema.

Sche"ma*tism (?), n. [Cf. F. schématisme (cf. L. schematismos florid speech), fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to form. See Scheme.] 1. (Astrol.) Combination of the aspects of heavenly bodies.

2. Particular form or disposition of a thing; an exhibition in outline of any systematic arrangement. [R.]

Sche"ma*tist (?), n. One given to forming schemes; a projector; a schemer. Swift.

Sche"ma*tize (?), v. i. [Cf. F. schématiser, Gr. &?;.] To form a scheme or schemes.

Scheme (?), n. [L. schema a rhetorical figure, a shape, figure, manner, Gr. &?;, &?;, form, shape, outline, plan, fr. &?;, &?;, to have or hold, to hold out, sustain, check, stop; cf. Skr. sah to be victorious, to endure, to hold out, AS. sige victory, G. sieg. Cf. Epoch, Hectic, School.] 1. A combination of things connected and adjusted by design; a system.

The appearance and outward scheme of things.
Locke.

Such a scheme of things as shall at once take in time and eternity.
Atterbury.

Arguments . . . sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy.
J. Edwards.

The Revolution came and changed his whole scheme of life.
Macaulay.

2. A plan or theory something to be done; a design; a project; as, to form a scheme.

The stoical scheme of supplying our wants by lopping off our desires, is like cutting off our feet when we want shoes.
Swift.

3. Any lineal or mathematical diagram; an outline.

To draw an exact scheme of Constantinople, or a map of France.
South.

4. (Astrol.) A representation of the aspects of the celestial bodies for any moment or at a given event.

A blue silk case, from which was drawn a scheme of nativity.
Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Plan; project; contrivance; purpose; device; plot. -- Scheme, Plan. Scheme and plan are subordinate to design; they propose modes of carrying our designs into effect. Scheme is the least definite of the two, and lies more in speculation. A plan is drawn out into details with a view to being carried into effect. As schemes are speculative, they often prove visionary; hence the opprobrious use of the words schemer and scheming. Plans, being more practical, are more frequently carried into effect.

He forms the well-concerted scheme of mischief;
'T is fixed, 't is done, and both are doomed to death.
Rowe.

Artists and plans relieved my solemn hours;
I founded palaces, and planted bowers.
Prior.

Scheme, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schemed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scheming.] To make a scheme of; to plan; to design; to project; to plot.

That wickedness which schemed, and executed, his destruction.
G. Stuart.

Scheme, v. i. To form a scheme or schemes.

Scheme"ful (?), a. Full of schemes or plans.

Schem"er (?), n. One who forms schemes; a projector; esp., a plotter; an intriguer.

Schemers and confederates in guilt.
Paley.

Schem"ing, a. Given to forming schemes; artful; intriguing. -- Schem"ing*ly, adv.

Schem"ist, n. A schemer. [R.] Waterland.

Schene (?), n. [L. schoenus, Gr. &?; a rush, a reed, a land measure: cf. F. schène.] (Antiq.) An Egyptian or Persian measure of length, varying from thirty-two to sixty stadia.

Schenk"beer` (?), n. [G. schenkbier; schenken to pour out + bier beer; -- so called because put on draught soon after it is made.] A mild German beer.

Scher"bet (?), n. See Sherbet.

||Scher"if (? or ?), n. See Sherif.

||Scher*zan"do (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a playful or sportive manner.

||Scher"zo (?), n. [It.] (Mus.) A playful, humorous movement, commonly in 3-4 measure, which often takes the place of the old minuet and trio in a sonata or a symphony.

||Sche"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, to have or hold. See Scheme.] 1. General state or disposition of the body or mind, or of one thing with regard to other things; habitude. [Obs.] Norris.

2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech whereby the mental habitude of an adversary or opponent is feigned for the purpose of arguing against him. Crabb.

{ Schet"ic (?), Schet"ic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. Gr. &?; holding back.] Of or pertaining to the habit of the body; constitutional. [Obs.] Cudworth.

Schie*dam" (?), n. [Short for Schiedam schnapps.] Holland gin made at Schiedam in the Netherlands.

Schil"ler (?), n. [G., play of colors.] (Min.) The peculiar bronzelike luster observed in certain minerals, as hypersthene, schiller spar, etc. It is due to the presence of minute inclusions in parallel position, and is sometimes of secondary origin.

Schiller spar (Min.), an altered variety of enstatite, exhibiting, in certain positions, a bronzelike luster.

Schil`ler*i*za"tion (&?;), n. (Min.) The act or process of producing schiller in a mineral mass.

Schil"ling (?), n. [G. See Shilling.] Any one of several small German and Dutch coins, worth from about one and a half cents to about five cents.

||Schin`dy*le"sis (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a splitting into fragments.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which one bone is received into a groove or slit in another.

Schir"rhus (?), n. See Scirrhus.

Schism (?), n. [OE. scisme, OF. cisme, scisme, F. schisme, L. schisma, Gr. schi`sma, fr. schi`zein to split; akin to L. scindere, Skr. chid, and prob. to E. shed, v.t. (which see); cf. Rescind, Schedule, Zest.] Division or separation; specifically (Eccl.), permanent division or separation in the Christian church; breach of unity among people of the same religious faith; the offense of seeking to produce division in a church without justifiable cause.

Set bounds to our passions by reason, to our errors by truth, and to our schisms by charity.
Eikon Basilike.

Greek schism (Eccl.), the separation of the Greek and Roman churches. -- Great schism, or Western schism (Eccl.) a schism in the Roman church in the latter part of the 14th century, on account of rival claimants to the papal throne. -- Schism act (Law), an act of the English Parliament requiring all teachers to conform to the Established Church, -- passed in 1714, repealed in 1719.

||Schis"ma (?), n. [L., a split, separation, Gr. schi`sma: cf. F. schisma. See Schism.] (Anc. Mus.) An interval equal to half a comma.

Schis*mat"ic (s&ibreve;z*măt"&ibreve;k; so nearly all orthoëpists), a. [L. schismaticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. schismatique.] Of or pertaining to schism; implying schism; partaking of the nature of schism; tending to schism; as, schismatic opinions or proposals.

Schis*mat"ic (?; 277), n. One who creates or takes part in schism; one who separates from an established church or religious communion on account of a difference of opinion. "They were popularly classed together as canting schismatics." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Heretic; partisan. See Heretic.

Schis*mat"ic*al (?), a. Same as Schismatic. -- Schis*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Schis*mat"ic*al*ness, n.

Schis"ma*tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Schismatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Schismatizing (?).] [Cf. F. schismatiser.] To take part in schism; to make a breach of communion in the church.

Schism"less (?), a. Free from schism.

Schist (sh&ibreve;st), n. [Gr. &?; divided, divisible, fr. &?; to divide: cf. F. schiste. See Schism.] (Geol.) Any crystalline rock having a foliated structure (see Foliation) and hence admitting of ready division into slabs or slates. The common kinds are mica schist, and hornblendic schist, consisting chiefly of quartz with mica or hornblende and often feldspar.

Schis*ta"ceous (?), a. Of a slate color.

Schist"ic (?), a. Schistose.

{ Schis*tose" (?; 277), Schist*ous (?) }, a. [Cf. F. schisteux.] (Geol.) Of or pertaining to schist; having the structure of a schist.

Schis*tos"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. schistosité.] (Geol.) The quality or state of being schistose.

Schiz"o- (?). [Gr. &?; to split, cleave.] A combining form denoting division or cleavage; as, schizogenesis, reproduction by fission or cell division.

Schiz"o*carp (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.) A dry fruit which splits at maturity into several closed one-seeded portions.

Schiz"o*cœle (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; hollow.] (Anat.) See Enterocœle.

Schiz`o*cœ"lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a schizocœle.

Schiz`o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Schizo- + genesis.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission. Haeckel.

Schiz"og*nath (?), n. [See Schizognathous.] (Zoöl.) Any bird with a schizognathous palate.

||Schi*zog"na*thæ (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The schizognathous birds.

Schi*zog"na*thism (?), n. (Zoöl.) The condition of having a schizognathous palate.

Schi*zog"na*thous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; the jaw.] (Zoöl.) Having the maxillo- palatine bones separate from each other and from the vomer, which is pointed in front, as in the gulls, snipes, grouse, and many other birds.

||Schiz`o*my*ce"tes (?), n. pl., [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to split + &?;, -&?;, a fungus.] (Biol.) An order of Schizophyta, including the so-called fission fungi, or bacteria. See Schizophyta, in the Supplement.

||Schiz`o*ne*mer"te*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Schizo-, and Nemertes.] (Zoöl.) A group of nemerteans comprising those having a deep slit along each side of the head. See Illust. in Appendix.

Schiz`o*pel"mous (?), a. [Schizo- + Gr. pe`lma the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two flexor tendons of the toes entirely separate, and the flexor hallucis going to the first toe only.

Schiz"o*phyte (?), n. [Schizo- + Gr. &?; a plant.] (Biol.) One of a class of vegetable organisms, in the classification of Cohn, which includes all of the inferior forms that multiply by fission, whether they contain chlorophyll or not.

Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), n. (Zoöl.) one of the Schizopoda. Also used adjectively.

{ Schiz"o*pod (?; 277), Schi*zop"o*dous (?) }, a. Of or pertaining to a schizopod, or the Schizopoda.

||Schi*zop"o*da (?), n. pl., [NL. See Schizo-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) A division of shrimplike Thoracostraca in which each of the thoracic legs has a long fringed upper branch (exopodite) for swimming.

Schiz`o*rhi"nal (?), a. [Schizo- + rhinal.] 1. (Anat.) Having the nasal bones separate.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior nostrils prolonged backward in the form of a slit.

||Schlich (?), n. [G.; akin to LG. slick mud, D. slijk, MHG. slīch.] (Metal.) The finer portion of a crushed ore, as of gold, lead, or tin, separated by the water in certain wet processes. [Written also slich, slick.]

Schmel"ze (?), n. [G. schmelz, schmelzglas.] A kind of glass of a red or ruby color, made in Bohemia.

Schnapps (?), n. [G., a dram of spirits.] Holland gin. [U.S.]

Schnei*de"ri*an (&?;), a. (Anat.) Discovered or described by C. V. Schneider, a German anatomist of the seventeenth century.

Schneiderian membrane, the mucous membrane which lines the nasal chambers; the pituitary membrane.

Scho*har"ie grit` (?). (Geol.) The formation belonging to the middle of the three subdivisions of the Corniferous period in the American Devonian system; -- so called from Schoharie, in New York, where it occurs. See the Chart of Geology.

Schol"ar (?), n. [OE. scoler, AS. scōlere, fr. L. scholaris belonging to a school, fr. schola a school. See School.] 1. One who attends a school; one who learns of a teacher; one under the tuition of a preceptor; a pupil; a disciple; a learner; a student.

I am no breeching scholar in the schools.
Shak.

2. One engaged in the pursuits of learning; a learned person; one versed in any branch, or in many branches, of knowledge; a person of high literary or scientific attainments; a savant. Shak. Locke.

3. A man of books. Bacon.

4. In English universities, an undergraduate who belongs to the foundation of a college, and receives support in part from its revenues.

Syn. -- Pupil; learner; disciple. -- Scholar, Pupil. Scholar refers to the instruction, and pupil to the care and government, of a teacher. A scholar is one who is under instruction; a pupil is one who is under the immediate and personal care of an instructor; hence we speak of a bright scholar, and an obedient pupil.

Scho*lar"i*ty (?), n. [OF. scholarité, or LL. scholaritas.] Scholarship. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Schol"ar*like` (?), a. Scholarly. Bacon.

Schol"ar*ly, a. Like a scholar, or learned person; showing the qualities of a scholar; as, a scholarly essay or critique. -- adv. In a scholarly manner.

Schol"ar*ship, n. 1. The character and qualities of a scholar; attainments in science or literature; erudition; learning.

A man of my master's . . . great scholarship.
Pope.

2. Literary education. [R.]

Any other house of scholarship.
Milton.

3. Maintenance for a scholar; a foundation for the support of a student. T. Warton.

Syn. -- Learning; erudition; knowledge.

Scho*las"tic (?), a. [L. scholasticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to have leisure, to give lectures, to keep a school, from &?; leisure, a lecture, a school: cf. F. scholastique, scolastique. See School.] 1. Pertaining to, or suiting, a scholar, a school, or schools; scholarlike; as, scholastic manners or pride; scholastic learning. Sir K. Digby.

2. Of or pertaining to the schoolmen and divines of the Middle Ages (see Schoolman); as, scholastic divinity or theology; scholastic philosophy. Locke.

3. Hence, characterized by excessive subtilty, or needlessly minute subdivisions; pedantic; formal.

Scho*las"tic, n. 1. One who adheres to the method or subtilties of the schools. Milton.

2. (R. C. Ch.) See the Note under Jesuit.

Scho*las"tic*al (?), a. & n. Scholastic.

Scho*las"tic*al*ly, adv. In a scholastic manner.

Scho*las"ti*cism (?), n. The method or subtilties of the schools of philosophy; scholastic formality; scholastic doctrines or philosophy.

The spirit of the old scholasticism . . . spurned laborious investigation and slow induction.
J. P. Smith.

Scho"li*a (?), n. pl. See Scholium.

Scho"li*ast (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a scholium: cf. F. scoliate. See Scholium.] A maker of scholia; a commentator or annotator.

No . . . quotations from Talmudists and scholiasts . . . ever marred the effect of his grave temperate discourses.
Macaulay.

Scho`li*as"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a scholiast, or his pursuits. Swift.

Scho"li*aze (?), v. i. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To write scholia. [Obs.] Milton.

Schol"ic*al (?), a. [L. scholicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See School.] Scholastic. [Obs.] Hales.

||Scho"li*on (?), n. [NL.] A scholium.

A judgment which follows immediately from another is sometimes called a corollary, or consectary . . . One which illustrates the science where it appears, but is not an integral part of it, is a scholion.
Abp. Thomson (Laws of Thought).

Scho"li*um (?), n.; pl. L. Scholia (#), E. Scholiums (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;. See School.] 1. A marginal annotation; an explanatory remark or comment; specifically, an explanatory comment on the text of a classic author by an early grammarian.

2. A remark or observation subjoined to a demonstration or a train of reasoning.

Scho"ly (?), n. A scholium. [Obs.] Hooker.

Scho"ly (?), v. i. & t. To write scholia; to annotate. [Obs.]

School (?), n. [For shoal a crowd; prob. confused with school for learning.] A shoal; a multitude; as, a school of fish.

School, n. [OE. scole, AS. sc&?;lu, L. schola, Gr. &?; leisure, that in which leisure is employed, disputation, lecture, a school, probably from the same root as &?;, the original sense being perhaps, a stopping, a resting. See Scheme.] 1. A place for learned intercourse and instruction; an institution for learning; an educational establishment; a place for acquiring knowledge and mental training; as, the school of the prophets.

Disputing daily in the school of one Tyrannus.
Acts xix. 9.

2. A place of primary instruction; an establishment for the instruction of children; as, a primary school; a common school; a grammar school.

As he sat in the school at his primer.
Chaucer.

3. A session of an institution of instruction.

How now, Sir Hugh! No school to- day?
Shak.

4. One of the seminaries for teaching logic, metaphysics, and theology, which were formed in the Middle Ages, and which were characterized by academical disputations and subtilties of reasoning.

At Cambridge the philosophy of Descartes was still dominant in the schools.
Macaulay.

5. The room or hall in English universities where the examinations for degrees and honors are held.

6. An assemblage of scholars; those who attend upon instruction in a school of any kind; a body of pupils.

What is the great community of Christians, but one of the innumerable schools in the vast plan which God has instituted for the education of various intelligences?
Buckminster.

7. The disciples or followers of a teacher; those who hold a common doctrine, or accept the same teachings; a sect or denomination in philosophy, theology, science, medicine, politics, etc.

Let no man be less confident in his faith . . . by reason of any difference in the several schools of Christians.
Jer. Taylor.

8. The canons, precepts, or body of opinion or practice, sanctioned by the authority of a particular class or age; as, he was a gentleman of the old school.

His face pale but striking, though not handsome after the schools.
A. S. Hardy.

9. Figuratively, any means of knowledge or discipline; as, the school of experience.

Boarding school, Common school, District school, Normal school, etc. See under Boarding, Common, District, etc. -- High school, a free public school nearest the rank of a college. [U. S.] -- School board, a corporation established by law in every borough or parish in England, and elected by the burgesses or ratepayers, with the duty of providing public school accommodation for all children in their district. -- School committee, School board, an elected committee of citizens having charge and care of the public schools in any district, town, or city, and responsible for control of the money appropriated for school purposes. [U. S.] -- School days, the period in which youth are sent to school. -- School district, a division of a town or city for establishing and conducting schools. [U.S.] -- Sunday school, or Sabbath school, a school held on Sunday for study of the Bible and for religious instruction; the pupils, or the teachers and pupils, of such a school, collectively.

School, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Schooled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Schooling.] 1. To train in an institution of learning; to educate at a school; to teach.

He's gentle, never schooled, and yet learned.
Shak.

2. To tutor; to chide and admonish; to reprove; to subject to systematic discipline; to train.

It now remains for you to school your child,
And ask why God's Anointed be reviled.
Dryden.

The mother, while loving her child with the intensity of a sole affection, had schooled herself to hope for little other return than the waywardness of an April breeze.
Hawthorne.

School"book` (?), n. A book used in schools for learning lessons.

School"boy` (?), n. A boy belonging to, or attending, a school.

School"dame` (?). n. A schoolmistress.

School"er*y (&?;), n. Something taught; precepts; schooling. [Obs.] Spenser.

School"fel`low (?), n. One bred at the same school; an associate in school.

School"girl` (?), n. A girl belonging to, or attending, a school.

School"house` (?), n. A house appropriated for the use of a school or schools, or for instruction.

School"ing, n. 1. Instruction in school; tuition; education in an institution of learning; act of teaching.

2. Discipline; reproof; reprimand; as, he gave his son a good schooling. Sir W. Scott.

3. Compensation for instruction; price or reward paid to an instructor for teaching pupils.

School"ing, a. [See School a shoal.] (Zoöl.) Collecting or running in schools or shoals.

Schooling species like the herring and menhaden.
G. B. Goode.

School"ma'am (?), n. A schoolmistress. [Colloq.U.S.]

School"maid` (?), n. A schoolgirl. Shak.

School"man` (?), n.; pl. Schoolmen (&?;). One versed in the niceties of academical disputation or of school divinity.

&fist; The schoolmen were philosophers and divines of the Middle Ages, esp. from the 11th century to the Reformation, who spent much time on points of nice and abstract speculation. They were so called because they taught in the mediæval universities and schools of divinity.

School"mas`ter (?), n. 1. The man who presides over and teaches a school; a male teacher of a school.

Let the soldier be abroad if he will; he can do nothing in this age. There is another personage abroad, -- a person less imposing, -- in the eyes of some, perhaps, insignificant. The schoolmaster is abroad; and I trust to him, armed with his primer, against the soldier in full military array.
Brougham.

2. One who, or that which, disciplines and directs.

The law was our schoolmaster, to bring us unto Christ.
Gal. iii. 24.

School"mate` (?), n. A pupil who attends the same school as another.

School"mis`tress (?), n. A woman who governs and teaches a school; a female school-teacher.

School"room` (?), n. A room in which pupils are taught.

School"ship` (?), n. A vessel employed as a nautical training school, in which naval apprentices receive their education at the expense of the state, and are trained for service as sailors. Also, a vessel used as a reform school to which boys are committed by the courts to be disciplined, and instructed as mariners.

School"-teach`er (?), n. One who teaches or instructs a school. -- School"-teach`ing, n.

School"ward (?), adv. Toward school. Chaucer.

Schoon"er (?), n. [See the Note below. Cf. Shun.] (Naut.) Originally, a small, sharp-built vessel, with two masts and fore-and-aft rig. Sometimes it carried square topsails on one or both masts and was called a topsail schooner. About 1840, longer vessels with three masts, fore-and- aft rigged, came into use, and since that time vessels with four masts and even with six masts, so rigged, are built. Schooners with more than two masts are designated three-masted schooners, four- masted schooners, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

&fist; The first schooner ever constructed is said to have been built in Gloucester, Massachusetts, about the year 1713, by a Captain Andrew Robinson, and to have received its name from the following trivial circumstance: When the vessel went off the stocks into the water, a bystander cried out,"O, how she scoons!" Robinson replied, " A scooner let her be;" and, from that time, vessels thus masted and rigged have gone by this name. The word scoon is popularly used in some parts of New England to denote the act of making stones skip along the surface of water. The Scottish scon means the same thing. Both words are probably allied to the Icel. skunda, skynda, to make haste, hurry, AS. scunian to avoid, shun, Prov. E. scun. In the New England records, the word appears to have been originally written scooner. Babson, in his "History of Gloucester," gives the following extract from a letter written in that place Sept. 25, 1721, by Dr. Moses Prince, brother of the Rev. Thomas Prince, the annalist of New England: "This gentleman (Captain Robinson) was first contriver of schooners, and built the first of that sort about eight years since."

Schoon"er, n. [D.] A large goblet or drinking glass, -- used for lager beer or ale. [U.S.]

Schorl (shôrl), n. [G. schörl; cf. Sw. skörl.] (Min.) Black tourmaline. [Written also shorl.]

Schor*la"ceous (?), a. Partaking of the nature and character of schorl; resembling schorl.

Schorl"ous (?), a. Schorlaceous.

Schorl"y> (&?;), a. Pertaining to, or containing, schorl; as, schorly granite.

{ Schot"tish, Schot"tische }, (&?;), n. [F. schottish, schotisch from G. schottisch Scottish, Scotch.] A Scotch round dance in 2-4 time, similar to the polka, only slower; also, the music for such a dance; -- not to be confounded with the Écossaise.

Schrei"bers*ite (?), n. [Named after Carl von Schreibers, of Vienna.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in steel-gray flexible folia. It contains iron, nickel, and phosphorus, and is found only in meteoric iron.

Schrode (?), n. See Scrod.

Schwann's" sheath` (?). [So called from Theodor Schwann, a German anatomist of the 19th century.] (Anat.) The neurilemma.

Schwann's white" sub"stance (?). (Anat.) The substance of the medullary sheath.

Schwan"pan` (?), n. Chinese abacus.

||Schweit"zer*kä"se (?), n. [G. schweizerkäse Swiss cheese.] Gruyère cheese.

{ Schwenk"feld`er (?), Schwenk"feld`i*an (?) }, n. A member of a religious sect founded by Kaspar von Schwenkfeld, a Silesian reformer who disagreed with Luther, especially on the deification of the body of Christ.

Sci*æ"noid (?), a. [L. sciæna a kind of fish (fr. Gr. &?;) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Sciænidæ, a family of marine fishes which includes the meagre, the squeteague, and the kingfish.

Sci"a*graph (?), n. [See Sciagraphy.] 1. (Arch.) An old term for a vertical section of a building; -- called also sciagraphy. See Vertical section, under Section.

2. (Phys.) A radiograph. [Written also skiagraph.]

Sci`a*graph"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sciagraphique, Gr. &?;.] Pertaining to sciagraphy. - - Sci`a*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sci*ag"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; drawing in light and shade; &?; a shadow + &?; to delineate, describe: cf. F. sciagraphie.] 1. The art or science of projecting or delineating shadows as they fall in nature. Gwilt.

2. (Arch.) Same as Sciagraph.

Sci*am"a*chy (?), n. See Sciomachy.

{ Sci`a*ther"ic (?), Sci`a*ther"ic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a sundial; &?; a shadow + &?; to hunt, to catch.] Belonging to a sundial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

-- Sci`a*ther"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

Sci*at"ic (?), a. [F. sciatique, LL. sciaticus, from L. ischiadicus, Gr. &?;. See Ischiadic.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as, the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains.

Sci*at"ic, n. [Cf. F. sciatique.] (Med.) Sciatica.

Sci*at"i*ca (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) Neuralgia of the sciatic nerve, an affection characterized by paroxysmal attacks of pain in the buttock, back of the thigh, or in the leg or foot, following the course of the branches of the sciatic nerve. The name is also popularly applied to various painful affections of the hip and the parts adjoining it. See Ischiadic passion, under Ischiadic.

Sci*at"ic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Sciatic.

Sci*at"ic*al*ly, adv. With, or by means of, sciatica.

Scib"bo*leth (?), n. Shibboleth. [Obs.]

Sci"ence (?), n. [F., fr. L. scientia, fr. sciens, -entis, p. pr. of scire to know. Cf. Conscience, Conscious, Nice.] 1. Knowledge; knowledge of principles and causes; ascertained truth of facts.

If we conceive God's sight or science, before the creation, to be extended to all and every part of the world, seeing everything as it is, . . . his science or sight from all eternity lays no necessity on anything to come to pass.
Hammond.

Shakespeare's deep and accurate science in mental philosophy.
Coleridge.

2. Accumulated and established knowledge, which has been systematized and formulated with reference to the discovery of general truths or the operation of general laws; knowledge classified and made available in work, life, or the search for truth; comprehensive, profound, or philosophical knowledge.

All this new science that men lere [teach].
Chaucer.

Science is . . . a complement of cognitions, having, in point of form, the character of logical perfection, and in point of matter, the character of real truth.
Sir W. Hamilton.

3. Especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, the qualities and functions of living tissues, etc.; -- called also natural science, and physical science.

Voltaire hardly left a single corner of the field entirely unexplored in science, poetry, history, philosophy.
J. Morley.

4. Any branch or department of systematized knowledge considered as a distinct field of investigation or object of study; as, the science of astronomy, of chemistry, or of mind.

&fist; The ancients reckoned seven sciences, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; -- the first three being included in the Trivium, the remaining four in the Quadrivium.

Good sense, which only is the gift of Heaven,
And though no science, fairly worth the seven.
Pope.

5. Art, skill, or expertness, regarded as the result of knowledge of laws and principles.

His science, coolness, and great strength.
G. A. Lawrence.

&fist; Science is applied or pure. Applied science is a knowledge of facts, events, or phenomena, as explained, accounted for, or produced, by means of powers, causes, or laws. Pure science is the knowledge of these powers, causes, or laws, considered apart, or as pure from all applications. Both these terms have a similar and special signification when applied to the science of quantity; as, the applied and pure mathematics. Exact science is knowledge so systematized that prediction and verification, by measurement, experiment, observation, etc., are possible. The mathematical and physical sciences are called the exact sciences.

Comparative sciences, Inductive sciences. See under Comparative, and Inductive.

Syn. -- Literature; art; knowledge. -- Science, Literature, Art. Science is literally knowledge, but more usually denotes a systematic and orderly arrangement of knowledge. In a more distinctive sense, science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject-matter is either ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles or laws thus arranged in natural order. The term literature sometimes denotes all compositions not embraced under science, but usually confined to the belles-lettres. [See Literature.] Art is that which depends on practice and skill in performance. "In science, scimus ut sciamus; in art, scimus ut producamus. And, therefore, science and art may be said to be investigations of truth; but one, science, inquires for the sake of knowledge; the other, art, for the sake of production; and hence science is more concerned with the higher truths, art with the lower; and science never is engaged, as art is, in productive application. And the most perfect state of science, therefore, will be the most high and accurate inquiry; the perfection of art will be the most apt and efficient system of rules; art always throwing itself into the form of rules." Karslake.

Sci"ence, v. t. To cause to become versed in science; to make skilled; to instruct. [R.] Francis.

Sci"ent (?), a. [L. sciens, - entis, p. pr.] Knowing; skillful. [Obs.] Cockeram.

||Sci*en"ter (?), adv. [L.] (Law) Knowingly; willfully. Bouvier.

Sci*en"tial (?), a. [LL. scientialis, fr. L. scientia.] Pertaining to, or producing, science. [R.] Milton.

Sci`en*tif"ic (?), a. [F. scientifique; L. scientia science + facere to make.] 1. Of or pertaining to science; used in science; as, scientific principles; scientific apparatus; scientific observations.

2. Agreeing with, or depending on, the rules or principles of science; as, a scientific classification; a scientific arrangement of fossils.

3. Having a knowledge of science, or of a science; evincing science or systematic knowledge; as, a scientific chemist; a scientific reasoner; a scientific argument.

Bossuet is as scientific in the structure of his sentences.
Landor.

Scientific method, the method employed in exact science and consisting of: (a) Careful and abundant observation and experiment. (b) generalization of the results into formulated "Laws" and statements.

Sci`en*tif"ic*al (?), a. Scientific. Locke.

Sci`en*tif"ic*al*ly, adv. In a scientific manner; according to the rules or principles of science.

It is easier to believe than to be scientifically instructed.
Locke.

Sci"en*tist (?), n. One learned in science; a scientific investigator; one devoted to scientific study; a savant. [Recent]

&fist; Twenty years ago I ventured to propose one [a name for the class of men who give their lives to scientific study] which has been slowly finding its way to general adoption; and the word scientist, though scarcely euphonious, has gradually assumed its place in our vocabulary. B. A. Gould (Address, 1869).

Scil"i*cet (?), adv. [L., fr. scire licet you may know.] To wit; namely; videlicet; -- often abbreviated to sc., or ss.

Scil"la*in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from squill (Scilla) as a light porous substance.

Scil"li*tin (?), n. [Cf. F. scilitine.] (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from the bulbs of the squill (Scilla), and probably consisting of a complex mixture of several substances.

{ Scim"i*ter , Scim"i*tar } (?), n. [F. cimeterre, cf. It. scimitarra, Sp. cimitarra; fr. Biscayan cimetarra with a sharp edge; or corrupted from Per. shimshīr.] 1. A saber with a much curved blade having the edge on the convex side, -- in use among Mohammedans, esp., the Arabs and persians. [Written also cimeter, and scymetar.]

2. A long-handled billhook. See Billhook.

Scimiter pods (Bot.), the immense curved woody pods of a leguminous woody climbing plant (Entada scandens) growing in tropical India and America. They contain hard round flattish seeds two inches in diameter, which are made into boxes.

Scin"coid (?), a. [L. scincus a kind of lizard (fr. Gr. &?;) + -oid. Cf. Skink.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scincidæ, or skinks. -- n. A scincoidian.

||Scin*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of lizards including the skinks. See Skink.

Scin*coid"i*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of lizards of the family Scincidæ or tribe Scincoidea. The tongue is not extensile. The body and tail are covered with overlapping scales, and the toes are margined. See Illust. under Skink.

Scin"iph (?), n. [L. scinifes, cinifes, or ciniphes, pl., Gr. &?;.] Some kind of stinging or biting insect, as a flea, a gnat, a sandfly, or the like. Ex. viii. 17 (Douay version).

Scink (?), n. (Zoöl.) A skink.

Scink (?), n. A slunk calf. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

||Scin*til"la (?), n. [L.] A spark; the least particle; an iota; a tittle. R. North.

Scin"til*lant (?), a. [L. scintillans, p. pr. of scintillare to sparkle. See Scintillate.] Emitting sparks, or fine igneous particles; sparkling. M. Green.

Scin"til*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scintillated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scintillating.] [L. scintillare, scintillatum, from scintilla a spark. Cf. Stencil.] 1. To emit sparks, or fine igneous particles.

As the electrical globe only scintillates when rubbed against its cushion.
Sir W. Scott.

2. To sparkle, as the fixed stars.

Scin`til*la"tion (?), n. [L. scintillatio: cf. F. scintillation.] 1. The act of scintillating.

2. A spark or flash emitted in scintillating.

These scintillations are . . . the inflammable effluences discharged from the bodies collided.
Sir T. Browne.

Scin"til*lous (?), a. Scintillant. [R.]

Scin"til*lous*ly, adv. In a scintillant manner. [R.]

Sci*og"ra*phy (?), n. See Sciagraphy.

Sci"o*lism (?), n. [See Sciolist.] The knowledge of a sciolist; superficial knowledge.

Sci"o*list (?), n. [L. sciolus. See Sciolous.] One who knows many things superficially; a pretender to science; a smatterer.

These passages in that book were enough to humble the presumption of our modern sciolists, if their pride were not as great as their ignorance.
Sir W. Temple.

A master were lauded and sciolists shent.
R. Browning.

Sci`o*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sciolism, or a sciolist; partaking of sciolism; resembling a sciolist.

Sci"o*lous (?), a. [L. scilus, dim. of scius knowing, fr. scire to know. See Science.] Knowing superficially or imperfectly. Howell.

Sci*om"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; a shadow + &?; battle: cf. F. sciomachie, sciamachie.] A fighting with a shadow; a mock contest; an imaginary or futile combat. [Written also scimachy.] Cowley.

Sci"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a shadow + -mancy: cf. F. sciomance, sciamancie.] Divination by means of shadows.

Sci"on (?), n. [OF. cion, F. scion, probably from scier to saw, fr. L. secare to cut. Cf. Section.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A shoot or sprout of a plant; a sucker. (b) A piece of a slender branch or twig cut for grafting. [Formerly written also cion, and cyon.]

2. Hence, a descendant; an heir; as, a scion of a royal stock.

Sci*op"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; shadow + &?; belonging to sight: cf. F. scioptique. See Optic.] (Opt.) Of or pertaining to an optical arrangement for forming images in a darkened room, usually called scioptic ball.

Scioptic ball (Opt.), the lens of a camera obscura mounted in a wooden ball which fits a socket in a window shutter so as to be readily turned, like the eye, to different parts of the landscape.

Sci*op"ti*con (?), n. [NL. See Scioptic.] A kind of magic lantern.

Sci*op"tics (?), n. The art or process of exhibiting luminous images, especially those of external objects, in a darkened room, by arrangements of lenses or mirrors.

Sci*op"tric (?), a. (Opt.) Scioptic.

Sci"ot (?), a. Of or pertaining to the island Scio (Chio or Chios). -- n. A native or inhabitant of Scio. [Written also Chiot.]

Sci`o*ther"ic (?), a. [Cf. L. sciothericon a sundial. See Sciatheric.] Of or pertaining to a sundial.

Sciotheric telescope (Dialing), an instrument consisting of a horizontal dial, with a telescope attached to it, used for determining the time, whether of day or night.

Sci"ous (?), a. [L. scius.] Knowing; having knowledge. "Brutes may be and are scious." Coleridge.

||Sci`re fa"ci*as (sī`r&esl; fā"sh&ibreve;*ăs). [L., do you cause to know.] (Law) A judicial writ, founded upon some record, and requiring the party proceeded against to show cause why the party bringing it should not have advantage of such record, or (as in the case of scire facias to repeal letters patent) why the record should not be annulled or vacated. Wharton. Bouvier.

Scir"rhoid (sk&ibreve;r"roid), a. [Scirrhus + -oid.] Resembling scirrhus. Dunglison.

Scir*rhos"i*ty (sk&ibreve;r*r&obreve;s"&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. (Med.) A morbid induration, as of a gland; state of being scirrhous.

Scir"rhous (sk&ibreve;r"rŭs), a. [NL. scirrhosus.] (Med.) Proceeding from scirrhus; of the nature of scirrhus; indurated; knotty; as, scirrhous affections; scirrhous disease. [Written also skirrhous.]

Scir"rhus (?), n.; pl. L. Scirrhi (#), E. Scirrhuses (#). [NL., from L. scirros, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, hard.] (Med.) (a) An indurated organ or part; especially, an indurated gland. [Obs.] (b) A cancerous tumor which is hard, translucent, of a gray or bluish color, and emits a creaking sound when incised. [Sometimes incorrectly written schirrus; written also skirrhus.]

Scis`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sciscitatio, fr. sciscitari to inquire, from sciscere to seek to know, v. incho. from scire to know.] The act of inquiring; inquiry; demand. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Scise (?), v. i. [L. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] To cut; to penetrate. [Obs.]

The wicked steel scised deep in his right side.
Fairfax.

Scis"sel (?), n. [Cf. Scissile.] 1. The clippings of metals made in various mechanical operations.

2. The slips or plates of metal out of which circular blanks have been cut for the purpose of coinage.

Scis"si*ble (?), a. [L. scindere, scissum, to split.] Capable of being cut or divided by a sharp instrument. [R.] Bacon.

Scis"sil (?), n. See Scissel.

Scis"sile (?), a. [L. scissilis, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scissile. See Schism.] Capable of being cut smoothly; scissible. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Scis"sion (?), n. [L. scissio, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, to split: cf. F. scission.] The act of dividing with an instrument having a sharp edge. Wiseman.

Scis`si*par"i*ty (?), n. [L. scissus (p. p. of scindere to split) + parere to bring forth: cf. F. scissiparité.] (Biol.) Reproduction by fission.

Scis"sor (?), v. t. To cut with scissors or shears; to prepare with the aid of scissors. Massinger.

Scis"sors (?), n. pl. [OE. sisoures, OF. cisoires (cf. F. ciseaux), probably fr. LL. cisorium a cutting instrument, fr. L. caedere to cut. Cf. Chisel, Concise. The modern spelling is due to a mistaken derivation from L. scissor one who cleaves or divides, fr. scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] A cutting instrument resembling shears, but smaller, consisting of two cutting blades with handles, movable on a pin in the center, by which they are held together. Often called a pair of scissors. [Formerly written also cisors, cizars, and scissars.]

Scissors grinder (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker. [Prov. Eng.]

Scis"sors*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Skimmer.

Scis"sors*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tyrant flycatcher (Milvulus forficatus) of the Southern United States and Mexico, which has a deeply forked tail. It is light gray above, white beneath, salmon on the flanks, and fiery red at the base of the crown feathers.

Scis"sors-tailed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the outer feathers much the longest, the others decreasing regularly to the median ones.

Scis"sure (?), n. [L. scissura, from scindere, scissum, to cut, split.] A longitudinal opening in a body, made by cutting; a cleft; a fissure. Hammond.

Scit`a*min"e*ous (?; 277), a. [NL. scitamineosus, fr. Scitamineae, fr. L. scitamentum a delicacy, dainty.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants (Scitamineæ), mostly tropical herbs, including the ginger, Indian shot, banana, and the plants producing turmeric and arrowroot.

Sci"u*rine (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. sciurien. See Sciurus.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Squirrel family. -- n. A rodent of the Squirrel family.

Sci"u*roid (?), a. [Sciurus + -oid.] (Bot.) Resembling the tail of a squirrel; -- generally said of branches which are close and dense, or of spikes of grass like barley.

||Sci`u*ro*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. sciurus squirrel + Gr. morfh` form.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of rodents containing the squirrels and allied animals, such as the gophers, woodchucks, beavers, and others.

||Sci*u"rus (?), n. [L., a squirrel, Gr. &?;. See Squirrel.] (Zoöl.) A genus of rodents comprising the common squirrels.

Sclaun"dre (?), n. Slander. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Sclav (?), Sclave }, n. Same as Slav.

Sclav"ic (?), a. Same as Slavic.

Sclav"ism (?), n. Same as Slavism.

Scla*vo"nian (?), a. & n. Same as Slavonian.

Scla*von"ic (?), a. Same as Slavonic.

Sclen"der (?), a. Slender. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scler"a*go`gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; hard + &?; a leading or training.] Severe discipline. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

||Scle*re"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard.] (Med.) Induration of the cellular tissue.

Sclerema of adults. See Scleroderma. -- ||Sclerema neonatorum (&?;) [NL., of the newborn], an affection characterized by a peculiar hardening and rigidity of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues in the newly born. It is usually fatal. Called also skinbound disease.

Scle*ren"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., from Gr. sklhro`s hard + -enchyma as in parenchyma.] 1. (Bot.) Vegetable tissue composed of short cells with thickened or hardened walls, as in nutshells and the gritty parts of a pear. See Sclerotic.

&fist; By recent German writers and their English translators, this term is used for liber cells. Goodale.

2. (Zoöl.) The hard calcareous deposit in the tissues of Anthozoa, constituting the stony corals.

Scler`en*chym"a*tous (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or composed of, sclerenchyma.

Scle*ren"chyme (?), n. Sclerenchyma.

||Scle*ri"a*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Med.) (a) A morbid induration of the edge of the eyelid. (b) Induration of any part, including scleroderma.

Scle"rite (sklē"rīt), n. (Zoöl.) A hard chitinous or calcareous process or corpuscle, especially a spicule of the Alcyonaria.

||Scle*ri"tis (skl&esl;*rī"t&ibreve;s), n. [NL.] See Sclerotitis.

Scler"o*base (? or ?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + ba`sis base.] (Zoöl.) The calcareous or hornlike coral forming the central stem or axis of most compound alcyonarians; -- called also foot secretion. See Illust. under Gorgoniacea, and Cœnenchyma. -- Scler`o*ba"sic (#), a.

Scler"o*derm (? or ?; 277), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + de`rma skin: cf. F. scléroderme.] (a) (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of plectognath fishes (Sclerodermi) having the skin covered with hard scales, or plates, as the cowfish and the trunkfish. (b) One of the Sclerodermata. (c) Hardened, or bony, integument of various animals.

||Scler`o*der"ma (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) A disease of adults, characterized by a diffuse rigidity and hardness of the skin.

||Scler`o*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The stony corals; the Madreporaria.

{ Scler`o*der"mic (?), Scler`o*der"mous (?) }, (Zoöl.) (a) Having the integument, or skin, hard, or covered with hard plates. (b) Of or pertaining to the Sclerodermata.

Scler`o*der"mite (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The hard integument of Crustacea. (b) Sclerenchyma.

Scler"o*gen (? or ?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -gen.] (Bot.) The thickening matter of woody cells; lignin.

Scle*rog"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -genous.] (Anat.) Making or secreting a hard substance; becoming hard.

Scle"roid (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sklhro`s hard + &?; form.] (Bot.) Having a hard texture, as nutshells.

||Scle*ro"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard + -oma.] (Med.) Induration of the tissues. See Sclerema, Scleroderma, and Sclerosis.

Scle*rom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + -meter.] An instrument for determining with accuracy the degree of hardness of a mineral.

Scle*rosed" (?), a. Affected with sclerosis.

||Scle*ro"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. (&?;&?;, fr. sklhro`s hard.] 1. (Med.) Induration; hardening; especially, that form of induration produced in an organ by increase of its interstitial connective tissue.

2. (Bot.) Hardening of the cell wall by lignification.

Cerebro-spinal sclerosis (Med.), an affection in which patches of hardening, produced by increase of the neuroglia and atrophy of the true nerve tissue, are found scattered throughout the brain and spinal cord. It is associated with complete or partial paralysis, a peculiar jerking tremor of the muscles, headache, and vertigo, and is usually fatal. Called also multiple, disseminated, or insular, sclerosis.

Scle`ro*skel"e*ton (?), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + E. skeleton.] (Anat.) That part of the skeleton which is developed in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.

Scle*ro"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Sclerotic. -- n. The optic capsule; the sclerotic coat of the eye. Owen.

Scle*rot"ic (?), a. [Gr. sklhro`s hard: cf. F. sclérotique.] 1. Hard; firm; indurated; -- applied especially in anatomy to the firm outer coat of the eyeball, which is often cartilaginous and sometimes bony.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sclerotic coat of the eye; sclerotical.

3. (Med.) Affected with sclerosis; sclerosed.

Sclerotic parenchyma (Bot.), sclerenchyma. By some writers a distinction is made, sclerotic parenchyma being applied to tissue composed of cells with the walls hardened but not thickened, and sclerenchyma to tissue composed of cells with the walls both hardened and thickened.

Scle*rot"ic, n. [Cf. F. sclérotique.] (Anat.) The sclerotic coat of the eye. See Illust. of Eye (d).

Scle*rot"ic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from ergot or the sclerotium of a fungus growing on rye.

Scle*rot"ic*al (?), a. (Anat.) Sclerotic.

||Scler`o*ti"tis (?), n. [NL. See Sclerotic, and -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the sclerotic coat.

||Scle*ro"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Sclerotia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sklhro`s hard.] 1. (Bot.) A hardened body formed by certain fungi, as by the Claviceps purpurea, which produces ergot.

2. (Zoöl.) The mature or resting stage of a plasmodium.

Scler"o*tome (skl&ebreve;r"&osl;*tōm or sklēr"&osl;*tōm), n. [Gr. sklhro`s hard + te`mnein to cut.] (Zoöl.) One of the bony, cartilaginous, or membranous partitions which separate the myotomes. -- Scler`o*tom"ic (#), a.

Scle"rous (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Anat.) Hard; indurated; sclerotic.

Scoat (?), v. t. To prop; to scotch. [Prov. Eng.]

Scob"by (?), n. The chaffinch. [Prov. Eng.]

Scob"i*form (?), a. [L. scobs, or scobis, sawdust, scrapings + -form: cf. F. scobiforme.] Having the form of, or resembling, sawdust or raspings.

Scobs, n. sing. & pl. [L. scobs, or scobis, fr. scabere to scrape.] 1. Raspings of ivory, hartshorn, metals, or other hard substance. Chambers.

2. The dross of metals.

Scoff (?; 115), n. [OE. scof; akin to OFries. schof, OHG. scoph, Icel. skaup, and perh. to E. shove.] 1. Derision; ridicule; mockery; derisive or mocking expression of scorn, contempt, or reproach.

With scoffs, and scorns, and contumelious taunts.
Shak.

2. An object of scorn, mockery, or derision.

The scoff of withered age and beardless youth.
Cowper.

Scoff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scoffed (?; 115); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoffing.] [Cf. Dan. skuffe to deceive, delude, Icel. skopa to scoff, OD. schoppen. See Scoff, n.] To show insolent ridicule or mockery; to manifest contempt by derisive acts or language; -- often with at.

Truth from his lips prevailed with double sway,
And fools who came to scoff, remained to pray.
Goldsmith.

God's better gift they scoff at and refuse.
Cowper.

Syn. -- To sneer; mock; gibe; jeer. See Sneer.

Scoff, v. t. To treat or address with derision; to assail scornfully; to mock at.

To scoff religion is ridiculously proud and immodest.
Glanvill.

Scoff"er (?), n. One who scoffs. 2 Pet. iii. 3.

Scoff"er*y (?), n. The act of scoffing; scoffing conduct; mockery. Holinshed.

Scoff"ing*ly, adv. In a scoffing manner. Broome.

Scoke (?), n. (Bot.) Poke (Phytolacca decandra).

Sco*lay" (?), v. i. See Scoley. [Obs.]

Scold (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scolding.] [Akin to D. schelden, G. schelten, OHG. sceltan, Dan. skielde.] To find fault or rail with rude clamor; to brawl; to utter harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke; to chide sharply or coarsely; -- often with at; as, to scold at a servant.

Pardon me, lords, 't is the first time ever
I was forced to scold.
Shak.

Scold, v. t. To chide with rudeness and clamor; to rate; also, to rebuke or reprove with severity.

Scold, n. 1. One who scolds, or makes a practice of scolding; esp., a rude, clamorous woman; a shrew.

She is an irksome, brawling scold.
Shak.

2. A scolding; a brawl.

Scold"er (?), n. 1. One who scolds.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The oyster catcher; -- so called from its shrill cries. (b) The old squaw. [Local U.S.]

Scold"ing, a. & n. from Scold, v.

Scolding bridle, an iron frame. See Brank, n., 2.

Scold"ing*ly, adv. In a scolding manner.

Scole (?), n. School. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sco*le"ci*da (? or ?), n. pl. [NL. See Scolex.] (Zoöl.) Same as Helminthes.

Scol"e*cite (? or ?; 277), n. [Gr. skw`lhx, -hkos, a worm, earthworm.] (Min.) A zeolitic mineral occuring in delicate radiating groups of white crystals. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Called also lime mesotype.

||Sco*le`co*mor"pha (&?;), n. pl. [NL. See Scolex, -morphous.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scolecida.

||Sco"lex (?), n.; pl. Scoleces (#). [NL., from Gr. skw`lhx worm, grub.] (Zoöl.) (a) The embryo produced directly from the egg in a metagenetic series, especially the larva of a tapeworm or other parasitic worm. See Illust. of Echinococcus. (b) One of the Scolecida.

Sco*ley" (?), v. i. [Cf. OF. escoler to teach. See School.] To go to school; to study. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Sco`li*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. skolio`s crooked.] (Med.) A lateral curvature of the spine.

||Scol"i*thus (? or ?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. skw`lhx a worm + li`qos a stone.] (Paleon.) A tubular structure found in Potsdam sandstone, and believed to be the fossil burrow of a marine worm.

Scol"lop (?), n. & v. See Scallop.

Scol`o*pa"cine (?), a. [L. scolopax a snipe, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Scolopacidæ, or Snipe family.

||Scol`o*pen"dra (?), n. [L., a kind of multiped, fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of venomous myriapods including the centipeds. See Centiped.

2. A sea fish. [R.] Spenser.

Scol`o*pen"drine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Scolopendra.

Scol"y*tid (?), n. [Gr. &?; to cut short.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small bark-boring beetles of the genus Scolytus and allied genera. Also used adjectively.

||Scom"ber (?), n. [L., a mackerel, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of acanthopterygious fishes which includes the common mackerel.

Scom"ber*oid (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. scombéroïde.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scombroid.

||Scom`bri*for"mes (sk&obreve;m`br&ibreve;*fôr"mēz), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of fishes including the mackerels, tunnies, and allied fishes.

Scom"broid (sk&obreve;m"broid), a. [Scomber + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Mackerel family. -- n. Any fish of the family Scombridæ, of which the mackerel (Scomber) is the type.

Scom"fish (sk&obreve;m"f&ibreve;sh or skŭm"- ), v. t. & i. To suffocate or stifle; to smother. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scom"fit (skŭm"f&ibreve;y), n. & v. Discomfit. [Obs.]

Scomm (sk&obreve;m), n. [L. scomma a taunt, jeer, scoff, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to mock, scoff at.] 1. A buffoon. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

2. A flout; a jeer; a gibe; a taunt. [Obs.] Fotherby.

Sconce (?), n. [D. schans, OD. schantse, perhaps from OF. esconse a hiding place, akin to esconser to hide, L. absconsus, p. p. of abscondere. See Abscond, and cf. Ensconce, Sconce a candlestick.] 1. A fortification, or work for defense; a fort.

No sconce or fortress of his raising was ever known either to have been forced, or yielded up, or quitted.
Milton.

2. A hut for protection and shelter; a stall.

One that . . . must raise a sconce by the highway and sell switches.
Beau. & Fl.

3. A piece of armor for the head; headpiece; helmet.

I must get a sconce for my head.
Shak.

4. Fig.: The head; the skull; also, brains; sense; discretion. [Colloq.]

To knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel.
Shak.

5. A poll tax; a mulct or fine. Johnson.

6. [OF. esconse a dark lantern, properly, a hiding place. See Etymol. above.] A protection for a light; a lantern or cased support for a candle; hence, a fixed hanging or projecting candlestick.

Tapers put into lanterns or sconces of several- colored, oiled paper, that the wind might not annoy them.
Evelyn.

Golden sconces hang not on the walls.
Dryden.

7. Hence, the circular tube, with a brim, in a candlestick, into which the candle is inserted.

8. (Arch.) A squinch.

9. A fragment of a floe of ice. Kane.

10. [Perhaps a different word.] A fixed seat or shelf. [Prov. Eng.]

Sconce, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sconced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sconcing.] 1. To shut up in a sconce; to imprison; to insconce. [Obs.]

Immure him, sconce him, barricade him in 't.
Marston.

2. To mulct; to fine. [Obs.] Milton.

Scon"cheon (?), n. (Arch.) A squinch.

Scone (?), n. A cake, thinner than a bannock, made of wheat or barley or oat meal. [Written variously, scon, skone, skon, etc.] [Scot.] Burns.

Scoop (?), n. [OE. scope, of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. skopa, akin to D. schop a shovel, G. schüppe, and also to E. shove. See Shovel.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle, used for dipping liquids; a utensil for bailing boats.

2. A deep shovel, or any similar implement for digging out and dipping or shoveling up anything; as, a flour scoop; the scoop of a dredging machine.

3. (Surg.) A spoon-shaped instrument, used in extracting certain substances or foreign bodies.

4. A place hollowed out; a basinlike cavity; a hollow.

Some had lain in the scoop of the rock.
J. R. Drake.

5. A sweep; a stroke; a swoop.

6. The act of scooping, or taking with a scoop or ladle; a motion with a scoop, as in dipping or shoveling.

Scoop net, a kind of hand net, used in fishing; also, a net for sweeping the bottom of a river. -- Scoop wheel, a wheel for raising water, having scoops or buckets attached to its circumference; a tympanum.

Scoop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scooping.] [OE. scopen. See Scoop, n.] 1. To take out or up with, a scoop; to lade out.

He scooped the water from the crystal flood.
Dryden.

2. To empty by lading; as, to scoop a well dry.

3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to excavate; to dig out; to form by digging or excavation.

Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint.
Arbuthnot.

Scoop"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scoops.

2. (Zoöl.) The avocet; -- so called because it scoops up the mud to obtain food.

Scoot (?), v. i. To walk fast; to go quickly; to run hastily away. [Colloq. & Humorous, U. S.]

Sco"pa*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow gelatinous or crystalline substance found in broom (Cytisus scoparius) accompanying sparteïne.

Sco"pate (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom.] (Zoöl.) Having the surface closely covered with hairs, like a brush.

-scope (&?;). [Gr. skopo`s a watcher, spy. See Scope.] A combining form usually signifying an instrument for viewing (with the eye) or observing (in any way); as in microscope, telescope, altoscope, anemoscope.

Scope (?), n. [It. scopo, L. scopos a mark, aim, Gr. skopo`s, a watcher, mark, aim; akin to &?;, &?; to view, and perh. to E. spy. Cf. Skeptic, Bishop.] 1. That at which one aims; the thing or end to which the mind directs its view; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished; hence, ultimate design, aim, or purpose; intention; drift; object. "Shooting wide, do miss the marked scope." Spenser.

Your scope is as mine own,
So to enforce or qualify the laws
As to your soul seems good.
Shak.

The scope of all their pleading against man's authority, is to overthrow such laws and constitutions in the church.
Hooker.

2. Room or opportunity for free outlook or aim; space for action; amplitude of opportunity; free course or vent; liberty; range of view, intent, or action.

Give him line and scope.
Shak.

In the fate and fortunes of the human race, scope is given to the operation of laws which man must always fail to discern the reasons of.
I. Taylor.

Excuse me if I have given too much scope to the reflections which have arisen in my mind.
Burke.

An intellectual cultivation of no moderate depth or scope.
Hawthorne.

3. Extended area. [Obs.] "The scopes of land granted to the first adventurers." Sir J. Davies.

4. Length; extent; sweep; as, scope of cable.

Sco"pe*line (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scopeloid.

Sco"pe*loid (?), a. [NL. Scopelus, typical genus (fr. Gr. &?; a headland) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to fishes of the genus Scopelus, or family Scopelodæ, which includes many small oceanic fishes, most of which are phosphorescent. -- n. (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Scopelidæ.

Sco*pif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Bearing a tuft of brushlike hairs.

Sco"pi*form (?), a. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + -form.] Having the form of a broom or besom. "Zeolite, stelliform or scopiform." Kirwan.

Sco"pi*ped (?; 277), n. [L. scopae, scopa, a broom + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scopuliped.

Scop"pet (?), v. t. [From Scoop, v. t.] To lade or dip out. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Scops" owl` (?). [NL. scops, fr. Gr. &?; the little horned owl.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small owls of the genus Scops having ear tufts like those of the horned owls, especially the European scops owl (Scops giu), and the American screech owl (S. asio).

{ Scop"tic (?), Scop"tic*al (?) }, a. [Gr. skwptiko`s, from skw`ptein to mock, to scoff at.] Jesting; jeering; scoffing. [Obs.] South.

-- Scop"tic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.]

||Scop"u*la (?), n.; pl. E. Scopulas (#), L. Scopulæ (#). [L. scopulae, pl. a little broom.] (Zoöl.) (a) A peculiar brushlike organ found on the foot of spiders and used in the construction of the web. (b) A special tuft of hairs on the leg of a bee.

Scop"u*li*ped (?), n. [L. scopulae, pl., a little broom (fr. scopae a broom) + pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Any species of bee which has on the hind legs a brush of hairs used for collecting pollen, as the hive bees and bumblebees.

Scop"u*lous (?), a. [L. scopulosus, fr. scopulus a rock, Gr. &?;.] Full of rocks; rocky. [Obs.]

Scor"bute (?), n. [LL. scorbutus: cf. F. scorbut. See Scurvy, n.] Scurvy. [Obs.] Purchas.

{ Scor*bu"tic (?), Scor*bu"tic*al (?) }, a. [Cf. F. scorbutique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to scurvy; of the nature of, or resembling, scurvy; diseased with scurvy; as, a scorbutic person; scorbutic complaints or symptoms. -- Scor*bu"tic*al*ly, adv.

||Scor*bu"tus (?), n. [LL. See Scorbute.] (Med.) Scurvy.

Scorce (?), n. Barter. [Obs.] See Scorse.

Scorch (skôrch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorching.] [OE. scorchen, probably akin to scorcnen; cf. Norw. skrokken shrunk up, skrekka, skrökka, to shrink, to become wrinkled up, dial. Sw. skråkkla to wrinkle (see Shrug); but perhaps influenced by OF. escorchier to strip the bark from, to flay, to skin, F. écorcher, LL. excorticare; L. ex from + cortex, -icis, bark (cf. Cork); because the skin falls off when scorched.] 1. To burn superficially; to parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; to subject to so much heat as changes color and texture without consuming; as, to scorch linen.

Summer drouth or singèd air
Never scorch thy tresses fair.
Milton.

2. To affect painfully with heat, or as with heat; to dry up with heat; to affect as by heat.

Lashed by mad rage, and scorched by brutal fires.
Prior.

3. To burn; to destroy by, or as by, fire.

Power was given unto him to scorch men with fire.
Rev. xvi. 8.

The fire that scorches me to death.
Dryden.

Scorch, v. i. 1. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched; to be dried up.

Scatter a little mungy straw or fern amongst your seedlings, to prevent the roots from scorching.
Mortimer.

2. To burn or be burnt.

He laid his long forefinger on the scarlet letter, which forthwith seemed to scorch into Hester's breast, as if it had been red hot.
Hawthorne.

Scorch"ing, a. Burning; parching or shriveling with heat. -- Scorch"ing*ly, adv. -- Scorch"ing*ness, n.

Score (skōr), n. [AS. scor twenty, fr. sceran, scieran, to shear, cut, divide; or rather the kindred Icel. skor incision, twenty, akin to Dan. skure a notch, Sw. skåra. See Shear.] 1. A notch or incision; especially, one that is made as a tally mark; hence, a mark, or line, made for the purpose of account.

Whereas, before, our forefathers had no other books but the score and the tally, thou hast caused printing to be used.
Shak.

2. An account or reckoning; account of dues; bill; hence, indebtedness.

He parted well, and paid his score.
Shak.

3. Account; reason; motive; sake; behalf.

But left the trade, as many more
Have lately done on the same score.
Hudibras.

You act your kindness in Cydaria's score.
Dryden.

4. The number twenty, as being marked off by a special score or tally; hence, in pl., a large number.

Amongst three or four score hogsheads.
Shak.

At length the queen took upon herself to grant patents of monopoly by scores.
Macaulay.

5. A distance of twenty yards; -- a term used in ancient archery and gunnery. Halliwell.

6. A weight of twenty pounds. [Prov. Eng.]

7. The number of points gained by the contestants, or either of them, in any game, as in cards or cricket.

8. A line drawn; a groove or furrow.

9. (Mus.) The original and entire draught, or its transcript, of a composition, with the parts for all the different instruments or voices written on staves one above another, so that they can be read at a glance; -- so called from the bar, which, in its early use, was drawn through all the parts. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

In score (Mus.), having all the parts arranged and placed in juxtaposition. Smart. -- To quit scores, to settle or balance accounts; to render an equivalent; to make compensation.

Does not the earth quit scores with all the elements in the noble fruits that issue from it?
South.

Score (skōr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scored (skōrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] 1. To mark with lines, scratches, or notches; to cut notches or furrows in; to notch; to scratch; to furrow; as, to score timber for hewing; to score the back with a lash.

Let us score their backs.
Shak.

A briar in that tangled wilderness
Had scored her white right hand.
M. Arnold.

2. Especially, to mark with significant lines or notches, for indicating or keeping account of something; as, to score a tally.

3. To mark or signify by lines or notches; to keep record or account of; to set down; to record; to charge.

Madam, I know when,
Instead of five, you scored me ten.
Swift.

Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score.
Shak.

4. To engrave, as upon a shield. [R.] Spenser.

5. To make a score of, as points, runs, etc., in a game.

6. (Mus.) To write down in proper order and arrangement; as, to score an overture for an orchestra. See Score, n., 9.

7. (Geol.) To mark with parallel lines or scratches; as, the rocks of New England and the Western States were scored in the drift epoch.

Scor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scores.

||Sco"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Scoriæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; dung, ordure.] 1. The recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores; dross.

2. Cellular slaggy lava; volcanic cinders.

Sco"ri*ac (?), a. Scoriaceous. E. A. Poe.

Sco`ri*a"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. scoriacé.] Of or pertaining to scoria; like scoria or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria.

Sco"rie (?), n. (Zoöl.) The young of any gull. [Written also scaurie.] [Prov. Eng.]

Sco`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. scorification. See Scorify.] (Chem.) The act, process, or result of scorifying, or reducing to a slag; hence, the separation from earthy matter by means of a slag; as, the scorification of ores.

Sco"ri*fi`er (?), n. (Chem.) One who, or that which, scorifies; specifically, a small flat bowl-shaped cup used in the first heating in assaying, to remove the earth and gangue, and to concentrate the gold and silver in a lead button.

Sco"ri*form (?), a. In the form of scoria.

Sco"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scorifying (?).] [Scoria + -fy: cf. F. scorifier.] (Chem.) To reduce to scoria or slag; specifically, in assaying, to fuse so as to separate the gangue and earthy material, with borax, lead, soda, etc., thus leaving the gold and silver in a lead button; hence, to separate from, or by means of, a slag.

Sco"ri*ous (?), a. Scoriaceous. Sir T. Browne.

Scorn (skôrn), n. [OE. scorn, scarn, scharn, OF. escarn, escharn, eschar, of German origin; cf. OHG. skern mockery, skernōn to mock; but cf. also OF. escorner to mock.] 1. Extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard; that disdain which springs from the opinion of the utter meanness and unworthiness of an object.

Scorn at first makes after love the more.
Shak.

And wandered backward as in scorn,
To wait an æon to be born.
Emerson.

2. An act or expression of extreme contempt.

Every sullen frown and bitter scorn
But fanned the fuel that too fast did burn.
Dryden.

3. An object of extreme disdain, contempt, or derision.

Thou makest us a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and a derision to them that are round about us.
Ps. xliv. 13.

To think scorn, to regard as worthy of scorn or contempt; to disdain. "He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordecai alone." Esther iii. 6. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to make a mock of; to ridicule as contemptible.

Syn. -- Contempt; disdain; derision; contumely; despite; slight; dishonor; mockery.

Scorn, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scorned (skôrnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scoring.] [OE. scornen, scarnen, schornen, OF. escarnir, escharnir. See Scorn, n.] 1. To hold in extreme contempt; to reject as unworthy of regard; to despise; to contemn; to disdain.

I scorn thy meat; 't would choke me.
Shak.

This my long sufferance, and my day of grace,
Those who neglect and scorn shall never taste.
Milton.

We scorn what is in itself contemptible or disgraceful.
C. J. Smith.

2. To treat with extreme contempt; to make the object of insult; to mock; to scoff at; to deride.

His fellow, that lay by his bed's side,
Gan for to laugh, and scorned him full fast.
Chaucer.

To taunt and scorn you thus opprobriously.
Shak.

Syn. -- To contemn; despise; disdain. See Contemn.

Scorn (skôrn), v. i. To scoff; to mock; to show contumely, derision, or reproach; to act disdainfully.

He said mine eyes were black and my hair black,
And, now I am remembered, scorned at me.
Shak.

Scorn"er (?), n. One who scorns; a despiser; a contemner; specifically, a scoffer at religion. "Great scorners of death." Spenser.

Surely he scorneth the scorners: but he giveth grace unto the lowly.
Prov. iii. 34.

Scorn"ful (?), a. 1. Full of scorn or contempt; contemptuous; disdainful.

Scornful of winter's frost and summer's sun.
Prior.

Dart not scornful glances from those eyes.
Shak.

2. Treated with scorn; exciting scorn. [Obs.]

The scornful mark of every open eye.
Shak.

Syn. -- Contemptuous; disdainful; contumelious; reproachful; insolent.

-- Scorn"ful*ly, adv. -- Scorn"ful*ness, n.

Scorn"y (?), a. Deserving scorn; paltry. [Obs.]

Scor"o*dite (?), n. [G. scorodit; -- so called in allusion to its smell under the blowpipe, from Gr. &?; garlic.] (Min.) A leek-green or brownish mineral occurring in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous arseniate of iron. [Written also skorodite.]

Scor*pæ"noid (?), a. [NL. Scorpaena, a typical genus (see Scorpene) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family Scorpænidæ, which includes the scorpene, the rosefish, the California rockfishes, and many other food fishes. [Written also scorpænid.] See Illust. under Rockfish.

Scor"pene (?), n. [F. scorpène, fr. L. scorpaena a kind of fish, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A marine food fish of the genus Scorpæna, as the European hogfish (S. scrofa), and the California species (S. guttata).

Scor"per (?), n. Same as Scauper.

||Scor"pi*o (?), n.; pl. Scorpiones (#). [L.] 1. (Zoöl.) A scorpion.

2. (Astron.) (a) The eighth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the twenty-third day of October, marked thus [&scorpio;] in almanacs. (b) A constellation of the zodiac containing the bright star Antares. It is drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a scorpion.

||Scor`pi*o"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scorpiones.

{ Scor"pi*oid (?), Scor`pi*oid"al (?) }, a. [Gr. &?;; &?; a scorpion + &?; form.] 1. Having the inflorescence curved or circinate at the end, like a scorpion's tail.

Scor"pi*on (?), n. [F., fr. L. scorpio, scorpius, Gr. &?;, perhaps akin to E. sharp.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of pulmonate arachnids of the order Scorpiones, having a suctorial mouth, large claw-bearing palpi, and a caudal sting.

&fist; Scorpions have a flattened body, and a long, slender post- abdomen formed of six movable segments, the last of which terminates in a curved venomous sting. The venom causes great pain, but is unattended either with redness or swelling, except in the axillary or inguinal glands, when an extremity is affected. It is seldom if ever destructive of life. Scorpions are found widely dispersed in the warm climates of both the Old and New Worlds.

2. (Zoöl.) The pine or gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus). [Local, U. S.]

3. (Zoöl.) The scorpene.

4. (Script.) A painful scourge.

My father hath chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions.
1 Kings xii. 11.

5. (Astron.) A sign and constellation. See Scorpio.

6. (Antiq.) An ancient military engine for hurling stones and other missiles.

Book scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under Book. -- False scorpion. (Zoöl.) See under False, and Book scorpion. -- Scorpion bug, or Water scorpion (Zoöl.) See Nepa. -- Scorpion fly (Zoöl.), a neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa. See Panorpid. -- Scorpion grass (Bot.), a plant of the genus Myosotis. M. palustris is the forget-me-not. -- Scorpion senna (Bot.), a yellow-flowered leguminous shrub (Coronilla Emerus) having a slender joined pod, like a scorpion's tail. The leaves are said to yield a dye like indigo, and to be used sometimes to adulterate senna. -- Scorpion shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Pteroceras. See Pteroceras. -- Scorpion spiders. (Zoöl.), any one of the Pedipalpi. -- Scorpion's tail (Bot.), any plant of the leguminous genus Scorpiurus, herbs with a circinately coiled pod; -- also called caterpillar. -- Scorpion's thorn (Bot.), a thorny leguminous plant (Genista Scorpius) of Southern Europe. -- The Scorpion's Heart (Astron.), the star Antares in the constellation Scorpio.

||Scor`pi*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A division of arachnids comprising the scorpions.

||Scor`pi*o*nid"e*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scorpiones.

Scor"pi*on*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Ornithopus scorpioides) of Southern Europe, having slender curved pods.

Scorse (? or ?), n. [Cf. It. scorsa a course, and E. discourse.] Barter; exchange; trade. [Obs.]

And recompensed them with a better scorse.
Spenser.

Scorse, v. t. [Written also scourse, and scoss.] 1. To barter or exchange. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To chase. [Obs.] Spenser.

Scorse, v. i. To deal for the purchase of anything; to practice barter. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Scor"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. scortator a fornicator, from scortari to fornicate, scortum a prostitute.] Pertaining to lewdness or fornication; lewd.

Scot (?), n. A name for a horse. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Scot, n. [Cf. L. Skoti, pl., AS. Scotta, pl. Skottas, Sceottas.] A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scotsman, or Scotchman.

Scot, n. [Icel. skot; or OF. escot, F. écot, LL. scottum, scotum, from a kindred German word; akin to AS. scot, and E. shot, shoot; cf. AS. sceótan to shoot, to contribute. See Shoot, and cf. Shot.] A portion of money assessed or paid; a tax or contribution; a mulct; a fine; a shot.

Scot and lot, formerly, a parish assessment laid on subjects according to their ability. [Eng.] Cowell. Now, a phrase for obligations of every kind regarded collectivelly.

Experienced men of the world know very well that it is best to pay scot and lot as they go along.
Emerson.

{ Scot"al (?), Scot"ale (?) }, n. [Scot + ale.] (O. Eng. Law) The keeping of an alehouse by an officer of a forest, and drawing people to spend their money for liquor, for fear of his displeasure.

Scotch (?), a. [Cf. Scottish.] Of or pertaining to Scotland, its language, or its inhabitants; Scottish.

Scotch broom (Bot.), the Cytisus scoparius. See Broom. -- Scotch dipper, or Scotch duck (Zoöl.), the bufflehead; -- called also Scotch teal, and Scotchman. -- Scotch fiddle, the itch. [Low] Sir W. Scott. -- Scotch mist, a coarse, dense mist, like fine rain. -- Scotch nightingale (Zoöl.), the sedge warbler. [Prov. Eng.] -- Scotch pebble. See under pebble. -- Scotch pine (Bot.) See Riga fir. -- Scotch thistle (Bot.), a species of thistle (Onopordon acanthium); -- so called from its being the national emblem of the Scotch.

Scotch, n. 1. The dialect or dialects of English spoken by the people of Scotland.

2. Collectively, the people of Scotland.

Scotch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scotched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scotching.] [Cf. Prov. E. scote a prop, and Walloon ascot a prop, ascoter to prop, F. accoter, also Armor. skoaz the shoulder, skoazia to shoulder up, to prop, to support, W. ysgwydd a shoulder, ysgwyddo to shoulder. Cf. Scoat.] [Written also scoatch, scoat.] To shoulder up; to prop or block with a wedge, chock, etc., as a wheel, to prevent its rolling or slipping.

Scotch, n. A chock, wedge, prop, or other support, to prevent slipping; as, a scotch for a wheel or a log on inclined ground.

Scotch, v. t. [Probably the same word as scutch; cf. Norw. skoka, skoko, a swingle for flax; perhaps akin to E. shake.] To cut superficially; to wound; to score.

We have scotched the snake, not killed it.
Shak.

Scotched collops (Cookery), a dish made of pieces of beef or veal cut thin, or minced, beaten flat, and stewed with onion and other condiments; -- called also Scotch collops. [Written also scotcht collops.]

Scotch, n. A slight cut or incision; a score. Walton.

Scotch"-hop`per (?), n. Hopscotch.

Scotch"ing, n. (Masonry) Dressing stone with a pick or pointed instrument.

Scotch"man (?), n.; pl. Scotchmen (&?;). 1. A native or inhabitant of Scotland; a Scot; a Scotsman.

2. (Naut.) A piece of wood or stiff hide placed over shrouds and other rigging to prevent chafe by the running gear. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sco"ter (?), n. [Cf. Prov. E. scote to plow up.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of northern sea ducks of the genus Oidemia.

&fist; The European scoters are Oidemia nigra, called also black duck, black diver, surf duck; and the velvet, or double, scoter (O. fusca). The common American species are the velvet, or white-winged, scoter (O. Deglandi), called also velvet duck, white-wing, bull coot, white-winged coot; the black scoter (O. Americana), called also black coot, butterbill, coppernose; and the surf scoter, or surf duck (O. perspicillata), called also baldpate, skunkhead, horsehead, patchhead, pishaug, and spectacled coot. These birds are collectively called also coots. The females and young are called gray coots, and brown coots.

Scot"-free" [?], a. Free from payment of scot; untaxed; hence, unhurt; clear; safe.

Do as much for this purpose, and thou shalt pass scot-free.
Sir W. Scott.

Then young Hay escaped scot-free to Holland.
A. Lang.

Scoth (?), v. t. To clothe or cover up. [Obs.]

||Sco"ti*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. skoti`a darkness, a sunken molding in the base of a pillar, so called from the dark shadow it casts, from sko`tos darkness.] (Arch.) A concave molding used especially in classical architecture.

Sco"ti*a, n. [L.] Scotland [Poetic]

O Scotia! my dear, my native soil!
Burns.

Sco"tist (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of (Joannes) Duns Scotus, the Franciscan scholastic (d. 1308), who maintained certain doctrines in philosophy and theology, in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas, the Dominican scholastic.

Scot"o*graph (?), n. [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -graph.] An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. Maunder.

||Sco*to"ma (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Scotomy.

Scot"o*my (?), n. [NL. scotomia, from Gr. &?; dizziness, fr. &?; to darken, fr. sko`tos darkness: cf. F. scotomie.] 1. Dizziness with dimness of sight. [Obs.] Massinger.

2. (Med.) Obscuration of the field of vision due to the appearance of a dark spot before the eye.

Sco"to*scope (? or ?), n. [Gr. sko`tos darkness + -scope.] An instrument that discloses objects in the dark or in a faint light. [Obs.] Pepys.

Scots (?), a. [For older Scottis Scottish. See Scottish.] Of or pertaining to the Scotch; Scotch; Scottish; as, Scots law; a pound Scots (1s. 8d.).

Scots"man (-man), n. See Scotchman.

Scot"ter*ing (?), n. The burning of a wad of pease straw at the end of harvest. [Prov. Eng.]

Scot"ti*cism (?), n. An idiom, or mode of expression, peculiar to Scotland or Scotchmen.

That, in short, in which the Scotticism of Scotsmen most intimately consists, is the habit of emphasis.
Masson.

Scot"ti*cize (?), v. t. To cause to become like the Scotch; to make Scottish. [R.]

Scot"tish (?), a. [From Scot a Scotchman: cf. AS. Scyttisc, and E. Scotch, a., Scots, a.] Of or pertaining to the inhabitants of Scotland, their country, or their language; as, Scottish industry or economy; a Scottish chief; a Scottish dialect.

Scoun"drel (?), n. [Probably from Prov. E. & Scotch scunner, scouner, to loathe, to disgust, akin to AS. scunian to shun. See Shun.] A mean, worthless fellow; a rascal; a villain; a man without honor or virtue.

Go, if your ancient, but ignoble blood
Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood.
Pope.

Scoun"drel, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled.

Scoun"drel*dom (?), n. The domain or sphere of scoundrels; scoundrels, collectively; the state, ideas, or practices of scoundrels. Carlyle.

Scoun"drel*ism (?), n. The practices or conduct of a scoundrel; baseness; rascality. Cotgrave.

Scour (skour), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scoured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scouring.] [Akin to LG. schüren, D. schuren, schueren, G. scheuern, Dan. skure; Sw. skura; all possibly fr. LL. escurare, fr. L. ex + curare to take care. Cf. Cure.] 1. To rub hard with something rough, as sand or Bristol brick, especially for the purpose of cleaning; to clean by friction; to make clean or bright; to cleanse from grease, dirt, etc., as articles of dress.

2. To purge; as, to scour a horse.

3. To remove by rubbing or cleansing; to sweep along or off; to carry away or remove, as by a current of water; -- often with off or away.

[I will] stain my favors in a bloody mask,
Which, washed away, shall scour my shame with it.
Shak.

4. [Perhaps a different word; cf. OF. escorre, escourre, It. scorrere, both fr. L. excurrere to run forth. Cf. Excursion.] To pass swiftly over; to brush along; to traverse or search thoroughly; as, to scour the coast.

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain.
Pope.

Scouring barrel, a tumbling barrel. See under Tumbling. -- Scouring cinder (Metal.), a basic slag, which attacks the lining of a shaft furnace. Raymond. -- Scouring rush. (Bot.) See Dutch rush, under Dutch. -- Scouring stock (Woolen Manuf.), a kind of fulling mill.

Scour, v. i. 1. To clean anything by rubbing. Shak.

2. To cleanse anything.

Warm water is softer than cold, for it scoureth better.
Bacon.

3. To be purged freely; to have a diarrhœa.

4. To run swiftly; to rove or range in pursuit or search of something; to scamper.

So four fierce coursers, starting to the race,
Scour through the plain, and lengthen every pace.
Dryden.

Scour, n. Diarrhœa or dysentery among cattle.

Scour"age (?; 48), n. Refuse water after scouring.

Scour"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scours.

2. A rover or footpad; a prowling robber.

In those days of highwaymen and scourers.
Macaulay.

Scourge (?), n. [F. escourgée, fr. L. excoriata (sc. scutica) a stripped off (lash or whip), fr. excoriare to strip, to skin. See Excoriate.] 1. A lash; a strap or cord; especially, a lash used to inflict pain or punishment; an instrument of punishment or discipline; a whip.

Up to coach then goes
The observed maid, takes both the scourge and reins.
Chapman.

2. Hence, a means of inflicting punishment, vengeance, or suffering; an infliction of affliction; a punishment.

Sharp scourges of adversity.
Chaucer.

What scourge for perjury
Can this dark monarchy afford false Clarence?
Shak.

Scourge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scourged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scourging (?).] [From Scourge, n.: cf. OF. escorgier.] 1. To whip severely; to lash.

Is it lawful for you to scourge a . . . Roman?
Acts xxii. 25.

2. To punish with severity; to chastise; to afflict, as for sins or faults, and with the purpose of correction.

Whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth.
Heb. xii. 6.

3. To harass or afflict severely.

To scourge and impoverish the people.
Brougham.

Scour"ger (?), n. One who scourges or punishes; one who afflicts severely.

The West must own the scourger of the world.
Byron.

Scourse (skōrs), v. t. See Scorse. [Obs.]

Scouse (skous), n. (Naut.) A sailor's dish. Bread scouse contains no meat; lobscouse contains meat, etc. See Lobscouse. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Scout (skout), n. [Icel. skūta a small craft or cutter.] A swift sailing boat. [Obs.]

So we took a scout, very much pleased with the manner and conversation of the passengers.
Pepys.

Scout, n. [Icel. skūta to jut out. Cf. Scout to reject.] A projecting rock. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Scout (skout), v. t. [Icel. skūta a taunt; cf. Icel. skūta to jut out, skota to shove, skjōta to shoot, to shove. See Shoot.] To reject with contempt, as something absurd; to treat with ridicule; to flout; as, to scout an idea or an apology. "Flout 'em and scout 'em." Shak.

Scout, n. [OF. escoute scout, spy, fr. escouter, escolter, to listen, to hear, F. écouter, fr. L. auscultare, to hear with attention, to listen to. See Auscultation.] 1. A person sent out to gain and bring in tidings; especially, one employed in war to gain information of the movements and condition of an enemy.

Scouts each coast light-armèd scour,
Each quarter, to descry the distant foe.
Milton.

2. A college student's or undergraduate's servant; -- so called in Oxford, England; at Cambridge called a gyp; and at Dublin, a skip. [Cant]

3. (Cricket) A fielder in a game for practice.

4. The act of scouting or reconnoitering. [Colloq.]

While the rat is on the scout.
Cowper.

Syn. -- Scout, Spy. -- In a military sense a scout is a soldier who does duty in his proper uniform, however hazardous his adventure. A spy is one who in disguise penetrates the enemies' lines, or lurks near them, to obtain information.

Scout, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Scouting.] 1. To observe, watch, or look for, as a scout; to follow for the purpose of observation, as a scout.

Take more men,
And scout him round.
Beau. & Fl.

2. To pass over or through, as a scout; to reconnoiter; as, to scout a country.

Scout, v. i. To go on the business of scouting, or watching the motions of an enemy; to act as a scout.

With obscure wing
Scout far and wide into the realm of night.
Milton.

Scov"el (skŭv"'l), n. [OF. escouve, escouvette, broom, L. scopae, or cf. W. ysgubell, dim. of ysgub a broom.] A mop for sweeping ovens; a malkin.

Scow (skou), n. [D. schouw.] (Naut.) A large flat-bottomed boat, having broad, square ends.

Scow, v. t. To transport in a scow.

Scowl (skoul), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scowled (skould); p. pr. & vb. n. Scowling.] [Akin to Dan. skule; cf. Icel. skolla to skulk, LG. schulen to hide one's self, D. schuilen, G. schielen to squint, Dan. skele, Sw. skela, AS. sceolh squinting. Cf. Skulk.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or displeasure; to put on a frowning look; to look sour, sullen, severe, or angry.

She scowled and frowned with froward countenance.
Spenser.

2. Hence, to look gloomy, dark, or threatening; to lower. "The scowling heavens." Thomson.

Scowl, v. t. 1. To look at or repel with a scowl or a frown. Milton.

2. To express by a scowl; as, to scowl defiance.

Scowl, n. 1. The wrinkling of the brows or face in frowing; the expression of displeasure, sullenness, or discontent in the countenance; an angry frown.

With solemn phiz, and critic scowl.
Lloyd.

2. Hence, gloom; dark or threatening aspect. Burns.

A ruddy storm, whose scowl
Made heaven's radiant face look foul.
Crashaw.

Scowl"ing*ly, adv. In a scowling manner.

Scrab"bed eggs` (?). [CF. Scramble.] A Lenten dish, composed of eggs boiled hard, chopped, and seasoned with butter, salt, and pepper. Halliwell.

Scrab"ble (skrăb"b'l), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrabbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrabbling (?).] [Freq. of scrape. Cf. Scramble, Scrawl, v. t.] 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands; to proceed by clawing with the hands and feet; to scramble; as, to scrabble up a cliff or a tree.

Now after a while Little-faith came to himself, and getting up made shift to scrabble on his way.
Bunyan.

2. To make irregular, crooked, or unmeaning marks; to scribble; to scrawl.

David . . . scrabbled on the doors of the gate.
1. Sam. xxi. 13.

Scrab"ble, v. t. To mark with irregular lines or letters; to scribble; as, to scrabble paper.

Scrab"ble, n. The act of scrabbling; a moving upon the hands and knees; a scramble; also, a scribble.

Scra"ber (?), n. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Zoöl.) (a) The Manx shearwater. (b) The black guillemot.

Scraf"fle (skrăf"f'l), v. i. [See Scramble: cf. OD. schraeffelen to scrape.] To scramble or struggle; to wrangle; also, to be industrious. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrag (skrăg), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. skraka a great dry tree, a long, lean man, Gael. sgreagach dry, shriveled, rocky. See Shrink, and cf. Scrog, Shrag, n.] 1. Something thin, lean, or rough; a bony piece; especially, a bony neckpiece of meat; hence, humorously or in contempt, the neck.

Lady MacScrew, who . . . serves up a scrag of mutton on silver.
Thackeray.

2. A rawboned person. [Low] Halliwell.

3. A ragged, stunted tree or branch.

Scrag whale (Zoöl.), a North Atlantic whalebone whale (Agaphelus gibbosus). By some it is considered the young of the right whale.

Scrag"ged (?), a. 1. Rough with irregular points, or a broken surface; scraggy; as, a scragged backbone.

2. Lean and rough; scraggy.

Scrag"ged*ness, n. Quality or state of being scragged.

Scrag"gi*ly (?), adv. In a scraggy manner.

Scrag"gi*ness, n. The quality or state of being scraggy; scraggedness.

Scrag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Scragger (?); superl. Scraggiest.] 1. Rough with irregular points; scragged. "A scraggy rock." J. Philips.

2. Lean and rough; scragged. "His sinewy, scraggy neck." Sir W. Scott.

Scrag"ly, a. See Scraggy.

Scrag"-necked` (?), a. Having a scraggy neck.

Scram"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrambling (?).] [Freq. of Prov. E. scramb to rake together with the hands, or of scramp to snatch at. cf. Scrabble.] 1. To clamber with hands and knees; to scrabble; as, to scramble up a cliff; to scramble over the rocks.

2. To struggle eagerly with others for something thrown upon the ground; to go down upon all fours to seize something; to catch rudely at what is desired.

Of other care they little reckoning make,
Than how to scramble at the shearer's feast.
Milton.

Scram"ble (?), v. t. 1. To collect by scrambling; as, to scramble up wealth. Marlowe.

2. To prepare (eggs) as a dish for the table, by stirring the yolks and whites together while cooking.

Scram"ble, n. 1. The act of scrambling, climbing on all fours, or clambering.

2. The act of jostling and pushing for something desired; eager and unceremonious struggle for what is thrown or held out; as, a scramble for office.

Scarcity [of money] enhances its price, and increases the scramble.
Locke.

Scram"bler (?), n. 1. One who scrambles; one who climbs on all fours.

2. A greedy and unceremonious contestant.

Scram"bling (?), a. Confused and irregular; awkward; scambling. -- Scram"bling*ly, adv.

A huge old scrambling bedroom.
Sir W. Scott.

Scranch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scranched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scranching.] [Cf. D. schransen to eat greedily, G. schranzen. Cf. Crunch, Scrunch.] To grind with the teeth, and with a crackling sound; to craunch. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U. S.]

Scrank"y (?), a. Thin; lean. [Scot.]

Scran"nel (?), a. [Cf. Scrawny.] Slight; thin; lean; poor.

Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.
Milton.

Scran"ny (?), a. [See Scrannel.] Thin; lean; meager; scrawny; scrannel. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Scrap (skrăp), n. [OE. scrappe, fr. Icel. skrap trifle, cracking. See Scrape, v. t.] 1. Something scraped off; hence, a small piece; a bit; a fragment; a detached, incomplete portion.

I have no materials -- not a scrap.
De Quincey.

2. Specifically, a fragment of something written or printed; a brief excerpt; an unconnected extract.

3. pl. The crisp substance that remains after drying out animal fat; as, pork scraps.

4. pl. Same as Scrap iron, below.

Scrap forgings, forgings made from wrought iron scrap. -- Scrap iron. (a) Cuttings and waste pieces of wrought iron from which bar iron or forgings can be made; -- called also wrought-iron scrap. (b) Fragments of cast iron or defective castings suitable for remelting in the foundry; -- called also foundry scrap, or cast scrap.

Scrap"book` (?), n. A blank book in which extracts cut from books and papers may be pasted and kept.

Scrape (skrāp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scraped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scraping.] [Icel. skrapa; akin to Sw. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, D. schrapen, schrabben, G. schrappen, and prob. to E. sharp.] 1. To rub over the surface of (something) with a sharp or rough instrument; to rub over with something that roughens by removing portions of the surface; to grate harshly over; to abrade; to make even, or bring to a required condition or form, by moving the sharp edge of an instrument breadthwise over the surface with pressure, cutting away excesses and superfluous parts; to make smooth or clean; as, to scrape a bone with a knife; to scrape a metal plate to an even surface.

2. To remove by rubbing or scraping (in the sense above).

I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock.
Ezek. xxvi. 4.

3. To collect by, or as by, a process of scraping; to gather in small portions by laborious effort; hence, to acquire avariciously and save penuriously; -- often followed by together or up; as, to scrape money together.

The prelatical party complained that, to swell a number the nonconformists did not choose, but scrape, subscribers.
Fuller.

4. To express disapprobation of, as a play, or to silence, as a speaker, by drawing the feet back and forth upon the floor; -- usually with down. Macaulay.

To scrape acquaintance, to seek acquaintance otherwise than by an introduction. Farquhar.

He tried to scrape acquaintance with her, but failed ignominiously.
G. W. Cable.

Scrape, v. i. 1. To rub over the surface of anything with something which roughens or removes it, or which smooths or cleans it; to rub harshly and noisily along.

2. To occupy one's self with getting laboriously; as, he scraped and saved until he became rich. "[Spend] their scraping fathers' gold." Shak.

3. To play awkwardly and inharmoniously on a violin or like instrument.

4. To draw back the right foot along the ground or floor when making a bow.

Scrape, n. 1. The act of scraping; also, the effect of scraping, as a scratch, or a harsh sound; as, a noisy scrape on the floor; a scrape of a pen.

2. A drawing back of the right foot when bowing; also, a bow made with that accompaniment. H. Spencer.

3. A disagreeable and embarrassing predicament out of which one can not get without undergoing, as it were, a painful rubbing or scraping; a perplexity; a difficulty.

The too eager pursuit of this his old enemy through thick and thin has led him into many of these scrapes.
Bp. Warburton.

Scrape"pen`ny (?), n. One who gathers and hoards money in trifling sums; a miser.

Scrap"er (?), n. 1. An instrument with which anything is scraped. Specifically: (a) An instrument by which the soles of shoes are cleaned from mud and the like, by drawing them across it. (b) An instrument drawn by oxen or horses, used for scraping up earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals etc. (c) (Naut.) An instrument having two or three sharp sides or edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of a ship. (d) (Lithography) In the printing press, a board, or blade, the edge of which is made to rub over the tympan sheet and thus produce the impression.

2. One who scrapes. Specifically: (a) One who plays awkwardly on a violin. (b) One who acquires avariciously and saves penuriously.

Scrap"ing (?), n. 1. The act of scraping; the act or process of making even, or reducing to the proper form, by means of a scraper.

2. Something scraped off; that which is separated from a substance, or is collected by scraping; as, the scraping of the street.

Scrap"ing, a. Resembling the act of, or the effect produced by, one who, or that which, scrapes; as, a scraping noise; a scraping miser. -- Scrap"ing*ly, adv.

Scrap"pi*ly (?), adv. In a scrappy manner; in scraps. Mary Cowden Clarke.

Scrap"py (?), a. Consisting of scraps; fragmentary; lacking unity or consistency; as, a scrappy lecture.

A dreadfully scrappy dinner.
Thackeray.

Scrat (?), v. t. [OE. scratten. Cf. Scratch.] To scratch. [Obs.] Burton.

Scrat, v. i. To rake; to search. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag.

Scrat, n. [Cf. AS. scritta an hermaphrodite, Ir. scrut a scrub, a low, mean person, Gael. sgrut, sgruit, an old, shriveled person.] An hermaphrodite. [Obs.] Skinner.

Scratch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scratched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scratching.] [OE. cracchen (perhaps influenced by OE. scratten to scratch); cf. OHG. chrazzōn, G. kratzen, OD. kratsen, kretsen, D. krassen, Sw. kratsa to scrape, kratta to rake, to scratch, Dan. kradse to scratch, to scrape, Icel. krota to engrave. Cf. Grate to rub.] 1. To rub and tear or mark the surface of with something sharp or ragged; to scrape, roughen, or wound slightly by drawing something pointed or rough across, as the claws, the nails, a pin, or the like.

Small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass.
Grew.

Be mindful, when invention fails,
To scratch your head, and bite your nails.
Swift.

2. To write or draw hastily or awkwardly. "Scratch out a pamphlet." Swift.

3. To cancel by drawing one or more lines through, as the name of a candidate upon a ballot, or of a horse in a list; hence, to erase; to efface; -- often with out.

4. To dig or excavate with the claws; as, some animals scratch holes, in which they burrow.

To scratch a ticket, to cancel one or more names of candidates on a party ballot; to refuse to vote the party ticket in its entirety. [U. S.]

Scratch, v. i. 1. To use the claws or nails in tearing or in digging; to make scratches.

Dull, tame things, . . . that will neither bite nor scratch.
Dr. H. More.

2. (Billiards) To score, not by skillful play but by some fortunate chance of the game. [Cant, U. S.]

Scratch, n. 1. A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching, or by rubbing with anything pointed or rough; a slight wound, mark, furrow, or incision.

The coarse file . . . makes deep scratches in the work.
Moxon.

These nails with scratches deform my breast.
Prior.

God forbid a shallow scratch should drive
The prince of Wales from such a field as this.
Shak.

2. (Pugilistic Matches) A line across the prize ring; up to which boxers are brought when they join fight; hence, test, trial, or proof of courage; as, to bring to the scratch; to come up to the scratch. [Cant] Grose.

3. pl. (Far.) Minute, but tender and troublesome, excoriations, covered with scabs, upon the heels of horses which have been used where it is very wet or muddy. Law (Farmer's Veter. Adviser).

4. A kind of wig covering only a portion of the head.

5. (Billiards) A shot which scores by chance and not as intended by the player; a fluke. [Cant, U. S.]

Scratch cradle. See Cratch cradle, under Cratch. -- Scratch grass (Bot.), a climbing knotweed (Polygonum sagittatum) with a square stem beset with fine recurved prickles along the angles. -- Scratch wig. Same as Scratch, 4, above. Thackeray.

Scratch, a. Made, done, or happening by chance; arranged with little or no preparation; determined by circumstances; haphazard; as, a scratch team; a scratch crew for a boat race; a scratch shot in billiards. [Slang]

Scratch race, one without restrictions regarding the entrance of competitors; also, one for which the competitors are chosen by lot.

Scratch"back` (?), n. A toy which imitates the sound of tearing cloth, -- used by drawing it across the back of unsuspecting persons. [Eng.]

Scratch"brush` (?), n. A stiff wire brush for cleaning iron castings and other metal.

Scratch" coat` (?). The first coat in plastering; -- called also scratchwork. See Pricking-up.

Scratch"er (?), n. One who, or that which, scratches; specifically (Zoöl.), any rasorial bird.

Scratch"ing, adv. With the action of scratching.

Scratch"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Cleavers.

Scratch"work` (?), n. See Scratch coat.

Scratch"y (?), a. Characterized by scratches.

Scraw (skr&add;), n. [Ir. scrath a turf, sgraith a turf, green sod; akin to Gael. sgrath, sgroth, the outer skin of anything, a turf, a green sod.] A turf. [Obs.] Swift.

Scrawl (?), v. i. See Crawl. [Obs.] Latimer.

Scrawl, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrawled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrawling.] [Probably corrupted from scrabble.] To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly; to write hastily and carelessly; to scratch; to scribble; as, to scrawl a letter.

His name, scrawled by himself.
Macaulay.

Scrawl, v. i. To write unskillfully and inelegantly.

Though with a golden pen you scrawl.
Swift.

Scrawl (skr&add;l), n. Unskillful or inelegant writing; that which is unskillfully or inelegantly written.

The left hand will make such a scrawl, that it will not be legible.
Arbuthnot.

You bid me write no more than a scrawl to you.
Gray.

Scrawl"er (-&etilde;r), n. One who scrawls; a hasty, awkward writer.

Scraw"ny (?), a. [Cf. Scrannel.] Meager; thin; rawboned; bony; scranny.

Scray (?), n. [Cf. W. ysgräen, ysgräell, a sea swallow, Armor. skrav.] (Zoöl.) A tern; the sea swallow. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also scraye.]

Scre"a*ble (?), a. [L. screare to hawk, spit out.] Capable of being spit out. [Obs.] Bailey.

Screak (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screaking.] [Cf. Icel. skrækja to screech. Cf. Creak, v., Screech.] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound; to screech; to creak, as a door or wheel.

Screak, n. A creaking; a screech; a shriek. Bp. Bull.

Scream (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screaming.] [Icel. skræma to scare, terrify; akin to Sw. skräma, Dan. skræmme. Cf. Screech.] To cry out with a shrill voice; to utter a sudden, sharp outcry, or shrill, loud cry, as in fright or extreme pain; to shriek; to screech.

I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry.
Shak.

And scream thyself as none e'er screamed before.
Pope.

Scream, n. A sharp, shrill cry, uttered suddenly, as in terror or in pain; a shriek; a screech. "Screams of horror." Pope.

Scream"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of three species of South American birds constituting the family Anhimidæ, and the suborder Palamedeæ. They have two spines on each wing, and the head is either crested or horned. They are easily tamed, and then serve as guardians for other poultry. The crested screamers, or chajas, belong to the genus Chauna. The horned screamer, or kamichi, is Palamedea cornuta.

Scream"ing, a. 1. Uttering screams; shrieking.

2. Having the nature of a scream; like a scream; shrill; sharp.

The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry.
Dryden.

Scree (skrē), n. A pebble; a stone; also, a heap of stones or rocky débris. [Prov. Eng.] Southey.

Screech (skrēch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Screeched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screeching.] [Also formerly, scritch, OE. skriken, skrichen, schriken, of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. skrækja to shriek, to screech, skrīkja to titter, Sw. skrika to shriek, Dan. skrige; also Gael. sgreach, sgreuch, W. ysgrechio, Skr. kharj to creak. Cf. Shriek, v., Scream, v.] To utter a harsh, shrill cry; to make a sharp outcry, as in terror or acute pain; to scream; to shriek. "The screech owl, screeching loud." Shak.

Screech, n. A harsh, shrill cry, as of one in acute pain or in fright; a shriek; a scream.

Screech bird, or Screech thrush (Zoöl.), the fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. -- Screech rain. -- Screech hawk (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; -- so called from its note. [Prov. Eng.] -- Screech owl. (Zoöl.) (a) A small American owl (Scops asio), either gray or reddish in color. (b) The European barn owl. The name is applied also to other species.

Screech"ers (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The picarian birds, as distinguished from the singing birds.

Screech"y (?), a. Like a screech; shrill and harsh.

Screed (skrēd), n. [Prov. E., a shred, the border of a cap. See Shred.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A strip of plaster of the thickness proposed for the coat, applied to the wall at intervals of four or five feet, as a guide. (b) A wooden straightedge used to lay across the plaster screed, as a limit for the thickness of the coat.

2. A fragment; a portion; a shred. [Scot.]

Screed, n. [See 1st Screed. For sense 2 cf. also Gael. sgread an outcry.] 1. A breach or rent; a breaking forth into a loud, shrill sound; as, martial screeds.

2. An harangue; a long tirade on any subject.

The old carl gae them a screed of doctrine; ye might have heard him a mile down the wind.
Sir W. Scott.

Screen (skrēn), n. [OE. scren, OF. escrein, escran, F. écran, of uncertain origin; cf. G. schirm a screen, OHG. scirm, scerm a protection, shield, or G. schragen a trestle, a stack of wood, or G. schranne a railing.] 1. Anything that separates or cuts off inconvenience, injury, or danger; that which shelters or conceals from view; a shield or protection; as, a fire screen.

Your leavy screens throw down.
Shak.

Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of danger and envy.
Bacon.

2. (Arch.) A dwarf wall or partition carried up to a certain height for separation and protection, as in a church, to separate the aisle from the choir, or the like.

3. A surface, as that afforded by a curtain, sheet, wall, etc., upon which an image, as a picture, is thrown by a magic lantern, solar microscope, etc.

4. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, sometimes a revolving perforated cylinder, used to separate the coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, sand, gravel, and the like.

Screen (skrēn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screening.] 1. To provide with a shelter or means of concealment; to separate or cut off from inconvenience, injury, or danger; to shelter; to protect; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hill.

They were encouraged and screened by some who were in high commands.
Macaulay.

2. To pass, as coal, gravel, ashes, etc., through a screen in order to separate the coarse from the fine, or the worthless from the valuable; to sift.

Screen"ings (?), n. pl. The refuse left after screening sand, coal, ashes, etc.

Screw (skr&udd;), n. [OE. scrue, OF. escroue, escroe, female screw, F. écrou, L. scrobis a ditch, trench, in LL., the hole made by swine in rooting; cf. D. schroef a screw, G. schraube, Icel. skrūfa.] 1. A cylinder, or a cylindrical perforation, having a continuous rib, called the thread, winding round it spirally at a constant inclination, so as to leave a continuous spiral groove between one turn and the next, -- used chiefly for producing, when revolved, motion or pressure in the direction of its axis, by the sliding of the threads of the cylinder in the grooves between the threads of the perforation adapted to it, the former being distinguished as the external, or male screw, or, more usually the screw; the latter as the internal, or female screw, or, more usually, the nut.

&fist; The screw, as a mechanical power, is a modification of the inclined plane, and may be regarded as a right-angled triangle wrapped round a cylinder, the hypotenuse of the marking the spiral thread of the screw, its base equaling the circumference of the cylinder, and its height the pitch of the thread.

2. Specifically, a kind of nail with a spiral thread and a head with a nick to receive the end of the screw-driver. Screws are much used to hold together pieces of wood or to fasten something; -- called also wood screws, and screw nails. See also Screw bolt, below.

3. Anything shaped or acting like a screw; esp., a form of wheel for propelling steam vessels. It is placed at the stern, and furnished with blades having helicoidal surfaces to act against the water in the manner of a screw. See Screw propeller, below.

4. A steam vesel propelled by a screw instead of wheels; a screw steamer; a propeller.

5. An extortioner; a sharp bargainer; a skinflint; a niggard. Thackeray.

6. An instructor who examines with great or unnecessary severity; also, a searching or strict examination of a student by an instructor. [Cant, American Colleges]

7. A small packet of tobacco. [Slang] Mayhew.

8. An unsound or worn-out horse, useful as a hack, and commonly of good appearance. Ld. Lytton.

9. (Math.) A straight line in space with which a definite linear magnitude termed the pitch is associated (cf. 5th Pitch, 10 (b)). It is used to express the displacement of a rigid body, which may always be made to consist of a rotation about an axis combined with a translation parallel to that axis.

10. (Zoöl.) An amphipod crustacean; as, the skeleton screw (Caprella). See Sand screw, under Sand.

Archimedes screw, Compound screw, Foot screw, etc. See under Archimedes, Compound, Foot, etc. -- A screw loose, something out of order, so that work is not done smoothly; as, there is a screw loose somewhere. H. Martineau. -- Endless, or perpetual, screw, a screw used to give motion to a toothed wheel by the action of its threads between the teeth of the wheel; -- called also a worm. -- Lag screw. See under Lag. -- Micrometer screw, a screw with fine threads, used for the measurement of very small spaces. -- Right and left screw, a screw having threads upon the opposite ends which wind in opposite directions. -- Screw alley. See Shaft alley, under Shaft. -- Screw bean. (Bot.) (a) The curious spirally coiled pod of a leguminous tree (Prosopis pubescens) growing from Texas to California. It is used for fodder, and ground into meal by the Indians. (b) The tree itself. Its heavy hard wood is used for fuel, for fencing, and for railroad ties. -- Screw bolt, a bolt having a screw thread on its shank, in distinction from a key bolt. See 1st Bolt, 3. -- Screw box, a device, resembling a die, for cutting the thread on a wooden screw. -- Screw dock. See under Dock. -- Screw engine, a marine engine for driving a screw propeller. -- Screw gear. See Spiral gear, under Spiral. -- Screw jack. Same as Jackscrew. -- Screw key, a wrench for turning a screw or nut; a spanner wrench. -- Screw machine. (a) One of a series of machines employed in the manufacture of wood screws. (b) A machine tool resembling a lathe, having a number of cutting tools that can be caused to act on the work successively, for making screws and other turned pieces from metal rods. -- Screw pine (Bot.), any plant of the endogenous genus Pandanus, of which there are about fifty species, natives of tropical lands from Africa to Polynesia; -- named from the spiral arrangement of the pineapple-like leaves. -- Screw plate, a device for cutting threads on small screws, consisting of a thin steel plate having a series of perforations with internal screws forming dies. -- Screw press, a press in which pressure is exerted by means of a screw. -- Screw propeller, a screw or spiral bladed wheel, used in the propulsion of steam vessels; also, a steam vessel propelled by a screw. -- Screw shell (Zoöl.), a long, slender, spiral gastropod shell, especially of the genus Turritella and allied genera. See Turritella. -- Screw steamer, a steamship propelled by a screw. -- Screw thread, the spiral rib which forms a screw. -- Screw stone (Paleon.), the fossil stem of an encrinite. -- Screw tree (Bot.), any plant of the genus Helicteres, consisting of about thirty species of tropical shrubs, with simple leaves and spirally twisted, five-celled capsules; -- also called twisted-horn, and twisty. -- Screw valve, a stop valve which is opened or closed by a screw. -- Screw worm (Zoöl.), the larva of an American fly (Compsomyia macellaria), allied to the blowflies, which sometimes deposits its eggs in the nostrils, or about wounds, in man and other animals, with fatal results. -- Screw wrench. (a) A wrench for turning a screw. (b) A wrench with an adjustable jaw that is moved by a screw. -- To put the screw, or screws, on, to use pressure upon, as for the purpose of extortion; to coerce. -- To put under the screw or screws, to subject to pressure; to force. -- Wood screw, a metal screw with a sharp thread of coarse pitch, adapted to holding fast in wood. See Illust. of Wood screw, under Wood.

Screw (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Screwed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Screwing.] 1. To turn, as a screw; to apply a screw to; to press, fasten, or make firm, by means of a screw or screws; as, to screw a lock on a door; to screw a press.

2. To force; to squeeze; to press, as by screws.

But screw your courage to the sticking place,
And we'll not fail.
Shak.

3. Hence: To practice extortion upon; to oppress by unreasonable or extortionate exactions.

Our country landlords, by unmeasurable screwing and racking their tenants, have already reduced the miserable people to a worse condition than the peasants in France.
swift.

4. To twist; to distort; as, to screw his visage.

He screwed his face into a hardened smile.
Dryden.

5. To examine rigidly, as a student; to subject to a severe examination. [Cant, American Colleges]

To screw out, to press out; to extort. - - To screw up, to force; to bring by violent pressure. Howell. -- To screw in, to force in by turning or twisting.

Screw, v. i. 1. To use violent mans in making exactions; to be oppressive or exacting. Howitt.

2. To turn one's self uneasily with a twisting motion; as, he screws about in his chair.

Screw"-cut`ting (?), a. Adapted for forming a screw by cutting; as, a screw-cutting lathe.

Screw"-driv`er (?), n. A tool for turning screws so as to drive them into their place. It has a thin end which enters the nick in the head of the screw.

Screw"er (?), n. One who, or that which, screws.

Screw"ing, a. & n. from Screw, v. t.

Screwing machine. See Screw machine, under Screw.

Scrib"a*ble (?), a. [See Scribe.] Capable of being written, or of being written upon. [R.]

Scri*ba"tious (?), a. [See Scribe.] Skillful in, or fond of, writing. [Obs.] Barrow.

Scrib"bet (?), n. A painter's pencil.

Scrib"ble (?), v. t. [Cf. Scrabble.] (Woolen Manuf.) To card coarsely; to run through the scribbling machine.

Scrib"ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribbled (-b'ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribbling (-bl&ibreve;ng).] [From Scribe.] 1. To write hastily or carelessly, without regard to correctness or elegance; as, to scribble a letter.

2. To fill or cover with careless or worthless writing.

Scrib"ble, v. i. To write without care, elegance, or value; to scrawl.

If Mævius scribble in Apollo's spite.
Pope.

Scrib"ble, n. Hasty or careless writing; a writing of little value; a scrawl; as, a hasty scribble. Boyle.

Neither did I but vacant seasons spend
In this my scribble.
Bunyan.

Scrib"ble*ment (?), n. A scribble. [R.] Foster.

Scrib"bler (?), n. One who scribbles; a petty author; a writer of no reputation; a literary hack.

The scribbler, pinched with hunger, writes to dine.
Granville.

Scrib"bler, n. A scribbling machine.

Scrib"bling (?), n. [See 1st Scribble.] The act or process of carding coarsely.

Scribbling machine, the machine used for the first carding of wool or other fiber; -- called also scribbler.

Scrib"bling, a. Writing hastily or poorly.

Ye newspaper witlings! ye pert scribbling folks!
Goldsmith.

Scrib"bling, n. The act of writing hastily or idly.

Scrib"bling*ly, adv. In a scribbling manner.

Scribe (skrīb), n. [L. scriba, fr. scribere to write; cf. Gr. ska`rifos a splinter, pencil, style (for writing), E. scarify. Cf. Ascribe, Describe, Script, Scrivener, Scrutoire.] 1. One who writes; a draughtsman; a writer for another; especially, an offical or public writer; an amanuensis or secretary; a notary; a copyist.

2. (Jewish Hist.) A writer and doctor of the law; one skilled in the law and traditions; one who read and explained the law to the people.

Scribe (skrīb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scribed (skrībd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scribing.] 1. To write, engrave, or mark upon; to inscribe. Spenser.

2. (Carp.) To cut (anything) in such a way as to fit closely to a somewhat irregular surface, as a baseboard to a floor which is out of level, a board to the curves of a molding, or the like; -- so called because the workman marks, or scribes, with the compasses the line that he afterwards cuts.

3. To score or mark with compasses or a scribing iron.

Scribing iron, an iron-pointed instrument for scribing, or marking, casks and logs.

Scribe, v. i. To make a mark.

With the separated points of a pair of spring dividers scribe around the edge of the templet.
A. M. Mayer.

Scrib"er (?), n. A sharp-pointed tool, used by joiners for drawing lines on stuff; a marking awl.

Scrib"ism (?), n. The character and opinions of a Jewish scribe in the time of Christ. F. W. Robertson.

Scrid (?), n. A screed; a shred; a fragment. [R.]

Scrig"gle (?), v. i. To wriggle. [Prov. Eng.]

Scrim (?), n. 1. A kind of light cotton or linen fabric, often woven in openwork patterns, -- used for curtains, etc,; -- called also India scrim.

2. pl. Thin canvas glued on the inside of panels to prevent shrinking, checking, etc.

Scri"mer (?), n. [F. escrimeur. See Skirmish.] A fencing master. [Obs.] Shak.

Scrim"mage (?; 48), n. [A corruption of skirmish. "Sore scrymmishe." Ld. Berners.] [Written also scrummage.] 1. Formerly, a skirmish; now, a general row or confused fight or struggle.

2. (Football) The struggle in the rush lines after the ball is put in play.

Scrimp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrimped (?; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrimping.] [Cf. Dan. skrumpe, G. schrumpfen, D. krimpen. Cf. Shrimp, Shrink.] To make too small or short; to limit or straiten; to put on short allowance; to scant; to contract; to shorten; as, to scrimp the pattern of a coat.

Scrimp, a. Short; scanty; curtailed.

Scrimp, n. A pinching miser; a niggard. [U.S.]

Scrimp"ing, a. & n. from Scrimp, v. t.

Scrimping bar, a device used in connection with a calico printing machine for stretching the fabric breadthwise so that it may be smooth for printing. Knight.

Scrimp"ing*ly, adv. In a scrimping manner.

Scrimp"ness, n. The state of being scrimp.

Scrimp"tion (?), n. A small portion; a pittance; a little bit. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrim"shaw` (?), v. t. To ornament, as shells, ivory, etc., by engraving, and (usually) rubbing pigments into the incised lines. [Sailor's cant. U.S.]

Scrim"shaw`, n. A shell, a whale's tooth, or the like, that is scrimshawed. [Sailor's cant, U.S.]

Scrine (?), n. [L. scrinium a case for books, letters, etc.: cf. OF. escrin, F. écrin. See Shrine.] A chest, bookcase, or other place, where writings or curiosities are deposited; a shrine. [Obs.]

But laid them up in immortal scrine.
Spenser.

Scringe (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scringing (?).] [Cf. Cringe.] To cringe. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Scrip (?), n. [OE. scrippe, probably of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. & OSw. skreppa, and also LL. scrippum, OF. esquerpe, escrepe, F. écharpe scarf. Cf. Scrap, Scarf a piece of dress.] A small bag; a wallet; a satchel. [Archaic] Chaucer.

And in requital ope his leathern scrip.
Milton.

Scrip, n. [From script.] 1. A small writing, certificate, or schedule; a piece of paper containing a writing.

Call them generally, man by man, according to the scrip.
Shak.

Bills of exchange can not pay our debts abroad, till scrips of paper can be made current coin.
Locke.

2. A preliminary certificate of a subscription to the capital of a bank, railroad, or other company, or for a share of other joint property, or a loan, stating the amount of the subscription and the date of the payment of the installments; as, insurance scrip, consol scrip, etc. When all the installments are paid, the scrip is exchanged for a bond share certificate.

3. Paper fractional currency. [Colloq.U.S.]

Scrip"page (?; 48), n. The contents of a scrip, or wallet. [Obs.] Shak.

Script (?), n. [OE. scrit, L. scriptum something written, fr. scribere, scriptum to write: cf. OF. escript, escrit, F. écrit. See Scribe, and cf. Scrip a writing.] 1. A writing; a written document. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Print.) Type made in imitation of handwriting.

3. (Law) An original instrument or document.

4. Written characters; style of writing.

Scrip*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Scriptoria (#). [LL. See Scriptory.] In an abbey or monastery, the room set apart for writing or copying manuscripts; in general, a room devoted to writing.

Writing rooms, or scriptoria, where the chief works of Latin literature . . . were copied and illuminated.
J. R. Green.

Scrip"to*ry (?), a. [L. scriptorius, fr. scribere, scriptum to write.] Of or pertaining to writing; expressed in writing; used in writing; as, scriptory wills; a scriptory reed. [R.] Swift.

Scrip"tur*al (?; 135), a. Contained in the Scriptures; according to the Scriptures, or sacred oracles; biblical; as, a scriptural doctrine.

Scrip"tur*al*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being scriptural; literal adherence to the Scriptures.

Scrip"tur*al*ist, n. One who adheres literally to the Scriptures.

Scrip"tur*al*ly, adv. In a scriptural manner.

Scrip"tur*al*ness, n. Quality of being scriptural.

Scrip"ture (?; 135), n. [L. scriptura, fr. scribere, scriptum, to write: cf. OF. escripture, escriture, F. écriture. See Scribe.] 1. Anything written; a writing; a document; an inscription.

I have put it in scripture and in remembrance.
Chaucer.

Then the Lord of Manny read the scripture on the tomb, the which was in Latin.
Ld. Berners.

2. The books of the Old and the New Testament, or of either of them; the Bible; -- used by way of eminence or distinction, and chiefly in the plural.

There is not any action a man ought to do, or to forbear, but the Scripture will give him a clear precept or prohibition for it.
South.

Compared with the knowledge which the Scriptures contain, every other subject of human inquiry is vanity.
Buckminster.

3. A passage from the Bible; a text.

The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.
Shak.

Hanging by the twined thread of one doubtful Scripture.
Milton.

Scrip*tu"ri*an (?), n. A Scripturist. [Obs.]

Scrip"tur*ist (?; 135), n. One who is strongly attached to, or versed in, the Scriptures, or who endeavors to regulate his life by them.

The Puritan was a Scripturist, -- a Scripturist with all his heart, if as yet with imperfect intelligence . . . he cherished the scheme of looking to the Word of God as his sole and universal directory.
Palfrey.

Scrit (?), n. [See Script.] Writing; document; scroll. [Obs.] "Of every scrit and bond." Chaucer.

Scritch (?), n. A screech. [R.]

Perhaps it is the owlet's scritch.
Coleridge.

Scrive"ner (? or ?), n. [From older scrivein, OF. escrivain, F. écrivain, LL. scribanus, from L. scribere to write. See Scribe.] 1. A professional writer; one whose occupation is to draw contracts or prepare writings. Shak.

The writer better scrivener than clerk.
Fuller.

2. One whose business is to place money at interest; a broker. [Obs.] Dryden.

3. A writing master. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scrivener's palsy. See Writer's cramp, under Writer.

||Scro*bic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Scrobiculæ (#). [NL. See Scrobiculate.] (Zoöl.) One of the smooth areas surrounding the tubercles of a sea urchin.

Scro*bic"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or surrounding, scrobiculæ; as, scrobicular tubercles.

{ Scro*bic"u*late (?), Scro*bic"u*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. scrobiculus, dim. of scrobis a ditch or trench.] (Bot.) Having numerous small, shallow depressions or hollows; pitted.

{ Scrod (?), Scrode (?) }, n. A young codfish, especially when cut open on the back and dressed. [Written also escrod.] [Local, U.S.]

Scrod"dled ware` (?). Mottled pottery made from scraps of differently colored clays.

Scrof"u*la (?), n. [L. scrofulae, fr. scrofa a breeding sow, because swine were supposed to be subject to such a complaint, or by a fanciful comparison of the glandular swellings to little pigs; perhaps akin to Gr. &?; an old sow: cf. F. scrofules. Cf. Scroyle.] (Med.) A constitutional disease, generally hereditary, especially manifested by chronic enlargement and cheesy degeneration of the lymphatic glands, particularly those of the neck, and marked by a tendency to the development of chronic intractable inflammations of the skin, mucous membrane, bones, joints, and other parts, and by a diminution in the power of resistance to disease or injury and the capacity for recovery. Scrofula is now generally held to be tuberculous in character, and may develop into general or local tuberculosis (consumption).

Scrof"u*lide (? or ?), n. (Med.) Any affection of the skin dependent on scrofula.

Scrof"u*lous (?), a. [Cf. F. scrofuleux.] 1. Pertaining to scrofula, or partaking of its nature; as, scrofulous tumors; a scrofulous habit of body.

2. Diseased or affected with scrofula.

Scrofulous persons can never be duly nourished.
Arbuthnot.

-- Scrof"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Scrof"u*lous*ness, n.

Scrog (?), n. [Cf. Scrag, or Gael. sgrogag anything shriveled, from sgrog to compress, shrivel.] A stunted shrub, bush, or branch. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Scrog"gy (?), a. Abounding in scrog; also, twisted; stunted. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Scroll (?), n. [A dim. of OE. scroue, scrowe (whence E. escrow), OF. escroe, escroue, F. écrou entry in the jail book, LL. scroa scroll, probably of Teutonic origin; cf. OD. schroode a strip, shred, slip of paper, akin to E. shred. Cf. Shred, Escrow.] 1. A roll of paper or parchment; a writing formed into a roll; a schedule; a list.

The heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll.
Isa. xxxiv. 4.

Here is the scroll of every man's name.
Shak.

2. (Arch.) An ornament formed of undulations giving off spirals or sprays, usually suggestive of plant form. Roman architectural ornament is largely of some scroll pattern.

3. A mark or flourish added to a person's signature, intended to represent a seal, and in some States allowed as a substitute for a seal. [U.S.] Burrill.

4. (Geom.) Same as Skew surface. See under Skew.

Linen scroll (Arch.) See under Linen. -- Scroll chuck (Mach.), an adjustable chuck, applicable to a lathe spindle, for centering and holding work, in which the jaws are adjusted and tightened simultaneously by turning a disk having in its face a spiral groove which is entered by teeth on the backs of the jaws. -- Scroll saw. See under Saw.

Scrolled (?), a. Formed like a scroll; contained in a scroll; adorned with scrolls; as, scrolled work.

||Scroph`u*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL. So called because it was reputed to be a remedy for scrofula.] (Bot.) A genus of coarse herbs having small flowers in panicled cymes; figwort.

Scroph`u*la`ri*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a very large natural order of gamopetalous plants (Scrophulariaceæ, or Scrophularineæ), usually having irregular didynamous flowers and a two-celled pod. The order includes the mullein, foxglove, snapdragon, figwort, painted cup, yellow rattle, and some exotic trees, as the Paulownia.

Scro"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the scrotum; as, scrotal hernia.

Scro"ti*form (?), a. [L. scrotum scrotum + -form.] Purse-shaped; pouch-shaped.

Scro"to*cele (?), n. [Scrotum + Gr. kh`lh a tumor: cf. F. scrotocèle.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the scrotum; scrotal hernia.

||Scro"tum (?), n. [L.] (Anat.) The bag or pouch which contains the testicles; the cod.

Scrouge (?), v. t. [Etymol. uncertain.] To crowd; to squeeze. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

Scrow (? or ?), n. [See Escrow, Scroll.] 1. A scroll. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

2. A clipping from skins; a currier's cuttings.

Scroyle (skroil), n. [Cf. OF. escrouselle a kind of vermin, escrouelles, pl., scrofula, F. écrouelles, fr. (assumed) LL. scrofellae for L. scrofulae. See Scrofula, and cf. Cruels.] A mean fellow; a wretch. [Obs.] Shak.

Scrub (skrŭb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrubbed (skrŭbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrubbing.] [OE. scrobben, probably of Dutch or Scand. origin; cf. Dan. skrubbe, Sw. skrubba, D. schrobben, LG. schrubben.] To rub hard; to wash with rubbing; usually, to rub with a wet brush, or with something coarse or rough, for the purpose of cleaning or brightening; as, to scrub a floor, a doorplate.

Scrub, v. i. To rub anything hard, especially with a wet brush; to scour; hence, to be diligent and penurious; as, to scrub hard for a living.

Scrub, n. 1. One who labors hard and lives meanly; a mean fellow. "A sorry scrub." Bunyan.

We should go there in as proper a manner as possible; nor altogether like the scrubs about us.
Goldsmith.

2. Something small and mean.

3. A worn-out brush. Ainsworth.

4. A thicket or jungle, often specified by the name of the prevailing plant; as, oak scrub, palmetto scrub, etc.

5. (Stock Breeding) One of the common live stock of a region of no particular breed or not of pure breed, esp. when inferior in size, etc. [U.S.]

Scrub bird (Zoöl.), an Australian passerine bird of the family Atrichornithidæ, as Atrichia clamosa; -- called also brush bird. -- Scrub oak (Bot.), the popular name of several dwarfish species of oak. The scrub oak of New England and the Middle States is Quercus ilicifolia, a scraggy shrub; that of the Southern States is a small tree (Q. Catesbæi); that of the Rocky Mountain region is Q. undulata, var. Gambelii. -- Scrub robin (Zoöl.), an Australian singing bird of the genus Drymodes.

Scrub, a. Mean; dirty; contemptible; scrubby.

How solitary, how scrub, does this town look!
Walpole.

No little scrub joint shall come on my board.
Swift.

Scrub game, a game, as of ball, by unpracticed players. -- Scrub race, a race between scrubs, or between untrained animals or contestants.

Scrub"bed (?), a. Dwarfed or stunted; scrubby.

Scrub"ber (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, scrubs; esp., a brush used in scrubbing.

2. (Gas Manuf.) A gas washer. See under Gas.

Scrub"board` (?), n. A baseboard; a mopboard.

Scrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Scrubbier (?); superl. Scrubbiest.] Of the nature of scrub; small and mean; stunted in growth; as, a scrubby cur. "Dense, scrubby woods." Duke of Argyll.

Scrub"stone` (?), n. A species of calciferous sandstone. [Prov. Eng.]

Scruff (?), n. [See Scurf.] Scurf. [Obs.]

Scruff, n. [Cf. Scuff.] The nape of the neck; the loose outside skin, as of the back of the neck.

Scrum"mage (?; 43), n. See Scrimmage.

Scrump"tious (?), a. Nice; particular; fastidious; excellent; fine. [Slang]

Scrunch (?), v. t. & v. i. [Cf. Scranch, Crunch.] To scranch; to crunch. Dickens.

Scru"ple (?), n. [L. scrupulus a small sharp or pointed stone, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce, a scruple, uneasiness, doubt, dim. of scrupus a rough or sharp stone, anxiety, uneasiness; perh. akin to Gr. &?; the chippings of stone, &?; a razor, Skr. kshura: cf. F. scrupule.] 1. A weight of twenty grains; the third part of a dram.

2. Hence, a very small quantity; a particle.

I will not bate thee a scruple.
Shak.

3. Hesitation as to action from the difficulty of determining what is right or expedient; unwillingness, doubt, or hesitation proceeding from motives of conscience.

He was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples.
Macaulay.

To make scruple, to hesitate from conscientious motives; to scruple. Locke.

Scru"ple, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scrupled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrupling (?).] To be reluctant or to hesitate, as regards an action, on account of considerations of conscience or expedience.

We are often over-precise, scrupling to say or do those things which lawfully we may.
Fuller.

Men scruple at the lawfulness of a set form of divine worship.
South.

Scru"ple, v. t. 1. To regard with suspicion; to hesitate at; to question.

Others long before them . . . scrupled more the books of heretics than of gentiles.
Milton.

2. To excite scruples in; to cause to scruple. [R.]

Letters which did still scruple many of them.
E. Symmons.

Scru"pler (?), n. One who scruples.

Scru"pu*list (?), n. A scrupler. [Obs.]

Scru"pu*lize (?), v. t. To perplex with scruples; to regard with scruples. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu.

Scru`pu*los"i*ty (skr&udd;`p&usl;*l&obreve;s"&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. [L. scrupulositas.] The quality or state of being scrupulous; doubt; doubtfulness respecting decision or action; caution or tenderness from the fear of doing wrong or offending; nice regard to exactness and propriety; precision.

The first sacrilege is looked on with horror; but when they have made the breach, their scrupulosity soon retires.
Dr. H. More.

Careful, even to scrupulosity, . . . to keep their Sabbath.
South.

Scru"pu*lous (?), a. [L. scrupulosus: cf. F. scrupuleux.] 1. Full of scruples; inclined to scruple; nicely doubtful; hesitating to determine or to act, from a fear of offending or of doing wrong.

Abusing their liberty, to the offense of their weak brethren which were scrupulous.
Hooker.

2. Careful; cautious; exact; nice; as, scrupulous abstinence from labor; scrupulous performance of duties.

3. Given to making objections; captious. [Obs.]

Equality of two domestic powers
Breed scrupulous faction.
Shak.

4. Liable to be doubted; doubtful; nice. [Obs.]

The justice of that cause ought to be evident; not obscure, not scrupulous.
Bacon.

Syn. -- Cautious; careful; conscientious; hesitating.

-- Scru"pu*lous*ly, adv. -- Scru"pu*lous*ness, n.

Scru"ta*ble (?), a. Discoverable by scrutiny, inquiry, or critical examination. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Scru*ta"tion (?), n. [L. scrutatio.] Search; scrutiny. [Obs.]

||Scru*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] One who scrutinizes; a close examiner or inquirer. Ayliffe.

Scru`ti*neer (?), n. A scrutinizer; specifically, an examiner of votes, as at an election.

Scru"ti*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scrutinized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scrutinizing (?).] [From Scrutiny.] To examine closely; to inspect or observe with critical attention; to regard narrowly; as, to scrutinize the measures of administration; to scrutinize the conduct or motives of individuals.

Whose votes they were obliged to scrutinize.
Ayliffe.

Those pronounced him youngest who scrutinized his face the closest.
G. W. Cable.

Scru"ti*nize, v. i. To make scrutiny.

Scru"ti*ni`zer (?), n. One who scrutinizes.

Scru"ti*nous (?), a. Closely examining, or inquiring; careful; strict. -- Scru"ti*nous*ly, adv.

Scru"ti*ny (?), n. [L. scrutinium, fr. scrutari to search carefully, originally, to search even to the rags, fr. scruta trash, trumpery; perhaps akin to E. shred: cf. AS. scrudnian to make scrutiny.] 1. Close examination; minute inspection; critical observation.

They that have designed exactness and deep scrutiny have taken some one part of nature.
Sir M. Hale.

Thenceforth I thought thee worth my nearer view
And narrower scrutiny.
Milton.

2. (Anc. Church) An examination of catechumens, in the last week of Lent, who were to receive baptism on Easter Day.

3. (Canon Law) A ticket, or little paper billet, on which a vote is written.

4. (Parliamentary Practice) An examination by a committee of the votes given at an election, for the purpose of correcting the poll. Brande & C.

Scru"ti*ny, v. t. To scrutinize. [Obs.]

Scru*toire" (?), n. [OF. escritoire. See Escritoire.] A escritoire; a writing desk.

Scruze (?), v. t. [Cf. Excruciate.] To squeeze, compress, crush, or bruise. [Obs. or Low] Spenser.

Scry (?), v. t. To descry. [Obs.] Spenser.

Scry, n. [From Scry, v.] A flock of wild fowl.

Scry, n. [OE. ascrie, fr. ascrien to cry out, fr. OF. escrier, F. s'écrier. See Ex-, and Cry.] A cry or shout. [Obs.] Ld. Berners.

Scud (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scudded; p. pr. & vb. n. Scudding.] [Dan. skyde to shoot, shove, push, akin to skud shot, gunshot, a shoot, young bough, and to E. shoot. √159. See Shoot.] 1. To move swiftly; especially, to move as if driven forward by something.

The first nautilus that scudded upon the glassy surface of warm primeval oceans.
I. Taylor.

The wind was high; the vast white clouds scudded over the blue heaven.
Beaconsfield.

2. (Naut.) To be driven swiftly, or to run, before a gale, with little or no sail spread.

Scud, v. t. To pass over quickly. [R.] Shenstone.

Scud, n. 1. The act of scudding; a driving along; a rushing with precipitation.

2. Loose, vapory clouds driven swiftly by the wind.

Borne on the scud of the sea.
Longfellow.

The scud was flying fast above us, throwing a veil over the moon.
Sir S. Baker.

3. A slight, sudden shower. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

4. (Zoöl.) A small flight of larks, or other birds, less than a flock. [Prov. Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) Any swimming amphipod crustacean.

Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud.

Scud"dle (?), v. i. [Freq. of scud: cf. Scuttle to hurry.] To run hastily; to hurry; to scuttle.

||Scu"do (?), n.; pl. Scudi (#). [It., a crown, a dollar, a shield, fr. L. scutum a shield. Cf. Scute.] (Com.) (a) A silver coin, and money of account, used in Italy and Sicily, varying in value, in different parts, but worth about 4 shillings sterling, or about 96 cents; also, a gold coin worth about the same. (b) A gold coin of Rome, worth 64 shillings 11 pence sterling, or about $ 15.70.

Scuff (?), n. [Cf. D. schoft shoulder, Goth. skuft hair of the head. Cf. Scruff.] The back part of the neck; the scruff. [Prov. Eng.] Ld. Lytton.

Scuff, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffing.] [See Scuffle.] To walk without lifting the feet; to proceed with a scraping or dragging movement; to shuffle.

Scuf"fle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Scuffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuffling (?).] [Freq. of scuff, v.i.; cf. Sw. skuffa to push, shove, skuff a push, Dan. skuffe a drawer, a shovel, and E. shuffle, shove. See Shove, and cf. Shuffle.] 1. To strive or struggle with a close grapple; to wrestle in a rough fashion.

2. Hence, to strive or contend tumultuously; to struggle confusedly or at haphazard.

A gallant man had rather fight to great disadvantage in the field, in an orderly way, than scuffle with an undisciplined rabble.
Eikon Basilike.

Scuf"fle, n. 1. A rough, haphazard struggle, or trial of strength; a disorderly wrestling at close quarters.

2. Hence, a confused contest; a tumultuous struggle for superiority; a fight.

The dog leaps upon the serpent, and tears it to pieces; but in the scuffle the cradle happened to be overturned.
L'Estrange.

3. A child's pinafore or bib. [Prov. Eng.]

4. A garden hoe. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scuf"fler (?), n. 1. One who scuffles.

2. An agricultural implement resembling a scarifier, but usually lighter.

Scug (skŭg), v. i. [Cf. Dan. skygge to darken, a shade, SW. skugga to shade, a shade, Icel. skyggja to shade, skuggi a shade.] To hide. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scug, n. A place of shelter; the declivity of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

{ Sculk (skŭlk), Sculk"er (-&etilde;r) }. See Skulk, Skulker.

Scull (skŭl), n. (Anat.) The skull. [Obs.]

Scull, n. [See 1st School.] A shoal of fish. Milton.

Scull, n. [Of uncertain origin; cf. Icel. skola to wash.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A boat; a cockboat. See Sculler. (b) One of a pair of short oars worked by one person. (c) A single oar used at the stern in propelling a boat.

2. (Zoöl.) The common skua gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Scull, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sculling.] (Naut.) To impel (a boat) with a pair of sculls, or with a single scull or oar worked over the stern obliquely from side to side.

Scull, v. i. To impel a boat with a scull or sculls.

Scull"er (?), n. 1. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls, or short oars. [R.] Dryden.

2. One who sculls.

Scul"ler*y (skŭl"l&etilde;r*&ybreve;), n.; pl. Sculleries (- &ibreve;z). [Probably originally, a place for washing dishes, and for swillery, fr. OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian (see Swill to wash, to drink), but influenced either by Icel. skola, skyla, Dan. skylle, or by OF. escuelier a place for keeping dishes, fr. escuele a dish, F. écuelle, fr. L. scutella a salver, waiter (cf. Scuttle a basket); or perhaps the English word is immediately from the OF. escuelier; cf. OE. squyllare a dishwasher.] 1. A place where dishes, kettles, and culinary utensils, are cleaned and kept; also, a room attached to the kitchen, where the coarse work is done; a back kitchen.

2. Hence, refuse; fifth; offal. [Obs.] Gauden.

Scul"lion (skŭl"yŭn), n. (Bot.) A scallion.

Scul"lion, n. [OF. escouillon (Cot.) a dishclout, apparently for escouvillon, F. écouvillon a swab; cf. also OF. souillon a servant employed for base offices. Cf. Scovel.] A servant who cleans pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen.

The meanest scullion that followed his camp.
South.

Scul"lion*ly, a. Like a scullion; base. [Obs.] Milton.

Sculp (?), v. t. [See Sculptor.] To sculpture; to carve; to engrave. [Obs. or Humorous.] Sandys.

Scul"pin (?), n. [Written also skulpin.] (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of marine cottoid fishes of the genus Cottus, or Acanthocottus, having a large head armed with several sharp spines, and a broad mouth. They are generally mottled with yellow, brown, and black. Several species are found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and America. (b) A large cottoid market fish of California (Scorpænichthys marmoratus); -- called also bighead, cabezon, scorpion, salpa. (c) The dragonet, or yellow sculpin, of Europe (Callionymus lyra).

&fist; The name is also applied to other related California species.

Deep-water sculpin, the sea raven.

Sculp"tile (?), a. [L. sculptilis. See Sculptor.] Formed by carving; graven; as, sculptile images. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sculp"tor (?), n. [L. sculptor, fr. sculpere, sculptum, to carve; cf. scalpere to cut, carve, scratch, and Gr. &?; to carve: cf. F. sculpteur.] 1. One who sculptures; one whose occupation is to carve statues, or works of sculpture.

2. Hence, an artist who designs works of sculpture, his first studies and his finished model being usually in a plastic material, from which model the marble is cut, or the bronze is cast.

Sculp"tress (?), n. A female sculptor.

Sculp"tur*al (?; 135), a. Of or pertaining to sculpture. G. Eliot.

Sculp"ture (?; 135), n. [L. sculptura: cf. F. sculpture.] 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood, stone, metal, etc., into statues, ornaments, etc., or into figures, as of men, or other things; hence, the art of producing figures and groups, whether in plastic or hard materials.

2. Carved work modeled of, or cut upon, wood, stone, metal, etc.

There, too, in living sculpture, might be seen
The mad affection of the Cretan queen.
Dryden.

Sculp"ture (?; 135), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sculptured (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sculpturing.] To form with the chisel on, in, or from, wood, stone, or metal; to carve; to engrave.

Sculptured tortoise (Zoöl.), a common North American wood tortoise (Glyptemys insculpta). The shell is marked with strong grooving and ridges which resemble sculptured figures.

Sculp`tur*esque" (?), a. After the manner of sculpture; resembling, or relating to, sculpture.

Scum (skŭm), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. & Sw. skum, Icel. skūm, LG. schum, D. schuim, OHG. scūm, G. schaum; probably from a root meaning, to cover. √158. Cf. Hide skin, Meerschaum, Skim, v., Sky.]

1. The extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the surface of liquids in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means; also, the scoria of metals in a molten state; dross.

Some to remove the scum as it did rise.
Spenser.

2. refuse; recrement; anything vile or worthless.

The great and innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse of the people.
Addison.

Scum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scumming (?).] 1. To take the scum from; to clear off the impure matter from the surface of; to skim.

You that scum the molten lead.
Dryden & Lee.

2. To sweep or range over the surface of. [Obs.]

Wandering up and down without certain seat, they lived by scumming those seas and shores as pirates.
Milton.

Scum, v. i. To form a scum; to become covered with scum. Also used figuratively.

Life, and the interest of life, have stagnated and scummed over.
A. K. H. Boyd.

Scum"ber (?), v. i. [Cf. Discumber.] To void excrement. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Massinger.

Scum"ber, n. Dung. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Scum"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scumbling (?).] [Freq. of scum. √ 158.] (Fine Arts) To cover lighty, as a painting, or a drawing, with a thin wash of opaque color, or with color-crayon dust rubbed on with the stump, or to make any similar additions to the work, so as to produce a softened effect.

Scum"bling (?), n. 1. (Fine Arts) (a) A mode of obtaining a softened effect, in painting and drawing, by the application of a thin layer of opaque color to the surface of a painting, or part of the surface, which is too bright in color, or which requires harmonizing. (b) In crayon drawing, the use of the stump.

2. The color so laid on. Also used figuratively.

Shining above the brown scumbling of leafless orchards.
L. Wallace.

Scum"mer (?), v. i. To scumber. [Obs.] Holland.

Scum"mer, n. Excrement; scumber. [Obs.]

Scum"mer, n. [Cf. OF. escumoire, F. écumoire. See Scum, and cf. Skimmer.] An instrument for taking off scum; a skimmer.

Scum"ming (?), n. (a) The act of taking off scum. (b) That which is scummed off; skimmings; scum; -- used chiefly in the plural.

Scum"my (?), a. Covered with scum; of the nature of scum. Sir P. Sidney.

Scun"ner (?), v. t. [Cf. Shun.] To cause to loathe, or feel disgust at. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Scun"ner, v. i. To have a feeling of loathing or disgust; hence, to have dislike, prejudice, or reluctance. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

Scun"ner, n. A feeling of disgust or loathing; a strong prejudice; abhorrence; as, to take a scunner against some one. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Carlyle.

Scup (?), n. [D. schop.] A swing. [Local, U.S.]

Scup, n. [Contr. fr. American Indian mishcùp, fr. mishe-kuppi large, thick-scaled.] (Zoöl.) A marine sparoid food fish (Stenotomus chrysops, or S. argyrops), common on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It appears bright silvery when swimming in the daytime, but shows broad blackish transverse bands at night and when dead. Called also porgee, paugy, porgy, scuppaug.

&fist; The same names are also applied to a closely allied Southern species (Stenotomus Gardeni).

Scup"paug (?), n. [Contr. fr. Amer. Indian mishcuppauog, pl. of mishcup.] (Zoöl.) See 2d Scup.

Scup"per (?), n. [OF. escopir, escupir, to spit, perhaps for escospir, L. ex + conspuere to spit upon; pref. con- + spuere to spit. Cf. Spit, v.] (Naut.) An opening cut through the waterway and bulwarks of a ship, so that water falling on deck may flow overboard; -- called also scupper hole.

Scupper hose (Naut.), a pipe of leather, canvas, etc., attached to the mouth of the scuppers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. Totten. -- Scupper nail (Naut.), a nail with a very broad head, for securing the edge of the hose to the scupper. -- Scupper plug (Naut.), a plug to stop a scupper. Totten.

Scup"per*nong (skŭp"p&etilde;r*n&obreve;ng), n. [Probably of American Indian origin.] (Bot.) An American grape, a form of Vitis vulpina, found in the Southern Atlantic States, and often cultivated.

Scur (skûr), v. i. [Cf. Scour to run.] To move hastily; to scour. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Scurf (?), n. [AS. scurf, sceorf, or from Scand.; cf. Sw. skorf, Dan. skurv, Icel. skurfur, D. schurft, G. schorf; all akin to AS. scurf, and to AS. sceorfan to scrape, to gnaw, G. schürfen to scrape, and probably also to E. scrape. Cf. Scurvy.] 1. Thin dry scales or scabs upon the body; especially, thin scales exfoliated from the cuticle, particularly of the scalp; dandruff.

2. Hence, the foul remains of anything adherent.

The scurf is worn away of each committed crime.
Dryden.

3. Anything like flakes or scales adhering to a surface.

There stood a hill not far, whose grisly top
Belched fire and rolling smoke; the rest entire
Shone with a glossy scurf.
Milton.

4. (Bot.) Minute membranous scales on the surface of some leaves, as in the goosefoot. Gray.

Scurff (?), n. The bull trout. [Prov. Eng.]

Scurf"i*ness, n. 1. Quality or state of being scurfy.

2. (Bot.) Scurf.

Scurf"y (?), a. [Compar. Scurfier (?); superl. Scurfiest.] Having or producing scurf; covered with scurf; resembling scurf.

Scur"ri*er (?), n. One who scurries.

Scur"rile (?), a. [L. scurrilis, fr. scurra a *buffoon, jester: cf. F. scurrile.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester; grossly opprobrious or loudly jocose in language; scurrilous; as, scurrile taunts.

The wretched affectation of scurrile laughter.
Cowley.

A scurrile or obscene jest will better advance you at the court of Charles than your father's ancient name.
Sir W. Scott.

Scur*ril"i*ty (?), n. [L. scurrilitas: cf. F. scurrilité.] 1. The quality or state of being scurrile or scurrilous; mean, vile, or obscene jocularity.

Your reasons . . . have been sharp and sententious, pleasant without scurrility.
Shak.

2. That which is scurrile or scurrilous; gross or obscene language; low buffoonery; vulgar abuse.

Interrupting prayers and sermons with clamor and scurrility.
Macaulay.

Syn. -- Scurrilousness; abuse; insolence; vulgarity; indecency.

Scur"ril*ous (?), a. [See Scurrile.] 1. Using the low and indecent language of the meaner sort of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can warrant; as, a scurrilous fellow.

2. Containing low indecency or abuse; mean; foul; vile; obscenely jocular; as, scurrilous language.

The absurd and scurrilous sermon which had very unwisely been honored with impeachment.
Macaulay.

Syn. -- Opprobrious; abusive; reproachful; insulting; insolent; offensive; gross; vile; vulgar; low; foul; foul-mouthed; indecent; scurrile; mean.

-- Scur"ril*ous*ly, adv. -- Scur"ril*ous*ness, n.

Scur"rit (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lesser tern (Sterna minuta). [Prov. Eng.]

Scur"ry (?), v. i. [Cf. Scur, Skirr.] To hasten away or along; to move rapidly; to hurry; as, the rabbit scurried away.

Scur"ry, n. Act of scurrying; hurried movement.

Scur"vi*ly (?), adv. In a scurvy manner.

Scur"vi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being scurvy; vileness; meanness.

Scur"vy (?), a. [Compar. Scurvier (?); superl. Scurviest.] [From Scurf; cf. Scurvy, n.] 1. Covered or affected with scurf or scabs; scabby; scurfy; specifically, diseased with the scurvy. "Whatsoever man . . . be scurvy or scabbed." Lev. xxi. 18, 20.

2. Vile; mean; low; vulgar; contemptible. "A scurvy trick." Ld. Lytton.

That scurvy custom of taking tobacco.
Swift.

[He] spoke spoke such scurvy and provoking terms.
Shak.

Scur"vy, n. [Probably from the same source as scorbute, but influenced by scurf, scurfy, scurvy, adj.; cf. D. scheurbuik scurvy, G. scharbock, LL. scorbutus. Cf. Scorbute.] (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots, especially about the thighs and legs, due to extravasation of blood, and by spongy gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous membranes. It is accompanied by paleness, languor, depression, and general debility. It is occasioned by confinement, innutritious food, and hard labor, but especially by lack of fresh vegetable food, or confinement for a long time to a limited range of food, which is incapable of repairing the waste of the system. It was formerly prevalent among sailors and soldiers.

Scurvy grass [Scurvy + grass; or cf. Icel. skarfakāl scurvy grass.] (Bot.) A kind of cress (Cochlearia officinalis) growing along the seacoast of Northern Europe and in arctic regions. It is a remedy for the scurvy, and has proved a valuable food to arctic explorers. The name is given also to other allied species of plants.

Scut (?), n. [Cf. Icel. skott a fox's tail. √ 159.] [Obs.] The tail of a hare, or of a deer, or other animal whose tail is short, esp. when carried erect; hence, sometimes, the animal itself. "He ran like a scut." Skelton.

How the Indian hare came to have a long tail, whereas that part in others attains no higher than a scut.
Sir T. Browne.

My doe with the black scut.
Shak.

||Scu"ta (?), n. pl. See Scutum.

Scu"tage (?; 48), n. [LL. scutagium, from L. scutum a shield.] (Eng. Hist.) Shield money; commutation of service for a sum of money. See Escuage.

Scu"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a shield.

A good example of these scutal monstrosities.
Cussans.

Scu"tate (?), a. [L. scutatus armed with a shield, from scutum a shield.] 1. Buckler-shaped; round or nearly round.

2. (Zoöl.) Protected or covered by bony or horny plates, or large scales.

Scutch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scutched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scutching.] [See Scotch to cut slightly.] 1. To beat or whip; to drub. [Old or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

2. To separate the woody fiber from (flax, hemp, etc.) by beating; to swingle.

3. To loosen and dress the fiber of (cotton or silk) by beating; to free (fibrous substances) from dust by beating and blowing.

Scutching machine, a machine used to scutch cotton, silk, or flax; -- called also batting machine.

Scutch, n. 1. A wooden instrument used in scutching flax and hemp.

2. The woody fiber of flax; the refuse of scutched flax. "The smoke of the burning scutch." Cuthbert Bede.

Scutch"eon (?), n. [Aphetic form of escutcheon.] 1. An escutcheon; an emblazoned shield. Bacon.

The corpse lay in state, with all the pomp of scutcheons, wax lights, black hangings, and mutes.
Macaulay.

2. A small plate of metal, as the shield around a keyhole. See Escutcheon, 4.

Scutch"eoned (?), a. Emblazoned on or as a shield.

Scutcheoned panes in cloisters old.
Lowell.

Scutch"er (?), n. 1. One who scutches.

2. An implement or machine for scutching hemp, flax, or cotton, etc.; a scutch; a scutching machine.

Scutch" grass` (?). (Bot.) A kind of pasture grass (Cynodon Dactylon). See Bermuda grass: also Illustration in Appendix.

Scute (?), n. [L. scutum a shield, a buckler. See Scudo.] 1. A small shield. [Obs.] Skelton.

2. An old French gold coin of the value of 3s. 4d. sterling, or about 80 cents.

3. (Zoöl.) A bony scale of a reptile or fish; a large horny scale on the leg of a bird, or on the belly of a snake.

||Scu*tel"la (?), n. pl. See Scutellum.

||Scu*tel"la, n.; pl. Scutellæ (#). [NL., fem. dim. of L. scutum.] (Zoöl.) See Scutellum, n., 2.

{ Scu"tel*late (?), Scu"tel*la`ted (?) }, a. [L. scutella a dish, salver. Cf. Scuttle a basket.] 1. (Zoöl.) Formed like a plate or salver; composed of platelike surfaces; as, the scutellated bone of a sturgeon. Woodward.

2. [See Scutellum.] (Zoöl.) Having the tarsi covered with broad transverse scales, or scutella; -- said of certain birds.

Scu`tel*la"tion (?), n. (Zoöl.) The entire covering, or mode of arrangement, of scales, as on the legs and feet of a bird.

Scu*tel"li*form (?), a. [L. scutella a dish + -form.] 1. Scutellate.

2. (Bot.) Having the form of a scutellum.

Scu*tel`li*plan"tar (?), a. [L. scutellus a shield + planta foot.] (Zoöl.) Having broad scutella on the front, and small scales on the posterior side, of the tarsus; -- said of certain birds.

||Scu*tel"lum (?), n.; pl. Scutella (#). [NL., neut. dim. of L. scutum a shield.] 1. (Bot.) A rounded apothecium having an elevated rim formed of the proper thallus, the fructification of certain lichens.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The third of the four pieces forming the upper part of a thoracic segment of an insect. It follows the scutum, and is followed by the small postscutellum; a scutella. See Thorax. (b) One of the transverse scales on the tarsi and toes of birds; a scutella.

Scu"ti*branch (?), a. (Zoöl.) Scutibranchiate. -- n. One of the Scutibranchiata.

||Scu`ti*bran"chi*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoöl.) Same as Scutibranchiata.

Scu`ti*bran"chi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Scutibranchiata.

||Scu`ti*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Scutum, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) An order of gastropod Mollusca having a heart with two auricles and one ventricle. The shell may be either spiral or shieldlike.

&fist; It is now usually regarded as including only the Rhipidoglossa and the Docoglossa. When originally established, it included a heterogenous group of mollusks having shieldlike shells, such as Haliotis, Fissurella, Carinaria, etc.

Scu`ti*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the gills protected by a shieldlike shell; of or pertaining to the Scutibranchiata. -- n. One of the Scutibranchiata.

Scu*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. scutum shield + -ferous.] Carrying a shield or buckler.

Scu"ti*form (?), a. [L. scutum shield + -form: cf. F. scutiforme.] Shield-shaped; scutate.

||Scu"ti*ger (?), n. [NL., fr. L. scutum shield + gerere to bear.] (Zoöl.) Any species of chilopod myriapods of the genus Scutigera. They sometimes enter buildings and prey upon insects.

Scu"ti*ped (?), a. [L. scutum a shield + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. scutipède.] (Zoöl.) Having the anterior surface of the tarsus covered with scutella, or transverse scales, in the form of incomplete bands terminating at a groove on each side; -- said of certain birds.

Scut"tle (?), n. [AS. scutel a dish, platter; cf. Icel. skutill; both fr. L. scutella, dim. of scutra, scuta, a dish or platter; cf. scutum a shield. Cf. Skillet.] 1. A broad, shallow basket.

2. A wide-mouthed vessel for holding coal: a coal hod.

Scut"tle, v. i. [For scuddle, fr. scud.] To run with affected precipitation; to hurry; to bustle; to scuddle.

With the first dawn of day, old Janet was scuttling about the house to wake the baron.
Sir W. Scott.

Scut"tle, n. A quick pace; a short run. Spectator.

Scut"tle (?), n. [OF. escoutille, F. éscoutille, cf. Sp. escotilla; probably akin to Sp. escotar to cut a thing so as to make it fit, to hollow a garment about the neck, perhaps originally, to cut a bosom-shaped piece out, and of Teutonic origin; cf. D. schoot lap, bosom, G. schoss, Goth. skauts the hem of a garnment. Cf. Sheet an expanse.] 1. A small opening in an outside wall or covering, furnished with a lid. Specifically: (a) (Naut.) A small opening or hatchway in the deck of a ship, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it, also, a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship. (b) An opening in the roof of a house, with a lid.

2. The lid or door which covers or closes an opening in a roof, wall, or the like.

Scuttle butt, or Scuttle cask (Naut.), a butt or cask with a large hole in it, used to contain the fresh water for daily use in a ship. Totten.

Scut"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Scuttled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Scuttling.] 1. To cut a hole or holes through the bottom, deck, or sides of (as of a ship), for any purpose.

2. To sink by making holes through the bottom of; as, to scuttle a ship.

||Scu"tum (?), n.; pl. Scuta (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; -- carried chiefly by the heavy-armed infantry.

2. (O. Eng. Law) A penthouse or awning. [Obs.] Burrill.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) The second and largest of the four parts forming the upper surface of a thoracic segment of an insect. It is preceded by the prescutum and followed by the scutellum. See the Illust. under Thorax. (b) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle.

||Scyb"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky`balon dung.] (Med.) Hardened masses of feces.

Scye (sī), n. Arm scye, a cutter's term for the armhole or part of the armhole of the waist of a garment. [Cant]

Scyle (sīl), v. t. [AS. scylan to withdraw or remove.] To hide; to secrete; to conceal. [Obs.]

Scyl"la (?), n. A dangerous rock on the Italian coast opposite the whirpool Charybdis on the coast of Sicily, -- both personified in classical literature as ravenous monsters. The passage between them was formerly considered perilous; hence, the saying "Between Scylla and Charybdis," signifying a great peril on either hand.

||Scyl*læ"a (?), n. [NL. See Scylla.] (Zoöl.) A genus of oceanic nudibranchiate mollusks having the small branched gills situated on the upper side of four fleshy lateral lobes, and on the median caudal crest.

&fist; In color and form these mollusks closely imitate the fronds of sargassum and other floating seaweeds among which they live.

Scyl*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a family (Scyllaridæ) of macruran Crustacea, remarkable for the depressed form of the body, and the broad, flat antennæ. Also used adjectively.

Scyl"lite (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance of a sweetish taste, resembling inosite and metameric with dextrose. It is extracted from the kidney of the dogfish (of the genus Scyllium), the shark, and the skate.

Scym"e*tar (?), n. See Scimiter.

||Scy"pha (?), n.; pl. Scyphae (#). [NL.] (Bot.) See Scyphus, 2 (b).

Scy"phi*form (?), a. [L. scyphus a cup + -form.] (Bot.) Cup-shaped.

||Scy*phis"to*ma (?), n.; pl. Scyphistomata (#), Scyphistomæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sky`fos a cup + sto`ma the mouth.] (Zoöl.) The young attached larva of Discophora in the stage when it resembles a hydroid, or actinian.

||Scy`pho*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. sky`fos a cup + bra`gchion a gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the blennioid and gobioid fishes, and other related families.

||Scy`pho*me*du"sæ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky`fos cup + NL. medusa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Acraspeda, or Discophora.

||Scy*phoph"o*ri (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sky`fos a cup + fe`rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) An order of fresh-water fishes inhabiting tropical Africa. They have rudimentary electrical organs on each side of the tail.

Scy"phus (?), n.; pl. Scyphi (#). [L., a cup, Gr. sky`fos.] 1. (Antiq.) A kind of large drinking cup, -- used by Greeks and Romans, esp. by poor folk.

2. (Bot.) (a) The cup of a narcissus, or a similar appendage to the corolla in other flowers. (b) A cup-shaped stem or podetium in lichens. Also called scypha. See Illust. of Cladonia pyxidata, under Lichen.

Scythe (sī&thlig;), n. [OE. sithe, AS. sīðe, sigðe; akin to Icel. sigðr a sickle, LG. segd, seged, seed, seid, OHG. segansa sickle, scythe, G. sense scythe, and to E. saw a cutting instrument. See Saw.] [Written also sithe and sythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, grain, or the like, by hand, composed of a long, curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast to a long handle, called a snath, which is bent into a form convenient for use.

The sharp-edged scythe shears up the spiring grass.
Drayton.

Whatever thing
The scythe of Time mows down.
Milton.

2. (Antiq.) A scythe-shaped blade attached to ancient war chariots.

Scythe (?), v. t. To cut with a scythe; to cut off as with a scythe; to mow. [Obs.]

Time had not scythed all that youth begun.
Shak.

Scythed (?), a. Armed with scythes, as a chariot.

Chariots scythed,
On thundering axles rolled.
Glover.

Scythe"man (?), n.; pl. Scythemen (&?;). One who uses a scythe; a mower. Macaulay.

Scythe"stone` (?), n. A stone for sharpening scythes; a whetstone.

Scythe"whet` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Wilson's thrush; -- so called from its note. [Local, U.S.]

Scyth"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Scythia (a name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe adjoining to Asia), or its language or inhabitants.

Scythian lamb. (Bot.) See Barometz.

Scyth"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Scythia; specifically (Ethnol.), one of a Slavonic race which in early times occupied Eastern Europe.

2. The language of the Scythians.

||Scy`to*der"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hide + &?; a skin.] (Zoöl.) Same as Holothurioidea.

Sdain (?), v. & n. Disdain. [Obs.] Spenser.

'Sdeath (?), interj. [Corrupted fr. God's death.] An exclamation expressive of impatience or anger. Shak.

Sdeign (?), v. t. To disdain. [Obs.]

But either sdeigns with other to partake.
Spenser.

Sea (sē), n. [OE. see, AS. s&aemacr;; akin to D. zee, OS. & OHG. sēo, G. see, OFries. se, Dan. sö, Sw. sjö, Icel. sær, Goth. saiws, and perhaps to L. saevus fierce, savage. √151a.] 1. One of the larger bodies of salt water, less than an ocean, found on the earth's surface; a body of salt water of second rank, generally forming part of, or connecting with, an ocean or a larger sea; as, the Mediterranean Sea; the Sea of Marmora; the North Sea; the Carribean Sea.

2. An inland body of water, esp. if large or if salt or brackish; as, the Caspian Sea; the Sea of Aral; sometimes, a small fresh-water lake; as, the Sea of Galilee.

3. The ocean; the whole body of the salt water which covers a large part of the globe.

I marvel how the fishes live in the sea.
Shak.

Ambiguous between sea and land
The river horse and scaly crocodile.
Milton.

4. The swell of the ocean or other body of water in a high wind; motion or agitation of the water's surface; also, a single wave; a billow; as, there was a high sea after the storm; the vessel shipped a sea.

5. (Jewish Antiq.) A great brazen laver in the temple at Jerusalem; -- so called from its size.

He made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits the height thereof.
2 Chron. iv. 2.

6. Fig.: Anything resembling the sea in vastness; as, a sea of glory. Shak.

All the space . . . was one sea of heads.
Macaulay.

&fist; Sea is often used in the composition of words of obvious signification; as, sea-bathed, sea-beaten, sea-bound, sea-bred, sea-circled, sealike, sea-nursed, sea-tossed, sea-walled, sea- worn, and the like. It is also used either adjectively or in combination with substantives; as, sea bird, sea-bird, or seabird, sea acorn, or sea-acorn.

At sea, upon the ocean; away from land; figuratively, without landmarks for guidance; lost; at the mercy of circumstances. "To say the old man was at sea would be too feeble an expression." G. W. Cable -- At full sea at the height of flood tide; hence, at the height. "But now God's mercy was at full sea." Jer. Taylor. -- Beyond seas, or Beyond the sea or the seas (Law), out of the state, territory, realm, or country. Wharton. -- Half seas over, half drunk. [Colloq.] Spectator. -- Heavy sea, a sea in which the waves run high. -- Long sea, a sea characterized by the uniform and steady motion of long and extensive waves. -- Short sea, a sea in which the waves are short, broken, and irregular, so as to produce a tumbling or jerking motion. -- To go to sea, to adopt the calling or occupation of a sailor.

Sea" a"corn (?). (Zoöl.) An acorn barnacle (Balanus).

Sea" ad"der (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The European fifteen-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia); -- called also bismore. (b) The European tanglefish, or pipefish (Syngnathus acus).

Sea" an"chor (?). (Naut.) See Drag sail, under 4th Drag.

Sea" a*nem"o*ne (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of soft-bodied Anthozoa, belonging to the order Actinaria; an actinian.

&fist; They have the oral disk surrounded by one or more circles of simple tapering tentacles, which are often very numerous, and when expanded somewhat resemble the petals of flowers, with colors varied and often very beautiful.

Sea" ape` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The thrasher shark. (b) The sea otter.

Sea" ap"ple (?). (Bot.) The fruit of a West Indian palm (Manicaria Plukenetii), often found floating in the sea. A. Grisebach.

Sea" ar"row (?). (Zoöl.) A squid of the genus Ommastrephes. See Squid.

Sea" bank` (?). 1. The seashore. Shak.

2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea.

Sea"-bar` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tern.

Sea" bar"row (?). (Zoöl.) A sea purse.

Sea" bass`. (&?;). (Zoöl.) (a) A large marine food fish (Serranus, or Centropristis, atrarius) which abounds on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It is dark bluish, with black bands, and more or less varied with small white spots and blotches. Called also, locally, blue bass, black sea bass, blackfish, bluefish, and black perch. (b) A California food fish (Cynoscion nobile); -- called also white sea bass, and sea salmon.

Sea" bat` (?). (Zoöl.) See Batfish (a).

Sea"beach` (?), n. A beach lying along the sea. "The bleak seabeach." Longfellow.

Sea" bean (?). (Bot.) Same as Florida bean.

Sea" bear` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any fur seal. See under Fur. (b) The white bear.

Sea"beard` (?), n. (Bot.) A green seaweed (Cladophora rupestris) growing in dense tufts.

Sea" beast` (?). (Zoöl.) Any large marine mammal, as a seal, walrus, or cetacean.

Sea" bird` (?). (Zoöl.) Any swimming bird frequenting the sea; a sea fowl.

Sea" blite` (?). (Bot.) A plant (Suæda maritima) of the Goosefoot family, growing in salt marshes.

Sea"-blub"ber (?), n. (Zoöl.) A jellyfish.

Sea"board` (?), n. [Sea + board, F. bord side.] The seashore; seacoast. Ld. Berners.

Sea"board`, a. Bordering upon, or being near, the sea; seaside; seacoast; as, a seaboard town.

Sea"board`, adv. Toward the sea. [R.]

Sea"boat` (?). [AS. s&aemacr;bāt.] 1. A boat or vessel adapted to the open sea; hence, a vessel considered with reference to her power of resisting a storm, or maintaining herself in a heavy sea; as, a good sea boat.

2. (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Sea"bord` (?), n. & a. See Seaboard.

Sea"-bor"der*ing (?), a. Bordering on the sea; situated beside the sea. Drayton.

Sea"-born` (?), a. 1. Born of the sea; produced by the sea. "Neptune and his sea-born niece." Waller.

2. Born at sea.

Sea"bound` (?), a. Bounded by the sea.

Sea" bow` (?). See Marine rainbow, under Rainbow.

Sea" boy` (?). A boy employed on shipboard.

Sea" breach` (?). A breaking or overflow of a bank or a dike by the sea. L'Estrange.

Sea" bream` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of sparoid fishes, especially the common European species (Pagellus centrodontus), the Spanish (P. Oweni), and the black sea bream (Cantharus lineatus); -- called also old wife.

Sea" brief` (?). Same as Sea letter.

Sea" bug` (?). (Zoöl.) A chiton.

Sea"-built` (?), a. Built at, in, or by the sea.

Sea" but"ter*fly` (?). (Zoöl.) A pteropod.

Sea" cab"bage (?; 48). (Bot.) See Sea kale, under Kale.

Sea" calf` (?). (Zoöl.) The common seal.

Sea" ca*na"ry (?). [So called from a whistling sound which it makes.] (Zoöl.) The beluga, or white whale.

Sea" cap"tain (?). The captain of a vessel that sails upon the sea.

Sea" card` (?). Mariner's card, or compass.

{ Sea" cat`fish (?). Sea" cat` (?). } (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) Any marine siluroid fish, as Ælurichthys marinus, and Arinus felis, of the eastern coast of the United States. Many species are found on the coasts of Central and South America.

Sea" chart` (?). A chart or map on which the lines of the shore, islands, shoals, harbors, etc., are delineated.

Sea" chick"weed` (?). (Bot.) A fleshy plant (Arenaria peploides) growing in large tufts in the sands of the northern Atlantic seacoast; -- called also sea sandwort, and sea purslane.

Sea" clam` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of the large bivalve mollusks found on the open seacoast, especially those of the family Mactridæ, as the common American species. (Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima); -- called also beach clam, and surf clam.

Sea" coal` (?). Coal brought by sea; -- a name by which mineral coal was formerly designated in the south of England, in distinction from charcoal, which was brought by land.

Sea-coal facing (Founding), facing consisting of pulverized bituminous coal.

Sea"coast` (?), n. The shore or border of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. Also used adjectively.

Sea" cob` (?). (Zoöl.) The black-backed gull.

Sea" cock` (?). 1. In a steamship, a cock or valve close to the vessel's side, for closing a pipe which communicates with the sea.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-bellied plover. (b) A gurnard, as the European red gurnard (Trigla pini).

Sea" co"coa (?). (Bot.) A magnificent palm (Lodoicea Sechellarum) found only in the Seychelles Islands. The fruit is an immense two-lobed nut. It was found floating in the Indian Ocean before the tree was known, and called sea cocoanut, and double cocoanut.

Sea" col"an*der (?). (Bot.) A large blackfish seaweed (Agarum Turneri), the frond of which is punctured with many little holes.

Sea" cole"wort` (?). (Bot.) Sea cabbage.

Sea" com"pass (?). The mariner's compass. See under Compass.

Sea" coot` (?). (Zoöl.) A scoter duck.

Sea" corn` (?). (Zoöl.) A yellow cylindrical mass of egg capsules of certain species of whelks (Buccinum), which resembles an ear of maize.

Sea" cow` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The mantee. (b) The dugong. (c) The walrus.

{ Sea" craw"fish` (?). Sea" cray"fish` (?). } (Zoöl.) Any crustacean of the genus Palinurus and allied genera, as the European spiny lobster (P. vulgaris), which is much used as an article of food. See Lobster.

Sea" crow` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The chough. [Ireland] (b) The cormorant. (c) The blackheaded pewit, and other gulls. (d) The skua. (e) The razorbill. [Orkney Islands] (f) The coot.

Sea" cu"cum*ber (?). (Zoöl.) Any large holothurian, especially one of those belonging to the genus Pentacta, or Cucumaria, as the common American and European species. (P. frondosa).

Sea" dace` (?). (Zoöl.) The European sea perch.

Sea" daf"fo*dil (?). (Bot.) A European amaryllidaceous plant (Pancratium maritimum).

Sea" dev`il (?) (Zoöl.) (a) Any very large ray, especially any species of the genus Manta or Cephaloptera, some of which become more than twenty feet across and weigh several tons. See also Ox ray, under Ox. (b) Any large cephalopod, as a large Octopus, or a giant squid (Architeuthis). See Devilfish. (c) The angler.

Sea" dog` (?). 1. (Zoöl.) The dogfish. (b) The common seal.

2. An old sailor; a salt. [Colloq.]

Sea" dot"ter*el (?). (Zoöl.) The turnstone.

Sea" dove` (?). (Zoöl.) The little auk, or rotche. See Illust. of Rotche.

Sea" drag"on (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A dragonet, or sculpin. (b) The pegasus.

Sea" drake` (?). (Zoöl.) The pewit gull.

Sea" duck` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of ducks which frequent the seacoasts and feed mainly on fishes and mollusks. The scoters, eiders, old squaw, and ruddy duck are examples. They may be distinguished by the lobate hind toe.

Sea" ea"gle (?). 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fish-eating eagles of the genus Haliæetus and allied genera, as the North Pacific sea eagle (H. pelagicus), which has white shoulders, head, rump, and tail; the European white-tailed eagle (H. albicilla); and the Indian white-tailed sea eagle, or fishing eagle (Polioaëtus ichthyaëtus). The bald eagle and the osprey are also sometimes classed as sea eagles.

2. (Zoöl.) The eagle ray. See under Ray.

Sea"-ear` (sē"ēr`), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of ear-shaped shells of the genus Haliotis. See Abalone.

Sea" eel` (sē" ēl`). (Zoöl.) The conger eel.

Sea" egg` (sē" &ebreve;g`). (Zoöl.) A sea urchin.

Sea" el"e*phant (sē" ē"&esl;*fant). (Zoöl.) A very large seal (Macrorhinus proboscideus) of the Antarctic seas, much hunted for its oil. It sometimes attains a length of thirty feet, and is remarkable for the prolongation of the nose of the adult male into an erectile elastic proboscis, about a foot in length. Another species of smaller size (M. angustirostris) occurs on the coast of Lower California, but is now nearly extinct.

Sea" fan` (sē" făn`). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches in a fanlike form, especially Gorgonia flabellum of Florida and the West Indies.

Sea"far`er (?), n. [Sea + fare.] One who follows the sea as a business; a mariner; a sailor.

Sea"far`ing, a. Following the business of a mariner; as, a seafaring man.

Sea" feath"er (?). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches in a plumelike form.

Sea" fen"nel (?). (Bot.) Samphire.

Sea" fern" (?). (Zoöl.) Any gorgonian which branches like a fern.

Sea" fight` (?). An engagement between ships at sea; a naval battle.

Sea" fir` (?). (Zoöl.) A sertularian hydroid, especially Sertularia abietina, which branches like a miniature fir tree.

Sea" flow"er (?). (Zoöl.) A sea anemone, or any related anthozoan.

Sea" foam` (?). 1. Foam of sea water.

2. (Min.) Meerschaum; -- called also sea froth.

Sea" fowl` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bird which habitually frequents the sea, as an auk, gannet, gull, tern, or petrel; also, all such birds, collectively.

Sea" fox` (?). (Zoöl.) The thrasher shark. See Thrasher.

Sea" froth` (?; 115). See Sea foam, 2.

{ Sea"-gate`, Sea"-gait` }, n. A long, rolling swell of the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sea" gauge` (?). See under Gauge, n.

{ Sea" gher`kin (?), or Sea" gir"kin (?) }. (Zoöl.) Any small holothurian resembling in form a gherkin.

Sea" gin"ger (?). (Zoöl.) A hydroid coral of the genus Millepora, especially M. alcicornis, of the West Indies and Florida. So called because it stings the tongue like ginger. See Illust. under Millepore.

Sea" gir"dles (?). (Bot.) A kind of kelp (Laminaria digitata) with palmately cleft fronds; -- called also sea wand, seaware, and tangle.

Sea"girt` (?), a. Surrounded by the water of the sea or ocean; as, a seagirt isle. Milton.

Sea" god` (?). A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to live in, or have dominion over, the sea, or some particular sea or part of the sea, as Neptune.

Sea" god"dess (?). A goddess supposed to live in or reign over the sea, or some part of the sea.

Sea"go`ing (?), a. Going upon the sea; especially, sailing upon the deep sea; -- used in distinction from coasting or river, as applied to vessels.

Sea" goose` (?). (Zoöl.) A phalarope.

Sea" gown` (?). A gown or frock with short sleeves, formerly worn by mariners. Shak.

Sea" grape` (?). 1. (Bot.) (a) The gulf weed. See under Gulf. (b) A shrubby plant (Coccoloba uvifera) growing on the sandy shores of tropical America, somewhat resembling the grapevine.

2. pl. (Zoöl.) The clusters of gelatinous egg capsules of a squid (Loligo).

Sea" grass` (?). (Bot.) Eelgrass.

Sea" green` (?). The green color of sea water.

Sea"-green`, a. Of a beautiful bluish green color, like sea water on soundings.

Sea" gud"geon (?). (Zoöl.) The European black goby (Gobius niger).

Sea" gull` (?). (Zoöl.) Any gull living on the seacoast.

||Se"ah (?), n. A Jewish dry measure containing one third of an ephah.

Sea" hare` (?). (Zoöl.) Any tectibranchiate mollusk of the genus Aplysia. See Aplysia.

Sea" hawk` (?). (Zoöl.) A jager gull.

Sea" heath` (?). (Bot.) A low perennial plant (Frankenia lævis) resembling heath, growing along the seashore in Europe.

Sea" hedge"hog` (?). (Zoöl.) A sea urchin.

Sea" hen` (?). (Zoöl.) The common guillemot; -- applied also to various other sea birds.

Sea" hog` (?). (Zoöl.) The porpoise.

Sea" hol"ly (?). (Bot.) An evergeen seashore plant (Eryngium maritimum). See Eryngium.

Sea" holm` (?). A small uninhabited island.

Sea" holm`. (Bot.) Sea holly.

Sea" horse` (?). 1. A fabulous creature, half horse and half fish, represented in classic mythology as driven by sea dogs or ridden by the Nereids. It is also depicted in heraldry. See Hippocampus.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The walrus. (b) Any fish of the genus Hippocampus.

&fist; In a passage of Dryden's, the word is supposed to refer to the hippopotamus.

Sea" hul"ver (?). (Bot.) Sea holly.

Sea"-is`land (?), a. Of or pertaining to certain islands along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia; as, sea-island cotton, a superior cotton of long fiber produced on those islands.

Sea" jel"ly (?). (Zoöl.) A medusa, or jellyfish.

Seak (?), n. Soap prepared for use in milling cloth.

Sea" kale" (?). (Bot.) See under Kale.

Sea" king` (?). One of the leaders among the Norsemen who passed their lives in roving the seas in search of plunder and adventures; a Norse pirate chief. See the Note under Viking.

Seal (sēl), n. [OE. sele, AS. seolh; akin to OHG. selah, Dan. sæl, Sw. själ, Icel. selr.] (Zoöl.) Any aquatic carnivorous mammal of the families Phocidæ and Otariidæ.

&fist; Seals inhabit seacoasts, and are found principally in the higher latitudes of both hemispheres. There are numerous species, bearing such popular names as sea lion, sea leopard, sea bear, or ursine seal, fur seal, and sea elephant. The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata), and the ringed seal (Phoca fœtida), are northern species. See also Eared seal, Harp seal, Monk seal, and Fur seal, under Eared, Harp, Monk, and Fur. Seals are much hunted for their skins and fur, and also for their oil, which in some species is very abundant.

Harbor seal (Zoöl.), the common seal (Phoca vitulina). It inhabits both the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Ocean, and often ascends rivers; -- called also marbled seal, native seal, river seal, bay seal, land seal, sea calf, sea cat, sea dog, dotard, ranger, selchie, tangfish.

Seal, n. [OE. seel, OF. seel, F. sceau, fr. L. sigillum a little figure or image, a seal, dim. of signum a mark, sign, figure, or image. See Sign, n., and cf. Sigil.] 1. An engraved or inscribed stamp, used for marking an impression in wax or other soft substance, to be attached to a document, or otherwise used by way of authentication or security.

2. Wax, wafer, or other tenacious substance, set to an instrument, and impressed or stamped with a seal; as, to give a deed under hand and seal.

Till thou canst rail the seal from off my bond
Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud.
Shak.

3. That which seals or fastens; esp., the wax or wafer placed on a letter or other closed paper, etc., to fasten it.

4. That which confirms, ratifies, or makes stable; that which authenticates; that which secures; assurance. "Under the seal of silence." Milton.

Like a red seal is the setting sun
On the good and the evil men have done.
Longfellow.

5. An arrangement for preventing the entrance or return of gas or air into a pipe, by which the open end of the pipe dips beneath the surface of water or other liquid, or a deep bend or sag in the pipe is filled with the liquid; a draintrap.

Great seal. See under Great. -- Privy seal. See under Privy, a. -- Seal lock, a lock in which the keyhole is covered by a seal in such a way that the lock can not be opened without rupturing the seal. -- Seal manual. See under Manual, a. -- Seal ring, a ring having a seal engraved on it, or ornamented with a device resembling a seal; a signet ring. Shak.

Seal, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sealing.] [OE. selen; cf. OF. seeler, seieler, F. sceller, LL. sigillare. See Seal a stamp.] 1. To set or affix a seal to; hence, to authenticate; to confirm; to ratify; to establish; as, to seal a deed.

And with my hand I seal my true heart's love.
Shak.

2. To mark with a stamp, as an evidence of standard exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality; as, to seal weights and measures; to seal silverware.

3. To fasten with a seal; to attach together with a wafer, wax, or other substance causing adhesion; as, to seal a letter.

4. Hence, to shut close; to keep close; to make fast; to keep secure or secret.

Seal up your lips, and give no words but "mum".
Shak.

5. To fix, as a piece of iron in a wall, with cement, plaster, or the like. Gwilt.

6. To close by means of a seal; as, to seal a drainpipe with water. See 2d Seal, 5.

7. Among the Mormons, to confirm or set apart as a second or additional wife. [Utah, U.S.]

If a man once married desires a second helpmate . . . she is sealed to him under the solemn sanction of the church.
H. Stansbury.

Seal, v. i. To affix one's seal, or a seal. [Obs.]

I will seal unto this bond.
Shak.

Sea" la"ces (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed (Chorda Filum) having blackish cordlike fronds, often many feet long.

Sea" lam"prey (?). (Zoöl.) The common lamprey.

Sea" lan"guage (?). The peculiar language or phraseology of seamen; sailor's cant.

Sea" lark` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). (b) Any one of several small sandpipers and plovers, as the ringed plover, the turnstone, the dunlin, and the sanderling.

Sea" lav"en*der (?). (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary, under Marsh.

Sea" law"yer (?). (Zoöl.) The gray snapper. See under Snapper.

Seal"-brown` (?), a. Of a rich dark brown color, like the fur of the fur seal after it is dyed.

Sea" legs` (?). Legs able to maintain their possessor upright in stormy weather at sea, that is, ability to stand or walk steadily on deck when a vessel is rolling or pitching in a rough sea. [Sailor's Cant] Totten.

Sea" lem"on (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of nudibranchiate mollusks of the genus Doris and allied genera, having a smooth, thick, convex yellow body.

Sea" leop"ard (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of spotted seals, especially Ogmorhinus leptonyx, and Leptonychotes Weddelli, of the Antarctic Ocean. The North Pacific sea leopard is the harbor seal.

Seal"er (?), n. One who seals; especially, an officer whose duty it is to seal writs or instruments, to stamp weights and measures, or the like.

Sealer, n. A mariner or a vessel engaged in the business of capturing seals.

Sea" let"ter (?). (Mar. Law.) The customary certificate of national character which neutral merchant vessels are bound to carry in time of war; a passport for a vessel and cargo. Burrill.

Sea" let"tuce (?). (Bot.) The green papery fronds of several seaweeds of the genus Ulva, sometimes used as food.

Sea" lev"el (?). The level of the surface of the sea; any surface on the same level with the sea.

{ Sealgh (?), Selch, n. }. (Zoöl.) A seal. [Scotch]

Sea" lil"y (?). (Zoöl.) A crinoid.

Seal"ing wax` (?). A compound of the resinous materials, pigments, etc., used as a material for seals, as for letters, documents, etc.

Sea" li"on (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of several large species of seals of the family Otariidæ native of the Pacific Ocean, especially the southern sea lion (Otaria jubata) of the South American coast; the northern sea lion (Eumetopias Stelleri) found from California to Japan; and the black, or California, sea lion (Zalophus Californianus), which is common on the rocks near San Francisco.

Sea" loach" (?). (Zoöl.) The three- bearded rockling. See Rockling.

Sea" louse` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of isopod crustaceans of Cymothoa, Livoneca, and allied genera, mostly parasites on fishes.

Seam (sēm), n. [See Saim.] Grease; tallow; lard. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak. Dryden.

Seam, n. [OE. seem, seam, AS. seám; akin to D. zoom, OHG. soum, G. saum, LG. soom, Icel. saumr, Sw. & Dan. söm, and E. sew. √ 156. See Sew to fasten with thread.] 1. The fold or line formed by sewing together two pieces of cloth or leather.

2. Hence, a line of junction; a joint; a suture, as on a ship, a floor, or other structure; the line of union, or joint, of two boards, planks, metal plates, etc.

Precepts should be so finely wrought together . . . that no coarse seam may discover where they join.
Addison.

3. (Geol. & Mining) A thin layer or stratum; a narrow vein between two thicker strata; as, a seam of coal.

4. A line or depression left by a cut or wound; a scar; a cicatrix.

Seam blast, a blast made by putting the powder into seams or cracks of rocks. -- Seam lace, a lace used by carriage makers to cover seams and edges; -- called also seaming lace. -- Seam presser. (Agric.) (a) A heavy roller to press down newly plowed furrows. (b) A tailor's sadiron for pressing seams. Knight. -- Seam set, a set for flattering the seams of metal sheets, leather work, etc.

Seam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seaming.] 1. To form a seam upon or of; to join by sewing together; to unite.

2. To mark with something resembling a seam; to line; to scar.

Seamed o'er with wounds which his own saber gave.
Pope.

3. To make the appearance of a seam in, as in knitting a stocking; hence, to knit with a certain stitch, like that in such knitting.

Seam, v. i. To become ridgy; to crack open.

Later their lips began to parch and seam.
L. Wallace.

Seam, n. [AS. seám, LL. sauma, L. sagma a packsaddle, fr. Gr. &?;. See Sumpter.] A denomination of weight or measure. Specifically: (a) The quantity of eight bushels of grain. "A seam of oats." P. Plowman. (b) The quantity of 120 pounds of glass. [Eng.]

Sea"-maid` (?), n. 1. The mermaid.

2. A sea nymph.

Sea"-mail` (?), n. [Sea + (perhaps) Mall Mally, for Mary; hence, Prov. E. mally a hare.] (Zoöl.) A gull; the mew.

Sea"man (?), n.; pl. Seamen (&?;). A merman; the male of the mermaid. [R.] "Not to mention mermaids or seamen." Locke.

Sea"man (?), n.; pl. Seamen (#). [AS. sæman.] One whose occupation is to assist in the management of ships at sea; a mariner; a sailor; -- applied both to officers and common mariners, but especially to the latter. Opposed to landman, or landsman.

Able seaman, a sailor who is practically conversant with all the duties of common seamanship. -- Ordinary seaman. See Ordinary.

Sea"man*like` (?), a. Having or showing the skill of a practical seaman.

Sea"man*ship, n. The skill of a good seaman; the art, or skill in the art, of working a ship.

Sea" man"tis (?). (Zoöl.) A squilla.

Sea" marge` (?). Land which borders on the sea; the seashore. Shak.

You are near the sea marge of a land teeming with life.
J. Burroughs.

Sea"mark` (?), n. Any elevated object on land which serves as a guide to mariners; a beacon; a landmark visible from the sea, as a hill, a tree, a steeple, or the like. Shak.

Sea" mat` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bryozoan of the genus Flustra or allied genera which form frondlike corals.

Sea" maw` (?). (Zoöl.) The sea mew.

Seamed (?), a. (Falconry) Out of condition; not in good condition; -- said of a hawk.

Sea"-mell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sea mew.

Sea" mew` (?). (Zoöl.) A gull; the mew.

Sea" mile` (?). A geographical mile. See Mile.

Sea" milk"wort` (?). (Bot.) A low, fleshy perennial herb (Glaux maritima) found along northern seashores.

Seam"ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of forming a seam or joint.

2. (Fishing) The cord or rope at the margin of a seine, to which the meshes of the net are attached.

Seaming machine, a machine for uniting the edges of sheet-metal plates by bending them and pinching them together.

Seam"less, a. Without a seam.

Christ's seamless coat, all of a piece.
Jer. Taylor.

Sea" monk` (?). (Zoöl.) See Monk seal, under Monk.

Sea" mon"ster (?). (Zoöl.) Any large sea animal.

Sea" moss` (?; 115). (Zoöl.) Any branched marine bryozoan resembling moss.

Sea" mouse` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A dorsibranchiate annelid, belonging to Aphrodite and allied genera, having long, slender, hairlike setæ on the sides. (b) The dunlin.

Seam"ster (?), n. [See Seamstress.] One who sews well, or whose occupation is to sew. [Obs.]

Seam"stress (?; 277), n. [From older seamster, properly fem., AS. seámestre. See Seam.] A woman whose occupation is sewing; a needlewoman.

Seam"stress*y (?), n. The business of a seamstress.

Sea" mud` (?). A rich slimy deposit in salt marshes and along the seashore, sometimes used as a manure; -- called also sea ooze.

Seam"y (?), a. Having a seam; containing seams, or showing them. "Many a seamy scar." Burns.

Everything has its fair, as well as its seamy, side.
Sir W. Scott.

Sean (?), n. A seine. See Seine. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sé`ance" (?), n. [F., fr. L. sedens, -entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] A session, as of some public body; especially, a meeting of spiritualists to receive spirit communications, so called.

Sea" nee"dle (?). (Zoöl.) See Garfish (a).

Sea" net`tle (?). A jellyfish, or medusa.

Sean"na*chie (?), n. [Gael. seanachaidh.] A bard among the Highlanders of Scotland, who preserved and repeated the traditions of the tribes; also, a genealogist. [Written also sennachy.] [Scot.]

Sea" on"ion (?). (Bot.) The officinal squill. See Squill.

Sea" ooze` (?). Same as Sea mud. Mortimer.

Sea" or"ange (?). (Zoöl.) A large American holothurian (Lophothuria Fabricii) having a bright orange convex body covered with finely granulated scales. Its expanded tentacles are bright red.

Sea"-orb` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A globefish.

Sea" ot"ter (?). (Zoöl.) An aquatic carnivore (Enhydris lutris, or marina) found in the North Pacific Ocean. Its fur is highly valued, especially by the Chinese. It is allied to the common otter, but is larger, with feet more decidedly webbed.

Sea-otter's cabbage (Bot.), a gigantic kelp of the Pacific Ocean (Nereocystis Lutkeana). See Nereocystis.

Sea" owl` (sē" oul`). (Zoöl.) The lumpfish.

Sea" pad` (sē" păd`). (Zoöl.) A starfish.

Sea" par"rot (sē" păr"rŭt). (Zoöl.) The puffin.

Sea" par"tridge (?). (Zoöl.) The gilthead (Crenilabrus melops), a fish of the British coasts.

Sea" pass` (?). A document carried by neutral merchant vessels in time of war, to show their nationality; a sea letter or passport. See Passport.

Sea" peach` (?). (Zoöl.) A beautiful American ascidian (Cynthia, or Halocynthia, pyriformis) having the size, form, velvety surface, and color of a ripe peach.

Sea" pear` (sē" pâr`). (Zoöl.) A pedunculated ascidian of the genus Boltonia.

Sea"-pen" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A pennatula.

Sea" perch` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The European bass (Roccus, or Labrax, lupus); -- called also sea dace. (b) The cunner. (c) The sea bass. (d) The name is applied also to other species of fishes.

Sea" pheas"ant (?). (Zoöl.) The pintail duck.

Sea" pie` (sē" pī`). (Zoöl.) The oyster catcher, a limicoline bird of the genus Hæmatopus.

Sea" pie`. A dish of crust or pastry and meat or fish, etc., cooked together in alternate layers, -- a common food of sailors; as, a three-decker sea pie.

Sea"piece` (?), n. A picture representing a scene at sea; a marine picture. Addison.

Sea" pi"et (?). (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea" pig` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A porpoise or dolphin. (b) A dugong.

Sea" pi"geon (?). The common guillemot.

Sea" pike` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The garfish. (b) A large serranoid food fish (Centropomus undecimalis) found on both coasts of America; -- called also robalo. (c) The merluce.

Sea" pin`cush`ion (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A sea purse. (b) A pentagonal starfish.

Sea" pink` (?). (Bot.) See Thrift.

Sea" plov"er (?). The black-bellied plover.

{ Sea" poach"er (sē" pōch"&etilde;r). Sea" pok"er (sē" pōk"&etilde;r). } (Zoöl.) The lyrie.

Sea" pool` (?). A pool of salt water. Spenser.

Sea" pop"py (?). (Bot.) The horn poppy. See under Horn.

Sea" por"cu*pine (?). (Zoöl.) Any fish of the genus Diodon, and allied genera, whose body is covered with spines. See Illust. under Diodon.

Sea" pork` (?). (Zoöl.) An American compound ascidian (Amorœcium stellatum) which forms large whitish masses resembling salt pork.

Sea" port` (sē"pōrt`), n. A port on the seashore, or one accessible for seagoing vessels. Also used adjectively; as, a seaport town.

Sea"poy (?), n. See Sepoy.

Sea" pud"ding (?). (Zoöl.) Any large holothurian. [Prov. Eng.]

Sea" purse` (sē" pûrs`). (Zoöl.) The horny egg case of a skate, and of certain sharks.

Sea" purs"lane (?). (Bot.) See under Purslane.

Sea" pye` (?). (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea" py"ot (?). (Zoöl.) See 1st Sea pie.

Sea" quail` (?). (Zoöl.) The turnstone.

Sea"quake` (sē"kwāk`), n. A quaking of the sea.

{ Sear, Sere (sēr) }, a. [OE. seer, AS. seár (assumed) fr. seárian to wither; akin to D. zoor dry, LG. soor, OHG. sorēn to wither, Gr. a"y`ein to parch, to dry, Skr. çush (for sush) to dry, to wither, Zend hush to dry. √152. Cf. Austere, Sorrel, a.] Dry; withered; no longer green; -- applied to leaves. Milton.

I have lived long enough; my way of life
Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf.
Shak.

Sear, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Searing.] [OE. seeren, AS. seárian. See Sear, a.] 1. To wither; to dry up. Shak.

2. To burn (the surface of) to dryness and hardness; to cauterize; to expose to a degree of heat such as changes the color or the hardness and texture of the surface; to scorch; to make callous; as, to sear the skin or flesh. Also used figuratively.

I'm seared with burning steel.
Rowe.

It was in vain that the amiable divine tried to give salutary pain to that seared conscience.
Macaulay.

The discipline of war, being a discipline in destruction of life, is a discipline in callousness. Whatever sympathies exist are seared.
H. Spencer.

&fist; Sear is allied to scorch in signification; but it is applied primarily to animal flesh, and has special reference to the effect of heat in marking the surface hard. Scorch is applied to flesh, cloth, or any other substance, and has no reference to the effect of hardness.

To sear up, to close by searing. "Cherish veins of good humor, and sear up those of ill." Sir W. Temple.

Sear, n. [F. serre a grasp, pressing, fr. L. sera. See Serry.] The catch in a gunlock by which the hammer is held cocked or half cocked.

Sear spring, the spring which causes the sear to catch in the notches by which the hammer is held.

Sea" rat` (?). 1. A pirate. [R.] Massinger.

2. (Zoöl.) The chimæra.

Sea" ra"ven (?). (Zoöl.) (a) An American cottoid fish (Hemitripterus Americanus) allied to the sculpins, found on the northern Atlantic coasts. (b) The cormorant.

Searce (?), n. [See Sarse.] A fine sieve. [Obs.]

Searce, v. t. To sift; to bolt. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Sear"cer (?), n. 1. One who sifts or bolts. [Obs.]

2. A searce, or sieve. [Obs.] Holland.

Search (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Searched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Searching.] [OE. serchen, cerchen, OF. cerchier, F. chercher, L. circare to go about, fr. L. circum, circa, around. See Circle.] 1. To look over or through, for the purpose of finding something; to examine; to explore; as, to search the city. "Search the Scriptures." John v. 39.

They are come to search the house.
Shak.

Search me, O God, and know my heart.
Ps. cxxxix. 23.

2. To inquire after; to look for; to seek.

I will both search my sheep, and seek them out.
Ezek. xxxiv. 11.

Enough is left besides to search and know.
Milton.

3. To examine or explore by feeling with an instrument; to probe; as, to search a wound.

4. To examine; to try; to put to the test.

To search out, to seek till found; to find by seeking; as, to search out truth.

Syn. -- To explore; examine; scrutinize; seek; investigate; pry into; inquire.

Search, v. i. To seek; to look for something; to make inquiry, exploration, or examination; to hunt.

Once more search with me.
Shak.

It sufficeth that they have once with care sifted the matter, and searched into all the particulars.
Locke.

Search, n. [Cf. OF. cerche. See Search, v. t.] The act of seeking or looking for something; quest; inquiry; pursuit for finding something; examination.

Thus the orb he roamed
With narrow search, and with inspection deep
Considered every creature.
Milton.

Nor did my search of liberty begin
Till my black hairs were changed upon my chin.
Dryden.

Right of search (Mar. Law), the right of the lawfully commissioned cruisers of belligerent nations to examine and search private merchant vessels on the high seas, for the enemy's property or for articles contraband of war. -- Search warrant (Law), a warrant legally issued, authorizing an examination or search of a house, or other place, for goods stolen, secreted, or concealed.

Syn. -- Scrutiny; examination; exploration; investigation; research; inquiry; quest; pursuit.

Search"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being searched.

Search"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being searchable.

Search"er (?), n. [Cf. OF. cercheor inspector.] One who, or that which, searches or examines; a seeker; an inquirer; an examiner; a trier. Specifically: (a) Formerly, an officer in London appointed to examine the bodies of the dead, and report the cause of death. Graunt. (b) An officer of the customs whose business it is to search ships, merchandise, luggage, etc. (c) An inspector of leather. [Prov. Eng.] (d) (Gun.) An instrument for examining the bore of a cannon, to detect cavities. (e) An implement for sampling butter; a butter trier. (j) (Med.) An instrument for feeling after calculi in the bladder, etc.

Search"ing, a. Exploring thoroughly; scrutinizing; penetrating; trying; as, a searching discourse; a searching eye. "Piercing, searching, biting, cold." Dickens.

-- Search"ing*ly, adv. -- Search"ing*ness, n.

Search"less, a. Impossible to be searched; inscrutable; impenetrable.

Sear"cloth` (?; 115), n. Cerecloth. Mortimer.

Sear"cloth, v. t. To cover, as a sore, with cerecloth.

Seared (?), a. Scorched; cauterized; hence, figuratively, insensible; not susceptible to moral influences.

A seared conscience and a remorseless heart.
Macaulay.

Sear"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being seared or callous; insensibility. Bp. Hall.

Sea" reed` (?). (Bot.) The sea-sand reed. See under Reed.

Sea" risk (?). Risk of injury, destruction, or loss by the sea, or while at sea.

Sea" rob"ber (?). A pirate; a sea rover.

Sea" rob"in (?). See under Robin, and Illustration in Appendix.

Sea" rock"et (?).(Bot.) See under Rocket.

Sea" room` (?). (Naut.) Room or space at sea for a vessel to maneuver, drive, or scud, without peril of running ashore or aground. Totten.

Sea" rov"er (?). One that cruises or roves the sea for plunder; a sea robber; a pirate; also, a piratical vessel.

Sea"-rov"ing, a. Cruising at random on the ocean.

Sea" salm"on (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A young pollock. (b) The spotted squeteague. (c) See Sea bass (b).

Sea" salt` (?). Common salt, obtained from sea water by evaporation.

Sea" sand"pi`per (?). (Zoöl.) The purple sandpiper.

Sea" sand"wort` (?). (Bot.) See Sea chickweed.

Sea" sau"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine saurian; esp. (Paleon.), the large extinct species of Mosasaurus, Ichthyosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and related genera.

Sea"scape (?), n. [Cf. Landscape.] A picture representing a scene at sea. [Jocose] Thackeray.

Sea" scor"pi*on (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A European sculpin (Cottus scorpius) having the head armed with short spines. (b) The scorpene.

Sea" scurf` (?). (Zoöl.) Any bryozoan which forms rounded or irregular patches of coral on stones, seaweeds, etc.

Sea" ser"pent (?). 1. (Zoöl.) Any marine snake. See Sea snake.

2. (Zoöl.) A large marine animal of unknown nature, often reported to have been seen at sea, but never yet captured.

&fist; Many accounts of sea serpents are imaginary or fictitious; others are greatly exaggerated and distorted by incompetent observers; but a number have been given by competent and trustworthy persons, which indicate that several diverse animals have been called sea serpents. Among these are, apparently, several large snakelike fishes, as the oar fish, or ribbon fish (Regalecus), and huge conger eels. Other accounts probably refer to the giant squids (Architeuthis). Some of the best accounts seem to describe a marine saurian, like the fossil Mosasauri, which were large serpentlike creatures with paddles.

Sea"shell` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shell of any marine mollusk.

Sea"shore` (?), n. 1. The coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean.

2. (Law) All the ground between the ordinary high-water and low-water marks.

Sea"sick` (?), a. Affected with seasickness.

Sea"sick`ness, n. The peculiar sickness, characterized by nausea and prostration, which is caused by the pitching or rolling of a vessel.

Sea"side` (?), n. The land bordering on, or adjacent to, the sea; the seashore. Also used adjectively.

Sea" slat"er (?). (Zoöl.) Any isopod crustacean of the genus Ligia.

Sea" slug` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A holothurian. (b) A nudibranch mollusk.

Sea" snail` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A small fish of the genus Liparis, having a ventral sucker. It lives among stones and seaweeds. (b) Any small creeping marine gastropod, as the species of Littorina, Natica, etc.

Sea" snake` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of venomous aquatic snakes of the family Hydrophidæ, having a flattened tail and living entirely in the sea, especially in the warmer parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. They feed upon fishes, and are mostly of moderate size, but some species become eight or ten feet long and four inches broad.

Sea" snipe` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A sandpiper, as the knot and dunlin. (b) The bellows fish.

Sea"son (?), n. [OE. sesoun, F. saison, properly, the sowing time, fr. L. satio a sowing, a planting, fr. serere, satum, to sow, plant; akin to E. sow, v., to scatter, as seed.] 1. One of the divisions of the year, marked by alterations in the length of day and night, or by distinct conditions of temperature, moisture, etc., caused mainly by the relative position of the earth with respect to the sun. In the north temperate zone, four seasons, namely, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, are generally recognized. Some parts of the world have three seasons, -- the dry, the rainy, and the cold; other parts have but two, -- the dry and the rainy.

The several seasons of the year in their beauty.
Addison.

2. Hence, a period of time, especially as regards its fitness for anything contemplated or done; a suitable or convenient time; proper conjuncture; as, the season for planting; the season for rest.

The season, prime for sweetest scents and airs.
Milton.

3. A period of time not very long; a while; a time.

Thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season.
Acts xiii. 11.

4. That which gives relish; seasoning. [Obs.]

You lack the season of all natures, sleep.
Shak.

In season, in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose. -- Out of season, beyond or out of the proper time or the usual or appointed time.

Sea"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seasoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seasoning.] 1. To render suitable or appropriate; to prepare; to fit.

He is fit and seasoned for his passage.
Shak.

2. To fit for any use by time or habit; to habituate; to accustom; to inure; to ripen; to mature; as, to season one to a climate.

3. Hence, to prepare by drying or hardening, or removal of natural juices; as, to season timber.

4. To fit for taste; to render palatable; to give zest or relish to; to spice; as, to season food.

5. Hence, to fit for enjoyment; to render agreeable.

You season still with sports your serious hours.
Dryden.

The proper use of wit is to season conversation.
Tillotson.

6. To qualify by admixture; to moderate; to temper. "When mercy seasons justice." Shak.

7. To imbue; to tinge or taint. "Who by his tutor being seasoned with the love of the truth." Fuller.

Season their younger years with prudent and pious principles.
Jer. Taylor.

8. To copulate with; to impregnate. [R.] Holland.

Sea"son (?), v. i. 1. To become mature; to grow fit for use; to become adapted to a climate.

2. To become dry and hard, by the escape of the natural juices, or by being penetrated with other substance; as, timber seasons in the sun.

3. To give token; to savor. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Sea"son*a*ble (?), a. Occurring in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose; suitable to the season; opportune; timely; as, a seasonable supply of rain.

Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction.
Ecclus. xxxv. 20.

-- Sea"son*a*ble*ness, n. -- Sea"son*a*bly, adv.

Sea"son*age (?), n. A seasoning. [Obs.] South.

Sea"son*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the seasons.

Seasonal dimorphism (Zoöl.), the condition of having two distinct varieties which appear at different seasons, as certain species of butterflies in which the spring brood differs from the summer or autumnal brood.

Sea"son*er (?), n. One who, or that which, seasons, or gives a relish; a seasoning.

Sea"son*ing, n. 1. The act or process by which anything is seasoned.

2. That which is added to any species of food, to give it a higher relish, as salt, spices, etc.; a condiment.

3. Hence, something added to enhance enjoyment or relieve dullness; as, wit is the seasoning of conversation.

Political speculations are of so dry and austere a nature, that they will not go down with the public without frequent seasonings.
Addison.

Seasoning tub (Bakery), a trough in which dough is set to rise. Knight.

Sea"son*less, a. Without succession of the seasons.

Sea" spi"der (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any maioid crab; a spider crab. See Maioid, and Spider crab, under Spider. (b) Any pycnogonid.

Sea" squirt` (?). (Zoöl.) An ascidian. See Illust. under Tunicata.

Sea" star` (?). (Zoöl.) A starfish, or brittle star.

Sea" sur"geon (?). (Zoöl.) A surgeon fish.

Sea" swal"low (?). 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) The storm petrel. (c) The gannet.

2. (Her.) See Cornish chough, under Chough.

Seat (sēt), n. [OE. sete, Icel. sæti; akin to Sw. säte, Dan. sæde, MHG. sāze, AS. set, setl, and E. sit. √154. See Sit, and cf. Settle, n.] 1. The place or thing upon which one sits; hence; anything made to be sat in or upon, as a chair, bench, stool, saddle, or the like.

And Jesus . . . overthrew the tables of the money changers, and the seats of them that sold doves.
Matt. xxi. 12.

2. The place occupied by anything, or where any person or thing is situated, resides, or abides; a site; an abode, a station; a post; a situation.

Where thou dwellest, even where Satan's seat is.
Rev. ii. 13.

He that builds a fair house upon an ill seat committeth himself to prison.
Bacon.

A seat of plenty, content, and tranquillity.
Macaulay.

3. That part of a thing on which a person sits; as, the seat of a chair or saddle; the seat of a pair of pantaloons.

4. A sitting; a right to sit; regular or appropriate place of sitting; as, a seat in a church; a seat for the season in the opera house.

5. Posture, or way of sitting, on horseback.

She had so good a seat and hand she might be trusted with any mount.
G. Eliot.

6. (Mach.) A part or surface on which another part or surface rests; as, a valve seat.

Seat worm (Zoöl.), the pinworm.

Seat, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seated; p. pr. & vb. n. Seating.] 1. To place on a seat; to cause to sit down; as, to seat one's self.

The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a warm debate.
Arbuthnot.

2. To cause to occupy a post, site, situation, or the like; to station; to establish; to fix; to settle.

Thus high . . . is King Richard seated.
Shak.

They had seated themselves in New Guiana.
Sir W. Raleigh.

3. To assign a seat to, or the seats of; to give a sitting to; as, to seat a church, or persons in a church.

4. To fix; to set firm.

From their foundations, loosening to and fro,
They plucked the seated hills.
Milton.

5. To settle; to plant with inhabitants; as to seat a country. [Obs.] W. Stith.

6. To put a seat or bottom in; as, to seat a chair.

Seat, v. i. To rest; to lie down. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sea" tang` (?). (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; tang; tangle.

To their nests of sedge and sea tang.
Longfellow.

Sea" term` (?). A term used specifically by seamen; a nautical word or phrase.

Sea" thief` (?). A pirate. Drayton.

Sea" thongs` (?; 115). (Bot.) A kind of blackish seaweed (Himanthalia lorea) found on the northern coasts of the Atlantic. It has a thonglike forking process rising from a top-shaped base.

Seat"ing (sēt"&ibreve;ng), n. 1. The act of providing with a seat or seats; as, the seating of an audience.

2. The act of making seats; also, the material for making seats; as, cane seating.

Sea" tit"ling (?). (Zoöl.) The rock pipit.

Seat"less (?), a. Having no seat.

Sea" toad` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) A sculpin. (b) A toadfish. (c) The angler.

Sea" trout` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several species of true trouts which descend rivers and enter the sea after spawning, as the European bull trout and salmon trout, and the eastern American spotted trout. (b) The common squeteague, and the spotted squeteague. (c) A California fish of the family Chiridæ, especially Hexagrammus decagrammus; -- called also spotted rock trout. See Rock trout, under Rock. (d) A California sciænoid fish (Cynoscion nobilis); -- called also white sea bass.

Sea" trum"pet (?). 1. (Bot.) A great blackish seaweed of the Southern Ocean, having a hollow and expanding stem and a pinnate frond, sometimes twenty feet long.

2. (Zoöl.) Any large marine univalve shell of the genus Triton. See Triton.

Sea" turn` (?). A breeze, gale, or mist from the sea. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Sea" tur"tle (?). (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of several very large species of chelonians having the feet converted into paddles, as the green turtle, hawkbill, loggerhead, and leatherback. They inhabit all warm seas. (b) The sea pigeon, or guillemot.

Sea" u"ni*corn (?). (Zoöl.) The narwhal.

Sea" ur"chin (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of echinoderms of the order Echinoidea. When living they are covered with movable spines which are often long and sharp.

Seave (?), n. [Cf. Dan. siv, Sw. säf, Icel. sef.] A rush. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Seav`y, a. Overgrown with rushes. [Prov. Eng.]

Sea" wall` (?). [AS. sæweall.] A wall, or embankment, to resist encroachments of the sea.

Sea"-walled` (?), a. Surrounded, bounded, or protected by the sea, as if by a wall. Shak.

{ Sea"wan (?), Sea"want (?) }, n. The name used by the Algonquin Indians for the shell beads which passed among the Indians as money.

&fist; Seawan was of two kinds; wampum, white, and suckanhock, black or purple, -- the former having half the value of the latter. Many writers, however, use the terms seawan and wampum indiscriminately. Bartlett.

Sea"wand` . (Bot.) See Sea girdles.

Sea"ward (?), a. Directed or situated toward the sea. Donne.

Two still clouds . . . sparkled on their seaward edges like a frosted fleece.
G. W. Cable.

Sea"ward, adv. Toward the sea. Drayton.

Sea"ware` (?), n. [Cf. AS. s&aemacr;wār seaweed.] (Bot.) Seaweed; esp., coarse seaweed. See Ware, and Sea girdles.

Sea"weed` (?), n. 1. Popularly, any plant or plants growing in the sea.

2. (Bot.) Any marine plant of the class Algæ, as kelp, dulse, Fucus, Ulva, etc.

Sea" whip` (?). (Zoöl.) A gorgonian having a simple stem.

Sea" wid"geon (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The scaup duck. (b) The pintail duck.

Sea"wife` (?), n.; pl. Seawives (&?;). (Zoöl.) A European wrasse (Labrus vetula).

Sea" wil"low (?). (Zoöl.) A gorgonian coral with long flexible branches.

Sea" wing` (?). (Zoöl.) A wing shell (Avicula).

Sea" with"wind` (?). (Bot.) A kind of bindweed (Convolvulus Soldanella) growing on the seacoast of Europe.

Sea" wolf` (?). (Zoöl.) (a) The wolf fish. (b) The European sea perch. (c) The sea elephant. (d) A sea lion.

Sea" wood"cock` (?). (Zoöl.) The bar- tailed godwit.

Sea" wood" louse` (?). (Zoöl.) A sea slater.

Sea" worm"wood` (?). (Bot.) A European species of wormwood (Artemisia maritima) growing by the sea.

Sea"wor`thi*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being seaworthy, or able to resist the ordinary violence of wind and weather. Kent.

Sea"wor`thy (?), a. Fit for a voyage; worthy of being trusted to transport a cargo with safety; as, a seaworthy ship.

Sea" wrack` (?). (Bot.) See Wrack.

Se*ba"ceous (?), a. [NL. sebaceus, from L. sebum tallow, grease.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to, or secreting, fat; composed of fat; having the appearance of fat; as, the sebaceous secretions of some plants, or the sebaceous humor of animals.

Sebaceous cyst (Med.), a cyst formed by distention of a sebaceous gland, due to obstruction of its excretory duct. -- Sebaceous glands (Anat.), small subcutaneous glands, usually connected with hair follicles. They secrete an oily semifluid matter, composed in great part of fat, which softens and lubricates the hair and skin.

Se*bac"ic (?), a. [L. sebum tallow: cf. F. sébacique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to fat; derived from, or resembling, fat; specifically, designating an acid (formerly called also sebic, and pyroleic, acid), obtained by the distillation or saponification of certain oils (as castor oil) as a white crystalline substance.

Se"bat (?), n. [Heb. sh&ebreve;bāt.] The eleventh month of the ancient Hebrew year, approximately corresponding with February. W. Smith (Bibl. Dict.).

Se"bate (sē"b\ddt), n. (Chem.) A salt of sebacic acid.

Se*bes"ten (?), n. [Ar. sebestān the tree: cf. Sp. sebesten.] (Bot.) The mucilaginous drupaceous fruit of two East Indian trees (Cordia Myxa, and C. latifolia), sometimes used medicinally in pectoral diseases.

&fist; In the West Indies the name is given to the similar fruit of Cordia Sebestana.

Se"bic (?), a. See Sebacic. [Obs.]

Se*bif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sebum tallow + -ferous.] 1. (Bot.) Producing vegetable tallow.

2. (Physiol.) Producing fat; sebaceous; as, the sebiferous, or sebaceous, glands.

Se*bip"a*rous (?), a. [L. sebum tallow + parere to bring forth.] (Physiol.) Same as Sebiferous.

||Seb"or*rhe*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sebum tallow + Gr. &?; to flow.] (Med.) A morbidly increased discharge of sebaceous matter upon the skin; stearrhea.

||Se*ca"le (?), n. [L., a kind of grain.] (Bot.) A genus of cereal grasses including rye.

Se"can*cy (?), n. [See Secant.] A cutting; an intersection; as, the point of secancy of one line by another. [R.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict. ).

Se"cant (sē"kănt), a. [L. secans, -antis, p. pr. of secare to cut. See Section.] Cutting; dividing into two parts; as, a secant line.

Secant, n. [Cf. F. sécante. See Secant, a.] 1. (Geom.) A line that cuts another; especially, a straight line cutting a curve in two or more points.

2. (Trig.) A right line drawn from the center of a circle through one end of a circular arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn from the other end; the number expressing the ratio of this line to the radius of the circle. See Trigonometrical function, under Function.

||Sec"co (?), a. [It.] Dry.

Secco painting, or Painting in secco, painting on dry plaster, as distinguished from fresco painting, which is on wet or fresh plaster.

Se"cede" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seceding.] [L. secedere, secessum; pref se- aside + cedere to go, move. See Cede.] To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or association; to separate one's self by a solemn act; to draw off; to retire; especially, to withdraw from a political or religious body.

Se*ced"er (?), n. 1. One who secedes.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a numerous body of Presbyterians in Scotland who seceded from the communion of the Established Church, about the year 1733, and formed the Secession Church, so called.

Se*cern" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secerned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secerning.] [L. secernere. See Secrete.] 1. To separate; to distinguish.

Averroes secerns a sense of titillation, and a sense of hunger and thirst.
Sir W. Hamilton.

2. (Physiol.) To secrete; as, mucus secerned in the nose. Arbuthnot.

Se*cern"ent (?), a. [L. secernens, p. pr.] (Physiol.) Secreting; secretory.

Se*cern"ent, n. 1. That which promotes secretion.

2. (Anat.) A vessel in, or by means of, which the process of secretion takes place; a secreting vessel.

Se*cern"ment (?), n. (Physiol.) The act or process of secreting.

Se*cess" (s&esl;*s&ebreve;s"), n. [L. secessus. See Secede.] Retirement; retreat; secession. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Se*ces"sion (s&esl;*s&ebreve;sh"ŭn), n. [L. secessio: cf. F. sécession. See Secede.] 1. The act of seceding; separation from fellowship or association with others, as in a religious or political organization; withdrawal.

2. (U.S. Hist.) The withdrawal of a State from the national Union.

Secession Church (in Scotland). See Seceder.

Se*ces"sion*ism (?), n. The doctrine or policy of secession; the tenets of secession; the tenets of secessionists.

Se*ces"sion*ist, n. 1. One who upholds secession.

2. (U.S. Hist.) One who holds to the belief that a State has the right to separate from the Union at its will.

Seche (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"chi*um (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. séchion; perhaps formed fr. Gr. &?; cucumber.] (Bot.) The edible fruit of a West Indian plant (Sechium edule) of the Gourd family. It is soft, pear-shaped, and about four inches long, and contains a single large seed. The root of the plant resembles a yam, and is used for food.

Seck (?), a. [F. sec, properly, dry, L. siccus.] Barren; unprofitable. See Rent seck, under Rent.

Seck"el (?), n. (Bot.) A small reddish brown sweet and juicy pear. It originated on a farm near Philadelphia, afterwards owned by a Mr. Seckel.

Se"cle (?), n. [L. saeculum: cf. F. siècle. See Secular.] A century. [Obs.] Hammond.

Se*clude (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Secluding.] [L. secludere, seclusum; pref. se- aside + claudere to shut. See Close, v. t.] 1. To shut up apart from others; to withdraw into, or place in, solitude; to separate from society or intercourse with others.

Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven
Seclude their bosom slaves.
Thomson.

2. To shut or keep out; to exclude. [Obs.] Evelyn.

-- Se*clud"ed*ly, adv. -- Se*clud"ed*ness, n.

Se*clu"sion (?), n. [See Seclude.] The act of secluding, or the state of being secluded; separation from society or connection; a withdrawing; privacy; as, to live in seclusion.

O blest seclusion from a jarring world, which he, thus occupied, enjoys!
Cowper.

Syn. -- Solitude; separation; withdrawment; retirement; privacy. See Solitude.

Se*clu"sive (?), a. Tending to seclude; keeping in seclusion; secluding; sequestering.

Sec"ond (?), a. [F., fr. L. secundus second, properly, following, fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow, and cf. Secund.] 1. Immediately following the first; next to the first in order of place or time; hence, occurring again; another; other.

And he slept and dreamed the second time.
Gen. xli. 5.

2. Next to the first in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; secondary; subordinate; inferior.

May the day when we become the second people upon earth . . . be the day of our utter extirpation.
Landor.

3. Being of the same kind as another that has preceded; another, like a prototype; as, a second Cato; a second Troy; a second deluge.

A Daniel, still say I, a second Daniel!
Shak.

Second Adventist. See Adventist. -- Second cousin, the child of a cousin. -- Second-cut file. See under File. -- Second distance (Art), that part of a picture between the foreground and the background; -- called also middle ground, or middle distance. [R.] -- Second estate (Eng.), the House of Peers. -- Second girl, a female house- servant who does the lighter work, as chamber work or waiting on table. -- Second intention. See under Intention. -- Second story, Second floor, in America, the second range of rooms from the street level. This, in England, is called the first floor, the one beneath being the ground floor. -- Second thought or thoughts, consideration of a matter following a first impulse or impression; reconsideration.

On second thoughts, gentlemen, I don't wish you had known him.
Dickens.

Sec"ond (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, follows, or comes after; one next and inferior in place, time, rank, importance, excellence, or power.

Man
An angel's second, nor his second long.
Young.

2. One who follows or attends another for his support and aid; a backer; an assistant; specifically, one who acts as another's aid in a duel.

Being sure enough of seconds after the first onset.
Sir H. Wotton.

3. Aid; assistance; help. [Obs.]

Give second, and my love
Is everlasting thine.
J. Fletcher.

4. pl. An article of merchandise of a grade inferior to the best; esp., a coarse or inferior kind of flour.

5. [F. seconde. See Second, a.] The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a minute of space, that is, the second regular subdivision of the degree; as, sound moves about 1,140 English feet in a second; five minutes and ten seconds north of this place.

6. In the duodecimal system of mensuration, the twelfth part of an inch or prime; a line. See Inch, and Prime, n., 8.

7. (Mus.) (a) The interval between any tone and the tone which is represented on the degree of the staff next above it. (b) The second part in a concerted piece; -- often popularly applied to the alto.

Second hand, the hand which marks the seconds on the dial of a watch or a clock.

Sec"ond, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seconding.] [Cf. F. seconder, L. secundare, from secundus. See Second, a.] 1. To follow in the next place; to succeed; to alternate. [R.]

In the method of nature, a low valley is immediately seconded with an ambitious hill.
Fuller.

Sin is seconded with sin.
South.

2. To follow or attend for the purpose of assisting; to support; to back; to act as the second of; to assist; to forward; to encourage.

We have supplies to second our attempt.
Shak.

In human works though labored on with pain,
A thousand movements scarce one purpose gain;
In God's, one single can its end produce,
Yet serves to second too some other use.
Pope.

3. Specifically, to support, as a motion or proposal, by adding one's voice to that of the mover or proposer.

Sec"ond*a*ri*ly (?), adv. 1. In a secondary manner or degree.

2. Secondly; in the second place. [Obs.]

God hath set some in the church, first apostles, secondarily prophets, thirdly teachers.
1 Cor. xii. 28.

Sec"ond*a*ri*ness, n. The state of being secondary.

Full of a girl's sweet sense of secondariness to the object of her love.
Mrs. Oliphant.

Sec"ond*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. secondaire, L. secundaire. See Second, a.] 1. Succeeding next in order to the first; of second place, origin, rank, etc.; not primary; subordinate; not of the first order or rate.

Wheresoever there is moral right on the one hand, no secondary right can discharge it.
L'Estrange.

Two are the radical differences; the secondary differences are as four.
Bacon.

2. Acting by deputation or delegated authority; as, the work of secondary hands.

3. (Chem.) Possessing some quality, or having been subject to some operation (as substitution), in the second degree; as, a secondary salt, a secondary amine, etc. Cf. primary.

4. (Min.) Subsequent in origin; -- said of minerals produced by alteration or deposition subsequent to the formation of the original rock mass; also of characters of minerals (as secondary cleavage, etc.) developed by pressure or other causes.

5. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the second joint of the wing of a bird.

6. (Med.) (a) Dependent or consequent upon another disease; as, Bright's disease is often secondary to scarlet fever. (b) Occurring in the second stage of a disease; as, the secondary symptoms of syphilis.

Secondary accent. See the Note under Accent, n., 1. -- Secondary age. (Geol.) The Mesozoic age, or age before the Tertiary. See Mesozoic, and Note under Age, n., 8. -- Secondary alcohol (Chem.), any one of a series of alcohols which contain the radical CH.OH united with two hydrocarbon radicals. On oxidation the secondary alcohols form ketones. -- Secondary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after the constitutional effects of the injury have subsided. -- Secondary axis (Opt.), any line which passes through the optical center of a lens but not through the centers of curvature, or, in the case of a mirror, which passes through the center of curvature but not through the center of the mirror. -- Secondary battery. (Elec.) See under Battery, n., 4. -- Secondary circle (Geom. & Astron.), a great circle that passes through the poles of another great circle and is therefore perpendicular to its plane. -- Secondary circuit, Secondary coil (Elec.), a circuit or coil in which a current is produced by the induction of a current in a neighboring circuit or coil called the primary circuit or coil. -- Secondary color, a color formed by mixing any two primary colors in equal proportions. -- Secondary coverts (Zoöl.), the longer coverts which overlie the basal part of the secondary quills of a bird. See Illust. under Bird. -- Secondary crystal (Min.), a crystal derived from one of the primary forms. -- Secondary current (Elec.), a momentary current induced in a closed circuit by a current of electricity passing through the same or a contiguous circuit at the beginning and also at the end of the passage of the primary current. -- Secondary evidence, that which is admitted upon failure to obtain the primary or best evidence. -- Secondary fever (Med.), a fever coming on in a disease after the subsidence of the fever with which the disease began, as the fever which attends the outbreak of the eruption in smallpox. -- Secondary hemorrhage (Med.), hemorrhage occuring from a wounded blood vessel at some considerable time after the original bleeding has ceased. -- Secondary planet. (Astron.) See the Note under Planet. -- Secondary qualities, those qualities of bodies which are not inseparable from them as such, but are dependent for their development and intensity on the organism of the percipient, such as color, taste, odor, etc. -- Secondary quills or remiges (Zoöl.), the quill feathers arising from the forearm of a bird and forming a row continuous with the primaries; -- called also secondaries. See Illust. of Bird. -- Secondary rocks or strata (Geol.), those lying between the Primary, or Paleozoic, and Tertiary (see Primary rocks, under Primary); -- later restricted to strata of the Mesozoic age, and at present but little used. -- Secondary syphilis (Med.), the second stage of syphilis, including the period from the first development of constitutional symptoms to the time when the bones and the internal organs become involved. -- Secondary tint, any subdued tint, as gray. -- Secondary union (Surg.), the union of wounds after suppuration; union by the second intention.

Syn. -- Second; second-rate; subordinate; inferior.

Sec"ond*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Secondaries (&?;). 1. One who occupies a subordinate, inferior, or auxiliary place; a delegate or deputy; one who is second or next to the chief officer; as, the secondary, or undersheriff of the city of London.

Old Escalus . . . is thy secondary.
Shak.

2. (Astron.) (a) A secondary circle. (b) A satellite.

3. (Zoöl.) A secondary quill.

Sec"ond-class` (?), a. Of the rank or degree below the best or highest; inferior; second-rate; as, a second-class house; a second-class passage.

Sec"ond*er (?), n. One who seconds or supports what another attempts, affirms, moves, or proposes; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion.

Sec"ond*hand` (?), a. 1. Not original or primary; received from another.

They have but a secondhand or implicit knowledge.
Locke.

2. Not new; already or previously possessed or used by another; as, a secondhand book, garment.

At second hand. See Hand, n., 10.

Sec"ond*ly, adv. In the second place.

||Se*con"do (s&esl;*k&obreve;n"d&osl;; It. s&asl;*k&osl;n"d&osl;), n. [It.] (Mus.) The second part in a concerted piece.

Sec"ond-rate` (?), a. Of the second size, rank, quality, or value; as, a second-rate ship; second-rate cloth; a second-rate champion. Dryden.

Sec"ond-sight` (?), n. The power of discerning what is not visible to the physical eye, or of foreseeing future events, esp. such as are of a disastrous kind; the capacity of a seer; prophetic vision.

He was seized with a fit of second- sight.
Addison.

Nor less availed his optic sleight,
And Scottish gift of second-sight.
Trumbull.

Sec"ond-sight`ed, a. Having the power of second-sight. [R.] Addison.

Se"cre (? or ?), a. Secret; secretive; faithful to a secret. [Obs.]

To be holden stable and secre.
Chaucer.

Se"cre, n. A secret. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"cre*cy (?), n.; pl. Secrecies (#). [From Secret.] 1. The state or quality of being hidden; as, his movements were detected in spite of their secrecy.

The Lady Anne,
Whom the king hath in secrecy long married.
Shak.

2. That which is concealed; a secret. [R.] Shak.

3. Seclusion; privacy; retirement. "The pensive secrecy of desert cell." Milton.

4. The quality of being secretive; fidelity to a secret; forbearance of disclosure or discovery.

It is not with public as with private prayer; in this, rather secrecy is commanded than outward show.
Hooker.

Se"cre*ly (?), adv. Secretly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"cre*ness, n. Secrecy; privacy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Se"cret (?), a. [F. secret (cf. Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), fr. L. secretus, p. p. of secernere to put apart, to separate. See Certain, and cf. Secrete, Secern.] 1. Hidden; concealed; as, secret treasure; secret plans; a secret vow. Shak.

The secret things belong unto the Lord our God; but those things which are revealed belong unto us.
Deut. xxix. 29.

2. Withdrawn from general intercourse or notice; in retirement or secrecy; secluded.

There, secret in her sapphire cell,
He with the Naïs wont to dwell.
Fenton.

3. Faithful to a secret; not inclined to divulge or betray confidence; secretive. [R.]

Secret Romans, that have spoke the word,
And will not palter.
Shak.

4. Separate; distinct. [Obs.]

They suppose two other divine hypostases superior thereunto, which were perfectly secret from matter.
Cudworth.

Syn. -- Hidden; concealed; secluded; retired; unseen; unknown; private; obscure; recondite; latent; covert; clandestine; privy. See Hidden.

Se"cret, n. [F. secret (cf. Pr. secret, Sp. & Pg. secreto, It. secreto, segreto), from L. secretum. See Secret, a.] 1. Something studiously concealed; a thing kept from general knowledge; what is not revealed, or not to be revealed.

To tell our own secrets is often folly; to communicate those of others is treachery.
Rambler.

2. A thing not discovered; what is unknown or unexplained; a mystery.

All secrets of the deep, all nature's works.
Milton.

3. pl. The parts which modesty and propriety require to be concealed; the genital organs.

In secret, in a private place; in privacy or secrecy; in a state or place not seen; privately.

Bread eaten in secret is pleasant.
Prov. ix. 17.

Se"cret (?), v. t. To keep secret. [Obs.] Bacon.

Se"cret*age (?), n. [F.] A process in which mercury, or some of its salts, is employed to impart the property of felting to certain kinds of furs. Ure.

Sec`re*ta"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a secretary; befitting a secretary. [R.]

Secretarial, diplomatic, or other official training.
Carlyle.

{ Sec`re*ta"ri*at (?), Sec`re*ta"ri*ate (?), } n. [F. secrétariat.] The office of a secretary; the place where a secretary transacts business, keeps records, etc.

Sec"re*ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Secretaries (#). [F. secrétaire (cf. Pr. secretari, Sp. & Pg. secretario, It. secretario, segretario) LL. secretarius, originally, a confidant, one intrusted with secrets, from L. secretum a secret. See Secret, a. & n.] 1. One who keeps, or is intrusted with, secrets. [R.]

2. A person employed to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the like; an official scribe, amanuensis, or writer; one who attends to correspondence, and transacts other business, for an association, a public body, or an individual.

That which is most of all profitable is acquaintance with the secretaries, and employed men of ambassadors.
Bacon.

3. An officer of state whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of government, and who is usually a member of the cabinet or advisory council of the chief executive; as, the secretary of state, who conducts the correspondence and attends to the relations of a government with foreign courts; the secretary of the treasury, who manages the department of finance; the secretary of war, etc.

4. A piece of furniture, with conveniences for writing and for the arrangement of papers; an escritoire.

5. (Zoöl.) The secretary bird.

Secretary bird. [So called in allusion to the tufts of feathers at the back of its head, which were fancifully thought to resemble pens stuck behind the ear.] (Zoöl.) A large long-legged raptorial bird (Gypogeranus serpentarius), native of South Africa, but now naturalized in the West Indies and some other tropical countries. It has a powerful hooked beak, a crest of long feathers, and a long tail. It feeds upon reptiles of various kinds, and is much prized on account of its habit of killing and devouring snakes of all kinds. Called also serpent eater.

Syn. -- See the Note under Clerk, n., 4.

Sec"re*ta*ry*ship, n. The office, or the term of office, of a secretary.

Se*crete" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Secreting.] [L. secretus separated, secret, hidden, p. p. of secernere. See Secret, and cf. Discrete, Discreet.] 1. To deposit in a place of hiding; to hide; to conceal; as, to secrete stolen goods; to secrete one's self.

2. (Physiol.) To separate from the blood and elaborate by the process of secretion; to elaborate and emit as a secretion. See Secretion.

Why one set of cells should secrete bile, another urea, and so on, we do not know.
Carpenter.

Syn. -- To conceal; hide. See Conceal.

Se*cre"tion (?), n. [L. secretio: cf. F. sécrétion.] 1. The act of secreting or concealing; as, the secretion of dutiable goods.

2. (Physiol.) The act of secreting; the process by which material is separated from the blood through the agency of the cells of the various glands and elaborated by the cells into new substances so as to form the various secretions, as the saliva, bile, and other digestive fluids. The process varies in the different glands, and hence are formed the various secretions.

3. (Physiol.) Any substance or fluid secreted, or elaborated and emitted, as the gastric juice.

Se"cret*ist (?), n. A dealer in secrets. [Obs.]

Se`cre*ti"tious (?), a. Parted by animal secretion; as, secretitious humors. Floyer.

Se*cret"ive (?), a. Tending to secrete, or to keep secret or private; as, a secretive disposition.

Se*cret"ive*ness, n. 1. The quality of being secretive; disposition or tendency to conceal.

2. (Phren.) The faculty or propensity which impels to reserve, secrecy, or concealment.

Se"cret*ly (?), adv. In a secret manner.

Se"cret*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being secret, hid, or concealed.

2. Secretiveness; concealment. Donne.

Se*cre`to-mo"to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Causing secretion; -- said of nerves which go to glands and influence secretion.

Se*cre"to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sécrétoire. See Secrete.] (Physiol.) Secreting; performing, or connected with, the office of secretion; secernent; as, secretory vessels, nerves. -- n. A secretory vessel; a secernent.

Sect (s&ebreve;kt), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] A cutting; a scion. [Obs.] Shak.

Sect (s&ebreve;kt), n. [F. secte, L. secta, fr. sequi to follow; often confused with L. secare, sectum, to cut. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sept, Suit, n.] Those following a particular leader or authority, or attached to a certain opinion; a company or set having a common belief or allegiance distinct from others; in religion, the believers in a particular creed, or upholders of a particular practice; especially, in modern times, a party dissenting from an established church; a denomination; in philosophy, the disciples of a particular master; a school; in society and the state, an order, rank, class, or party.

He beareth the sign of poverty,
And in that sect our Savior saved all mankind.
Piers Plowman.

As of the sect of which that he was born,
He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.
Chaucer.

The cursed sect of that detestable and false prophet Mohammed.
Fabyan.

As concerning this sect [Christians], we know that everywhere it is spoken against.
Acts xxviii. 22.

Sec"tant (?), n. [L. secare, sectum, to cut.] One of the portions of space bounded by the three coordinate planes. Specif. (Crystallog.), one of the parts of a crystal into which it is divided by the axial planes.

Sec*ta"ri*an (?), a. Pertaining to a sect, or to sects; peculiar to a sect; bigotedly attached to the tenets and interests of a denomination; as, sectarian principles or prejudices.

Sec*ta"ri*an, n. One of a sect; a member or adherent of a special school, denomination, or religious or philosophical party; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from established church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a state.

Syn. -- See Heretic.

Sec*ta"ri*an*ism (?), n. The quality or character of a sectarian; devotion to the interests of a party; excess of partisan or denominational zeal; adherence to a separate church organization.

Sec*ta"ri*an*ize (?), v. t. To imbue with sectarian feelings; to subject to the control of a sect.

Sec"ta*rism, n. Sectarianism. [Obs.]

Sec"ta*rist (?), n. A sectary. [R.] T. Warton.

Sec"ta*ry (?), n.;pl. Sectaries (#). [F. sectaire. See Sect.] A sectarian; a member or adherent of a sect; a follower or disciple of some particular teacher in philosophy or religion; one who separates from an established church; a dissenter.

I never knew that time in England when men of truest religion were not counted sectaries.
Milton.

Sec*ta"tor (?), n. [L., fr. sectari, v. intens. fr. sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] A follower; a disciple; an adherent to a sect. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Sec"tile (?), a. [L. sectilis, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. sectile. See Section.] Capable of being cut; specifically (Min.), capable of being severed by the knife with a smooth cut; -- said of minerals.

Sec*til"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectile.

Sec"tion (?), n. [L. sectio, fr. secare, sectum, to cut; akin to E. saw a cutting instrument: cf. F. section. See Saw, and cf. Scion, Dissect, Insect, Secant, Segment.] 1. The act of cutting, or separation by cutting; as, the section of bodies.

2. A part separated from something; a division; a portion; a slice. Specifically: --

(a) A distinct part or portion of a book or writing; a subdivision of a chapter; the division of a law or other writing; a paragraph; an article; hence, the character §, often used to denote such a division.

It is hardly possible to give a distinct view of his several arguments in distinct sections.
Locke.

(b) A distinct part of a country or people, community, class, or the like; a part of a territory separated by geographical lines, or of a people considered as distinct.

The extreme section of one class consists of bigoted dotards, the extreme section of the other consists of shallow and reckless empirics.
Macaulay.

(c) One of the portions, of one square mile each, into which the public lands of the United States are divided; one thirty-sixth part of a township. These sections are subdivided into quarter sections for sale under the homestead and preëmption laws.

3. (Geom.) The figure made up of all the points common to a superficies and a solid which meet, or to two superficies which meet, or to two lines which meet. In the first case the section is a superficies, in the second a line, and in the third a point.

4. (Nat. Hist.) A division of a genus; a group of species separated by some distinction from others of the same genus; -- often indicated by the sign §.

5. (Mus.) A part of a musical period, composed of one or more phrases. See Phrase.

6. The description or representation of anything as it would appear if cut through by any intersecting plane; depiction of what is beyond a plane passing through, or supposed to pass through, an object, as a building, a machine, a succession of strata; profile.

&fist; In mechanical drawing, as in these Illustrations of a cannon, a longitudinal section (a) usually represents the object as cut through its center lengthwise and vertically; a cross or transverse section (b), as cut crosswise and vertically; and a horizontal section (c), as cut through its center horizontally. Oblique sections are made at various angles. In architecture, a vertical section is a drawing showing the interior, the thickness of the walls, etc., as if made on a vertical plane passed through a building.

Angular sections (Math.), a branch of analysis which treats of the relations of sines, tangents, etc., of arcs to the sines, tangents, etc., of their multiples or of their parts. [R.] -- Conic sections. (Geom.) See under Conic. -- Section liner (Drawing), an instrument to aid in drawing a series of equidistant parallel lines, -- used in representing sections. -- Thin section, a section or slice, as of mineral, animal, or vegetable substance, thin enough to be transparent, and used for study under the microscope.

Syn. -- Part; portion; division. -- Section, Part. The English more commonly apply the word section to a part or portion of a body of men; as, a section of the clergy, a small section of the Whigs, etc. In the United States this use is less common, but another use, unknown or but little known in England, is very frequent, as in the phrases "the eastern section of our country," etc., the same sense being also given to the adjective sectional; as, sectional feelings, interests, etc.

Sec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a section or distinct part of larger body or territory; local.

All sectional interests, or party feelings, it is hoped, will hereafter yield to schemes of ambition.
Story.

2. Consisting of sections, or capable of being divided into sections; as, a sectional steam boiler.

Sec"tion*al*ism (?), n. A disproportionate regard for the interests peculiar to a section of the country; local patriotism, as distinguished from national. [U. S.]

Sec"tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being sectional; sectionalism.

Sec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To divide according to geographical sections or local interests. [U. S.]

The principal results of the struggle were to sectionalize parties.
Nicolay & Hay (Life of Lincoln).

Sec"tion*al*ly, adv. In a sectional manner.

Sec"tion*ize (?), v. t. To form into sections. [R.]

Sect"ism (?), n. Devotion to a sect. [R.]

Sect"ist, n. One devoted to a sect; a sectary. [R.]

Sect"i*un`cle (?), n. A little or petty sect. [R.] "Some new sect or sectiuncle." J. Martineau.

Sec"tor (?), n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare, sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.] 1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii and the included arc.

2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines, tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and all on lines radiating from the common center of motion. The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.

3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a small portion only of a circle, used for measuring differences of declination too great for the compass of a micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances of stars, it is called a zenith sector.

Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. -- Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its vertex.

Sec"tor*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sector; as, a sectoral circle.

Sec*to"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Adapted for cutting. -- n. A sectorial, or carnassial, tooth.

Sec"u*lar (?), a. [OE. secular, seculer. L. saecularis, fr. saeculum a race, generation, age, the times, the world; perhaps akin to E. soul: cf. F. séculier.] 1. Coming or observed once in an age or a century.

The secular year was kept but once a century.
Addison.

2. Pertaining to an age, or the progress of ages, or to a long period of time; accomplished in a long progress of time; as, secular inequality; the secular refrigeration of the globe.

3. Of or pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy; relating to temporal as distinguished from eternal interests; not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body; worldly.

New foes arise,
Threatening to bind our souls with secular chains.
Milton.

4. (Eccl.) Not regular; not bound by monastic vows or rules; not confined to a monastery, or subject to the rules of a religious community; as, a secular priest.

He tried to enforce a stricter discipline and greater regard for morals, both in the religious orders and the secular clergy.
Prescott.

5. Belonging to the laity; lay; not clerical.

I speak of folk in secular estate.
Chaucer.

Secular equation (Astron.), the algebraic or numerical expression of the magnitude of the inequalities in a planet's motion that remain after the inequalities of a short period have been allowed for. -- Secular games (Rom. Antiq.), games celebrated, at long but irregular intervals, for three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, combats, sports, and the like. -- Secular music, any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. -- Secular hymn or poem, a hymn or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games.

Sec"u*lar, n. 1. (Eccl.) A secular ecclesiastic, or one not bound by monastic rules. Burke.

2. (Eccl.) A church official whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby.

3. A layman, as distinguished from a clergyman.

Sec"u*lar*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being secular; a secular spirit; secularity.

2. The tenets or principles of the secularists.

Sec"u*lar*ist, n. One who theoretically rejects every form of religious faith, and every kind of religious worship, and accepts only the facts and influences which are derived from the present life; also, one who believes that education and other matters of civil policy should be managed without the introduction of a religious element.

Sec`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf.F. sécularité, LL. saecularitas.] Supreme attention to the things of the present life; worldliness.

A secularity of character which makes Christianity and its principal doctrines distasteful or unintelligible.
I. Taylor.

Sec`u*lar*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sécularisation.] The act of rendering secular, or the state of being rendered secular; conversion from regular or monastic to secular; conversion from religious to lay or secular possession and uses; as, the secularization of church property.

Sec"u*lar*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secularized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Secularizing (?).] [Cf. F. séculariser.] 1. To convert from regular or monastic into secular; as, to secularize a priest or a monk.

2. To convert from spiritual to secular or common use; as, to secularize a church, or church property.

At the Reformation the abbey was secularized.
W. Coxe.

3. To make worldly or unspiritual. Bp. Horsley.

Sec"u*lar*ly, adv. In a secular or worldly manner.

Sec"u*lar*ness, n. The quality or state of being secular; worldliness; worldly-mindedness.

Se"cund (?), a. [L. secundus following the course or current of wind or water. See Second, a.] (Bot.) Arranged on one side only, as flowers or leaves on a stalk. Gray.

Se*cun"date (?), v. t. [L. secundatus, p. p. of secundare to direct favorably.] To make prosperous. [R.]

Sec`un*da"tion (?), n. Prosperity. [R.]

Sec"un*dine (?), n. [Cf. F. secondine.] 1. (Bot.) The second coat, or integument, of an ovule, lying within the primine.

&fist; In the ripened seed the primine and secundine are usually united to form the testa, or outer seed coat. When they remain distinct the secundine becomes the mesosperm, as in the castor bean.

2. [Cf. F. secondines.] The afterbirth, or placenta and membranes; -- generally used in the plural.

Se*cun`do-gen"i*ture (?), n. [L. secundus second + genitura a begetting, generation.] A right of inheritance belonging to a second son; a property or possession so inherited.

The kingdom of Naples . . . was constituted a secundo-geniture of Spain.
Bancroft.

Se*cur"a*ble (?), a. That may be secured.

Se*cure" (?), a. [L. securus; pref. se- without + cura care. See Cure care, and cf. Sure, a.] 1. Free from fear, care, or anxiety; easy in mind; not feeling suspicion or distrust; confident.

But thou, secure of soul, unbent with woes.
Dryden.

2. Overconfident; incautious; careless; -- in a bad sense. Macaulay.

3. Confident in opinion; not entertaining, or not having reason to entertain, doubt; certain; sure; -- commonly with of; as, secure of a welcome.

Confidence then bore thee on, secure
Either to meet no danger, or to find
Matter of glorious trial.
Milton.

4. Not exposed to danger; safe; -- applied to persons and things, and followed by against or from. "Secure from fortune's blows." Dryden.

Syn. -- Safe; undisturbed; easy; sure; certain; assured; confident; careless; heedless; inattentive.

Se*cure", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Secured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Securing.] 1. To make safe; to relieve from apprehensions of, or exposure to, danger; to guard; to protect.

I spread a cloud before the victor's sight,
Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight.
Dryden.

2. To put beyond hazard of losing or of not receiving; to make certain; to assure; to insure; -- frequently with against or from, rarely with of; as, to secure a creditor against loss; to secure a debt by a mortgage.

It secures its possessor of eternal happiness.
T. Dick.

3. To make fast; to close or confine effectually; to render incapable of getting loose or escaping; as, to secure a prisoner; to secure a door, or the hatches of a ship.

4. To get possession of; to make one's self secure of; to acquire certainly; as, to secure an estate.

Secure arms (Mil.), a command and a position in the manual of arms, used in wet weather, the object being to guard the firearm from becoming wet. The piece is turned with the barrel to the front and grasped by the right hand at the lower band, the muzzle is dropped to the front, and the piece held with the guard under the right arm, the hand supported against the hip, and the thumb on the rammer.

Se*cure"ly, adv. In a secure manner; without fear or apprehension; without danger; safely.

His daring foe . . . securely him defied.
Milton.

Se*cure"ment (?), n. The act of securing; protection. [R.]

Society condemns the securement in all cases of perpetual protection by means of perpetual imprisonment.
C. A. Ives.

Se*cure"ness, n. The condition or quality of being secure; exemption from fear; want of vigilance; security.

Se*cur"er (?), n. One who, or that which, secures.

||Sec`u*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. securis an ax + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) The Serrifera.

Se*cu"ri*form (?), a. [L. securis an ax or hatchet + -form: cf. F. sécuriforme.] (Nat. Hist.) Having the form of an ax or hatchet.

Se*cu"ri*palp (?), n. [L. securis ax, hatchet + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a family of beetles having the maxillary palpi terminating in a hatchet- shaped joint.

Se*cu"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Securities (#). [L. securitas: cf. F. sécurité. See Secure, and cf. Surety.] 1. The condition or quality of being secure; secureness. Specifically: (a) Freedom from apprehension, anxiety, or care; confidence of power or safety; hence, assurance; certainty.

His trembling hand had lost the ease,
Which marks security to please.
Sir W. Scott.

(b) Hence, carelessness; negligence; heedlessness.

He means, my lord, that we are too remiss,
Whilst Bolingbroke, through our security,
Grows strong and great in substance and in power.
Shak.

(c) Freedom from risk; safety.

Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard,
From firm security.
Shak.

Some . . . alleged that we should have no security for our trade.
Swift.

2. That which secures or makes safe; protection; guard; defense. Specifically: (a) Something given, deposited, or pledged, to make certain the fulfillment of an obligation, the performance of a contract, the payment of a debt, or the like; surety; pledge.

Those who lent him money lent it on no security but his bare word.
Macaulay.

(b) One who becomes surety for another, or engages himself for the performance of another's obligation.

3. An evidence of debt or of property, as a bond, a certificate of stock, etc.; as, government securities.

Syn. -- Protection; defense; guard; shelter; safety; certainty; ease; assurance; carelessness; confidence; surety; pledge; bail.

Se*dan" (?), n. [Said to be named from Sedan, in France, where it was first made, and whence it was introduced into England in the time of King Charles I.] A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, -- usually borne on poles by two men. Called also sedan chair.

Se*date" (?), a. [L. sedatus, p. p. of sedare, sedatum, to allay, calm, causative of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Undisturbed by passion or caprice; calm; tranquil; serene; not passionate or giddy; composed; staid; as, a sedate soul, mind, or temper.

Disputation carries away the mind from that calm and sedate temper which is so necessary to contemplate truth.
I. Watts.

Whatsoever we feel and know
Too sedate for outward show.
Wordsworth.

Syn. -- Settled; composed; calm; quiet; tranquil; still; serene; unruffled; undisturbed; contemplative; sober; serious.

-- Se*date"ly, adv. -- Se*date"ness, n.

Se*da"tion (?), n. [L. sedatio.] The act of calming, or the state of being calm. [R.] Coles.

Sed"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. sédatif.] Tending to calm, moderate, or tranquilize; specifically (Med.), allaying irritability and irritation; assuaging pain.

Sed"a*tive, n. (Med.) A remedy which allays irritability and irritation, and irritative activity or pain.

Se"dent (?), a. [L. sedens, - entis, p. pr. of sedere to sit. See Sit.] Sitting; inactive; quiet. [R.]

Sed"en*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. In a sedentary manner.

Sed"en*ta*ri*ness, n. Quality of being sedentary.

Sed"en*ta*ry (?), a. [L. sedentarius, fr. sedere to sit: cf. F. seédentaire. See Sedent.] 1. Accustomed to sit much or long; as, a sedentary man. "Sedentary, scholastic sophists." Bp. Warburton.

2. Characterized by, or requiring, much sitting; as, a sedentary employment; a sedentary life.

Any education that confined itself to sedentary pursuits was essentially imperfect.
Beaconsfield.

3. Inactive; motionless; sluggish; hence, calm; tranquil. [R.] "The sedentary earth." Milton.

The soul, considered abstractly from its passions, is of a remiss, sedentary nature.
Spectator.

4. Caused by long sitting. [Obs.] "Sedentary numbness." Milton.

5. (Zoöl.) Remaining in one place, especially when firmly attached to some object; as, the oyster is a sedentary mollusk; the barnacles are sedentary crustaceans.

Sedentary spider (Zoöl.), one of a tribe of spiders which rest motionless until their prey is caught in their web.

||Se*de"runt (?), n. [L., they sat, fr. sedere to sit.] A sitting, as of a court or other body.

'T is pity we have not Burns's own account of that long sederunt.
Prof. Wilson.

Acts of sederunt (Scots Law), ordinances of the Court of Session for the ordering of processes and expediting of justice. Bell.

Sedge (?), n. [OE. segge, AS. secg; akin to LG. segge; -- probably named from its bladelike appearance, and akin to L. secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument; cf. Ir. seisg, W. hesg. Cf. Hassock, Saw the instrument.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Carex, perennial, endogenous, innutritious herbs, often growing in dense tufts in marshy places. They have triangular jointless stems, a spiked inflorescence, and long grasslike leaves which are usually rough on the margins and midrib. There are several hundred species.

&fist; The name is sometimes given to any other plant of the order Cyperaceæ, which includes Carex, Cyperus, Scirpus, and many other genera of rushlike plants.

2. (Zoöl.) A flock of herons.

Sedge hen (Zoöl.), the clapper rail. See under 5th Rail. -- Sedge warbler (Zoöl.), a small European singing bird (Acrocephalus phragmitis). It often builds its nest among reeds; -- called also sedge bird, sedge wren, night warbler, and Scotch nightingale.

Sedged (?), a. Made or composed of sedge.

With your sedged crowns and ever-harmless looks.
Shak.

Sedg"y (?), a. Overgrown with sedge.

On the gentle Severn\'b6s sedgy bank.
Shak.

||Se*dil"i*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Sedile (&?;). [L. sedile a seat.] (Arch.) Seats in the chancel of a church near the altar for the officiating clergy during intervals of service. Hook.

Sed"i*ment (?), n. [F. sédiment, L. sedimentum a settling, fr. sedere to sit, to settle. See Sit.] 1. The matter which subsides to the bottom, from water or any other liquid; settlings; lees; dregs.

2. (Geol.) The material of which sedimentary rocks are formed.

Sed`i*men"tal (?), a. Sedimentary.

Sed`i*men"ta*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sédimentaire.] Of or pertaining to sediment; formed by sediment; containing matter that has subsided.

Sedimentary rocks. (Geol.) See Aqueous rocks, under Aqueous.

Sed`i*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of depositing a sediment; specifically (Geol.), the deposition of the material of which sedimentary rocks are formed.

Se*di"tion (?), n. [OE. sedicioun, OF. sedition, F. sédition, fr. L. seditio, originally, a going aside; hence, an insurrectionary separation; pref. se-, sed-, aside + itio a going, fr. ire, itum, to go. Cf. Issue.] 1. The raising of commotion in a state, not amounting to insurrection; conduct tending to treason, but without an overt act; excitement of discontent against the government, or of resistance to lawful authority.

In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate
The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition.
Shak.

Noisy demagogues who had been accused of sedition.
Macaulay.

2. Dissension; division; schism. [Obs.]

Now the works of the flesh are manifest, . . . emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies.
Gal. v. 19, 20.

Syn. -- Insurrection; tumult; uproar; riot; rebellion; revolt. See Insurrection.

Se*di"tion*a*ry (?), n. An inciter or promoter of sedition. Bp. Hall.

Se*di"tious (?), a.[L. seditiosus: cf. F. séditieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sedition; partaking of the nature of, or tending to excite, sedition; as, seditious behavior; seditious strife; seditious words.

2. Disposed to arouse, or take part in, violent opposition to lawful authority; turbulent; factious; guilty of sedition; as, seditious citizens.

-- Se*di"tious*ly, adv. -- Se*di"tious*ness, n.

Sed"litz (?), a. Same as Seidlitz.

Se*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seducing (?).] [L. seducere, seductum; pref. se- aside + ducere to lead. See Duke.] 1. To draw aside from the path of rectitude and duty in any manner; to entice to evil; to lead astray; to tempt and lead to iniquity; to corrupt.

For me, the gold of France did not seduce.
Shak.

2. Specifically, to induce to surrender chastity; to debauch by means of solicitation.

Syn. -- To allure; entice; tempt; attract; mislead; decoy; inveigle. See Allure.

Se*duce"ment (?), n. 1. The act of seducing.

2. The means employed to seduce, as flattery, promises, deception, etc.; arts of enticing or corrupting. Pope.

Se*du"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, seduces; specifically, one who prevails over the chastity of a woman by enticements and persuasions.

He whose firm faith no reason could remove,
Will melt before that soft seducer, love.
Dryden.

Se*du"ci*ble (?), a. Capable of being seduced; corruptible.

Se*du"cing (?), a. Seductive. "Thy sweet seducing charms." Cowper. -- Se*du"cing*ly, adv.

Se*duc*tion (?), n. [L. seductio: cf. F. séduction. See Seduce.] 1. The act of seducing; enticement to wrong doing; specifically, the offense of inducing a woman to consent to unlawful sexual intercourse, by enticements which overcome her scruples; the wrong or crime of persuading a woman to surrender her chastity.

2. That which seduces, or is adapted to seduce; means of leading astray; as, the seductions of wealth.

Se*duc"tive (?), a. Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flattering appearances; tempting; alluring; as, a seductive offer.

This may enable us to understand how seductive is the influence of example.
Sir W. Hamilton.

Se*duc"tive*ly, adv. In a seductive manner.

Se*duc"tress (?), n. A woman who seduces.

Se*du"li*ty (?), n. [L. sedulitas. See Sedulous.] The quality or state of being sedulous; diligent and assiduous application; constant attention; unremitting industry; sedulousness.

The industrious bee, by his sedulity in summer, lives in honey all the winter.
Feltham.

Sed"u*lous (?; 135), a. [L. sedulus, perhaps from sedere to sit, and so akin to E. sit.] Diligent in application or pursuit; constant, steady, and persevering in business, or in endeavors to effect an object; steadily industrious; assiduous; as, the sedulous bee.

What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the affection of the heart, and a sedulous application of the proper means that may naturally lead us to such an end?
L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Assiduous; diligent; industrious; laborious; unremitting; untiring; unwearied; persevering.

-- Sed"u*lous*ly, adv. -- Sed"u*lous*ness, n.

||Se"dum (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sedere to sit; so called in allusion to the manner in which the plants attach themselves to rocks and walls.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, mostly perennial, having succulent leaves and cymose flowers; orpine; stonecrop. Gray.

See (?), n. [OE. se, see, OF. se, sed, sied, fr. L. sedes a seat, or the kindred sedere to sit. See Sit, and cf. Siege.] 1. A seat; a site; a place where sovereign power is exercised. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jove laughed on Venus from his sovereign see.
Spenser.

2. Specifically: (a) The seat of episcopal power; a diocese; the jurisdiction of a bishop; as, the see of New York. (b) The seat of an archbishop; a province or jurisdiction of an archbishop; as, an archiepiscopal see. (c) The seat, place, or office of the pope, or Roman pontiff; as, the papal see. (d) The pope or his court at Rome; as, to appeal to the see of Rome.

Apostolic see. See under Apostolic.

See (sē), v. t. [imp. Saw (s&add;); p. p. Seen (sēn); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeing.] [OE. seen, sen, seon, AS. seón; akin to OFries. sīa, D. zien, OS. & OHG. sehan, G. sehen, Icel. sjā, Sw. se, Dan. see, Goth. saíhwan, and probably to L. sequi to follow (and so originally meaning, to follow with the eyes). Gr. "e`pesqai, Skr. sac. Cf. Sight, Sue to follow.] 1. To perceive by the eye; to have knowledge of the existence and apparent qualities of by the organs of sight; to behold; to descry; to view.

I will now turn aside, and see this great sight.
Ex. iii. 3.

2. To perceive by mental vision; to form an idea or conception of; to note with the mind; to observe; to discern; to distinguish; to understand; to comprehend; to ascertain.

Go, I pray thee, see whether it be well with thy brethren.
Gen. xxxvii. 14.

Jesus saw that he answered discreetly.
Mark xii. 34.

Who's so gross
That seeth not this palpable device?
Shak.

3. To follow with the eyes, or as with the eyes; to watch; to regard attentively; to look after. Shak.

I had a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care for contradicting him.
Addison.

4. To have an interview with; especially, to make a call upon; to visit; as, to go to see a friend.

And Samuel came no more to see Saul until the day of his death.
1 Sam. xv. 35.

5. To fall in with; to meet or associate with; to have intercourse or communication with; hence, to have knowledge or experience of; as, to see military service.

Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted us, and the years wherein we have seen evil.
Ps. xc. 15.

Verily, verily, I say unto you, if a man keep my saying, he shall never see death.
John viii. 51.

Improvement in wisdom and prudence by seeing men.
Locke.

6. To accompany in person; to escort; to wait upon; as, to see one home; to see one aboard the cars.

God you (him, or me, etc.) see, God keep you (him, me, etc.) in his sight; God protect you. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To see (anything) out, to see (it) to the end; to be present at, or attend, to the end. -- To see stars, to see flashes of light, like stars; -- sometimes the result of concussion of the head. [Colloq.] -- To see (one) through, to help, watch, or guard (one) to the end of a course or an undertaking.

See, v. i. 1. To have the power of sight, or of perceiving by the proper organs; to possess or employ the sense of vision; as, he sees distinctly.

Whereas I was blind, now I see.
John ix. 25.

2. Figuratively: To have intellectual apprehension; to perceive; to know; to understand; to discern; -- often followed by a preposition, as through, or into.

For judgment I am come into this world, that they which see not might see; and that they which see might be made blind.
John ix. 39.

Many sagacious persons will find us out, . . . and see through all our fine pretensions.
Tillotson.

3. To be attentive; to take care; to give heed; -- generally with to; as, to see to the house.

See that ye fall not out by the way.
Gen. xlv. 24.

&fist; Let me see, Let us see, are used to express consideration, or to introduce the particular consideration of a subject, or some scheme or calculation.

Cassio's a proper man, let me see now, -
To get his place.
Shak.

&fist; See is sometimes used in the imperative for look, or behold. "See. see! upon the banks of Boyne he stands." Halifax.

To see about a thing, to pay attention to it; to consider it. -- To see on, to look at. [Obs.] "She was full more blissful on to see." Chaucer. -- To see to. (a) To look at; to behold; to view. [Obs.] "An altar by Jordan, a great altar to see to" Josh. xxii. 10. (b) To take care about; to look after; as, to see to a fire.

Seed (sēd), n.; pl. Seed or Seeds (#). [OE. seed, sed, AS. s&aemacr;d, fr. sāwan to sow; akin to D. zaad seed, G. saat, Icel. sāð, sæði, Goth. manasēþs seed of men, world. See Sow to scatter seed, and cf. Colza.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A ripened ovule, consisting of an embryo with one or more integuments, or coverings; as, an apple seed; a currant seed. By germination it produces a new plant. (b) Any small seedlike fruit, though it may consist of a pericarp, or even a calyx, as well as the seed proper; as, parsnip seed; thistle seed.

And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself.
Gen. i. 11.

&fist; The seed proper has an outer and an inner coat, and within these the kernel or nucleus. The kernel is either the embryo alone, or the embryo inclosed in the albumen, which is the material for the nourishment of the developing embryo. The scar on a seed, left where the stem parted from it, is called the hilum, and the closed orifice of the ovule, the micropyle.

2. (Physiol.) The generative fluid of the male; semen; sperm; -- not used in the plural.

3. That from which anything springs; first principle; original; source; as, the seeds of virtue or vice.

4. The principle of production.

Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed,
Which may the like in coming ages breed.
Waller.

5. Progeny; offspring; children; descendants; as, the seed of Abraham; the seed of David.

&fist; In this sense the word is applied to one person, or to any number collectively, and admits of the plural form, though rarely used in the plural.

6. Race; generation; birth.

Of mortal seed they were not held.
Waller.

Seed bag (Artesian well), a packing to prevent percolation of water down the bore hole. It consists of a bag encircling the tubing and filled with flax seed, which swells when wet and fills the space between the tubing and the sides of the hole. -- Seed bud (Bot.), the germ or rudiment of the plant in the embryo state; the ovule. -- Seed coat (Bot.), the covering of a seed. -- Seed corn, or Seed grain (Bot.), corn or grain for seed. -- Seed down (Bot.), the soft hairs on certain seeds, as cotton seed. -- Seed drill. See 6th Drill, 2 (a). -- Seed eater (Zoöl.), any finch of the genera Sporophila, and Crithagra. They feed mainly on seeds. -- Seed gall (Zoöl.), any gall which resembles a seed, formed on the leaves of various plants, usually by some species of Phylloxera. -- Seed leaf (Bot.), a cotyledon. -- Seed lobe (Bot.), a cotyledon; a seed leaf. -- Seed oil, oil expressed from the seeds of plants. -- Seed oyster, a young oyster, especially when of a size suitable for transplantation to a new locality. -- Seed pearl, a small pearl of little value. -- Seed plat, or Seed plot, the ground on which seeds are sown, to produce plants for transplanting; a nursery. -- Seed stalk (Bot.), the stalk of an ovule or seed; a funicle. -- Seed tick (Zoöl.), one of several species of ticks resembling seeds in form and color. -- Seed vessel (Bot.), that part of a plant which contains the seeds; a pericarp. -- Seed weevil (Zoöl.), any one of numerous small weevils, especially those of the genus Apion, which live in the seeds of various plants. -- Seed wool, cotton wool not yet cleansed of its seeds. [Southern U.S.]

Seed (?), v. i. 1. To sow seed.

2. To shed the seed. Mortimer.

3. To grow to maturity, and produce seed.

Many interests have grown up, and seeded, and twisted their roots in the crevices of many wrongs.
Landor.

Seed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Seeding.] 1. To sprinkle with seed; to plant seeds in; to sow; as, to seed a field.

2. To cover thinly with something scattered; to ornament with seedlike decorations.

A sable mantle seeded with waking eyes.
B. Jonson.

To seed down, to sow with grass seed.

Seed"box` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A capsule. (b) A plant (Ludwigia alternifolia) which has somewhat cubical or box-shaped capsules.

Seed"cake` (?), n. A sweet cake or cooky containing aromatic seeds, as caraway. Tusser.

Seed"cod` (?), n. A seedlip. [Prov. Eng.]

Seed"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sows or plants seed.

Seed`i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being seedy, shabby, or worn out; a state of wretchedness or exhaustion. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.

What is called seediness, after a debauch, is a plain proof that nature has been outraged.
J. S. Blackie.

Seed"-lac` (?), n. A species of lac. See the Note under Lac.

Seed"less, a. Without seed or seeds.

Seed"ling (?), n. (Bot.) A plant reared from the seed, as distinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, or the like.

{ Seed"lip` (?), Seed"lop` (?), } n. [AS. s&aemacr;dleáp; s&aemacr;d seed + leáp basket.] A vessel in which a sower carries the seed to be scattered. [Prov. Eng.]

Seed"man (?), See Seedsman.

Seed"ness, n. Seedtime. [Obs.] Shak.

Seeds"man (?), n.; pl. Seedsmen (-men). 1. A sower; one who sows or scatters seed.

The seedsman
Upon the slime and ooze scatters his grain.
Shak.

2. A person who deals in seeds.

Seed"time` (?), n. [AS. s&aemacr;dtīma.] The season proper for sowing.

While the earth remaineth, seedtime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease.
Gen. viii. 22.

Seed"y (?), a. [Compar. Seedier (?); superl. Seediest.] 1. Abounding with seeds; bearing seeds; having run to seeds.

2. Having a peculiar flavor supposed to be derived from the weeds growing among the vines; -- said of certain kinds of French brandy.

3. Old and worn out; exhausted; spiritless; also, poor and miserable looking; shabbily clothed; shabby looking; as, he looked seedy; a seedy coat. [Colloq.]

Little Flanigan here . . . is a little seedy, as we say among us that practice the law.
Goldsmith.

Seedy toe, an affection of a horse's foot, in which a cavity filled with horn powder is formed between the laminæ and the wall of the hoof.

See"ing (?), conj. (but originally a present participle). In view of the fact (that); considering; taking into account (that); insmuch as; since; because; - - followed by a dependent clause; as, he did well, seeing that he was so young.

Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me?
Gen. xxvi. 27.

Seek (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Seek, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sought (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeking.] [OE. seken, AS. sēcan, sēcean; akin to OS. sōkian, LG. söken, D. zoeken, OHG. suohhan, G. suchen, Icel. sækja, Sw. söka, Dan. söge, Goth. sōkjan, and E. sake. Cf. Beseech, Ransack, Sagacious, Sake, Soc.] 1. To go in search of; to look for; to search for; to try to find.

The man asked him, saying, What seekest thou? And he said, I seek my brethren.
Gen. xxxvii. 15, 16.

2. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit; to beseech.

Others, tempting him, sought of him a sign.
Luke xi. 16.

3. To try to acquire or gain; to strive after; to aim at; as, to seek wealth or fame; to seek one's life.

4. To try to reach or come to; to go to; to resort to.

Seek not Bethel, nor enter into Gilgal.
Amos v. 5.

Since great Ulysses sought the Phrygian plains.
Pope.

Seek (?), v. i. To make search or inquiry; to endeavor to make discovery.

Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read.
Isa. xxxiv. 16.

To seek, needing to seek or search; hence, unprepared. "Unpracticed, unprepared, and still to seek." Milton. [Obs.] -- To seek after, to make pursuit of; to attempt to find or take. -- To seek for, to endeavor to find. -- To seek to, to apply to; to resort to; to court. [Obs.] "All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom." 1 Kings x. 24. -- To seek upon, to make strict inquiry after; to follow up; to persecute. [Obs.]

To seek
Upon a man and do his soul unrest.
Chaucer.

Seek"er (?), n. 1. One who seeks; that which is used in seeking or searching.

2. (Eccl.) One of a small heterogeneous sect of the 17th century, in Great Britain, who professed to be seeking the true church, ministry, and sacraments.

A skeptic [is] ever seeking and never finds, like our new upstart sect of Seekers.
Bullokar.

Seek"-no-fur`ther (?), n. A kind of choice winter apple, having a subacid taste; -- formerly called go- no-further.

Seek"-sor`row (?), n. One who contrives to give himself vexation. [Archaic.] Sir P. Sidney.

Seel (sēl), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeling.] [F. siller, ciller, fr. cil an eyelash, L. cilium.] 1. (Falconry) To close the eyes of (a hawk or other bird) by drawing through the lids threads which were fastened over the head. Bacon.

Fools climb to fall: fond hopes, like seeled doves for want of better light, mount till they end their flight with falling.
J. Reading.

2. Hence, to shut or close, as the eyes; to blind.

Come, seeling night,
Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day.
Shak.

Cold death, with a violent fate, his sable eyes did seel.
Chapman.

Seel, v. i. [Cf. LG. sielen to lead off water, F. siller to run ahead, to make headway, E. sile, v.t.] To incline to one side; to lean; to roll, as a ship at sea. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

{ Seel (?), Seel"ing, } n. The rolling or agitation of a ship in a storm. [Obs.] Sandys.

Seel, n. [AS. s&aemacr;l, from s&aemacr;l good, prosperous. See Silly.] 1. Good fortune; favorable opportunity; prosperity. [Obs.] "So have I seel". Chaucer.

2. Time; season; as, hay seel. [Prov. Eng.]

Seel"i*ly (?), adv. In a silly manner. [Obs.]

Seel"y (?), a. See Silly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem (sēm), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seemed (sēmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Seeming.] [OE. semen to seem, to become, befit, AS. sēman to satisfy, pacify; akin to Icel. sæma to honor, to bear with, conform to, sæmr becoming, fit, sōma to beseem, to befit, sama to beseem, semja to arrange, settle, put right, Goth. samjan to please, and to E. same. The sense is probably due to the adj. seemly. √191. See Same, a., and cf. Seemly.] To appear, or to appear to be; to have a show or semblance; to present an appearance; to look; to strike one's apprehension or fancy as being; to be taken as. "It now seemed probable." Macaulay.

Thou picture of what thou seem'st.
Shak.

All seemed well pleased; all seemed, but were not all.
Milton.

There is a way which seemeth right unto a man; but the end thereof are the ways of death.
Prov. xiv. 12.

It seems, it appears; it is understood as true; it is said.

A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his mistress on a great lake.
Addison.

Syn. -- To appear; look. -- Seem, Appear. To appear has reference to a thing's being presented to our view; as, the sun appears; to seem is connected with the idea of semblance, and usually implies an inference of our mind as to the probability of a thing's being so; as, a storm seems to be coming. "The story appears to be true," means that the facts, as presented, go to show its truth; "the story seems to be true," means that it has the semblance of being so, and we infer that it is true. "His first and principal care being to appear unto his people such as he would have them be, and to be such as he appeared." Sir P. Sidney.

Ham. Ay, madam, it is common.
Queen. If it be,
Why seems it so particular with thee?
Ham. Seems, madam! Nay, it is; I know not "seems."
Shak.

Seem, v. t. To befit; to beseem. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem"er (?), n. One who seems; one who carries or assumes an appearance or semblance.

Hence shall we see,
If power change purpose, what our seemers be.
Shak.

Seem"ing, a. Having a semblance, whether with or without reality; apparent; specious; befitting; as, seeming friendship; seeming truth.

My lord, you have lost a friend indeed;
And I dare swear you borrow not that face
Of seeming sorrow, it is sure your own.
Shak.

Seem"ing, n. 1. Appearance; show; semblance; fair appearance; speciousness.

These keep
Seeming and savor all the winter long.
Shak.

2. Apprehension; judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Nothing more clear unto their seeming.
Hooker.

His persuasive words, impregned
With reason, to her seeming.
Milton.

Seem"ing*ly, adv. In appearance; in show; in semblance; apparently; ostensibly.

This the father seemingly complied with.
Addison.

Seem"ing*ness, n. Semblance; fair appearance; plausibility. Sir K. Digby.

Seem"less, a. Unseemly. [Obs.] Spenser.

Seem"li*ly (?), adv. In a seemly manner. [Obs.]

Seem"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being seemly: comeliness; propriety.

Seem"ly (?), a. [Compar.Seemlier (&?;); superl. Seeliest.] [Icel. s&?;miligr, fr. s&?;mr becoming, fit; akin to samr same, E. same; the sense being properly, the same or like, hence, fitting. See Seem, v. i.] Suited to the object, occasion, purpose, or character; suitable; fit; becoming; comely; decorous.

He had a seemly nose.
Chaucer.

I am a woman, lacking wit
To make a seemly answer to such persons.
Shak.

Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and seemlier for Christian men than the hot pursuit of these controversies.
Hooker.

Syn. -- Becoming; fit; suitable; proper; appropriate; congruous; meet; decent; decorous.

Seem"ly (?), adv. [Compar. Seemlier; superl. Seemliest.] In a decent or suitable manner; becomingly.

Suddenly a men before him stood,
Not rustic as before, but seemlier clad,
As one in city or court or place bred.
Milton.

Seem"ly*hed (?), n. [See -hood.] Comely or decent appearance. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Spenser.

Seen (?), p. p. of See.

Seen, a. Versed; skilled; accomplished. [Obs.]

Well seen in every science that mote be.
Spenser.

Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen,
Than his great brother read in states and men.
Dryden.

{ Seep (?), or Sipe (?) }, v. i. [AS. sīpan to distill.] To run or soak through fine pores and interstices; to ooze. [Scot. & U. S.]

Water seeps up through the sidewalks.
G. W. Cable.

{ Seep"age (?), or Sip"age }, n. Water that seeped or oozed through a porous soil. [Scot. & U. S.]

{ Seep"y (?), or Sip"y }, a. Oozy; -- applied to land under cultivation that is not well drained.

Seer (sēr), a. Sore; painful. [Prov. Eng.] Ray.

Se"er (sē"&etilde;r), n. One who sees. Addison.

Seer (sēr), n. [From See.] A person who foresees events; a prophet. Milton.

Seer"ess, n. A female seer; a prophetess.

Seer"fish` (-f&ibreve;sh), n. (Zoöl.) A scombroid food fish of Madeira (Cybium Commersonii).

Seer"hand (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of muslin of a texture between nainsook and mull.

Seer"ship, n. The office or quality of a seer.

Seer"suck`er (?), n. A light fabric, originally made in the East Indies, of silk and linen, usually having alternating stripes, and a slightly craped or puckered surface; also, a cotton fabric of similar appearance.

Seer"wood` (?), n. [See Sear.] Dry wood. [Written also searwood.] [Obs.] Dryden.

See"saw` (?), n. [Probably a reduplication of saw, to express the alternate motion to and fro, as in the act of sawing.] 1. A play among children in which they are seated upon the opposite ends of a plank which is balanced in the middle, and move alternately up and down.

2. A plank or board adjusted for this play.

3. A vibratory or reciprocating motion.

He has been arguing in a circle; there is thus a seesaw between the hypothesis and fact.
Sir W. Hamilton.

4. (Whist.) Same as Crossruff.

See"saw`, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Seesawad (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seesawing.] To move with a reciprocating motion; to move backward and forward, or upward and downward.

See"saw`, v. t. To cause to move backward and forward in seesaw fashion.

He seesaws himself to and fro.
Ld. Lytton.

See"saw`, a. Moving up and down, or to and fro; having a reciprocating motion.

Seet (?), obs. imp. of Sit. Sate; sat. Chaucer.

Seeth (?), obs. imp. of Seethe. Chaucer.

Seethe (?), v. t. [imp. Seethed (?) (Sod (&?;), obs.); p. p. Seethed, Sodden (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Seething.] [OE. sethen, AS. seó&?;an; akin to D. sieden, OHG. siodan, G. sieden, Icel. sj&?;&?;a, Sw. sjuda, Dan. syde, Goth. saubs a burnt offering. Cf. Sod, n., Sodden, Suds.] To decoct or prepare for food in hot liquid; to boil; as, to seethe flesh. [Written also seeth.]

Set on the great pot, and seethe pottage for the sons of the prophets.
2 Kings iv. 38.

Seethe, v. i. To be a state of ebullition or violent commotion; to be hot; to boil. 1 Sam. ii. 13.

A long Pointe, round which the Mississippi used to whirl, and seethe, and foam.
G. W. Cable.

Seeth"er (?), n. A pot for boiling things; a boiler.

Like burnished gold the little seether shone.
Dryden.

Seg (?), n. [See Sedge.] (Bot.) 1. Sedge. [Obs.]

2. The gladen, and other species of Iris. Prior.

Seg, n. [Probably from the root of L. secare to cut.] A castrated bull. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Se*gar" (?), n. See Cigar.

Seg"gar (?), n. [Prov. E. saggard a seggar, seggard a sort of riding surtout, contr. fr. safeguard.] A case or holder made of fire clay, in which fine pottery is inclosed while baking in the kin. [Written also saggar, sagger, and segger.] Ure.

Segge (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Seg"ment (?), n. [L. segmentum, fr. secare to cut, cut off: cf. F. segment. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. One of the parts into which any body naturally separates or is divided; a part divided or cut off; a section; a portion; as, a segment of an orange; a segment of a compound or divided leaf.

2. (Geom.) A part cut off from a figure by a line or plane; especially, that part of a circle contained between a chord and an arc of that circle, or so much of the circle as is cut off by the chord; as, the segment acb in the Illustration.

3. (Mach.) (a) A piece in the form of the sector of a circle, or part of a ring; as, the segment of a sectional fly wheel or flywheel rim. (b) A segment gear.

4. (Biol.) (a) One of the cells or division formed by segmentation, as in egg cleavage or in fissiparous cell formation. (b) One of the divisions, rings, or joints into which many animal bodies are divided; a somite; a metamere; a somatome.

Segment gear, a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face. -- Segment of a line, the part of a line contained between two points on it. -- Segment of a sphere, the part of a sphere cut off by a plane, or included between two parallel planes. -- Ventral segment. (Acoustics) See Loor, n., 5.

Seg"ment (?), v. i. (Biol.) To divide or separate into parts in growth; to undergo segmentation, or cleavage, as in the segmentation of the ovum.

Seg*men"tal (?), a. 1. Relating to, or being, a segment.

2. (Anat. & Zoöl.) (a) Of or pertaining to the segments of animals; as, a segmental duct; segmental papillæ. (b) Of or pertaining to the segmental organs.

Segmental duct (Anat.), the primitive duct of the embryonic excretory organs which gives rise to the Wolffian duct and ureter; the pronephric duct. -- Segmental organs. (a) (Anat.) The embryonic excretory organs of vertebrates, consisting primarily of the segmental tubes and segmental ducts. (b) (Zoöl.) The tubular excretory organs, a pair of which often occur in each of several segments in annelids. They serve as renal organs, and often, also, as oviducts and sperm ducts. See Illust. under Sipunculacea. -- Segmental tubes (Anat.), the tubes which primarily open into the segmental duct, some of which become the urinary tubules of the adult.

Seg`men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or process of dividing into segments; specifically (Biol.), a self-division into segments as a result of growth; cell cleavage; cell multiplication; endogenous cell formation.

Segmentation cavity (Biol.), the cavity formed by the arrangement of the cells in segmentation or cleavage of the ovum; the cavity of the blastosphere. In the gastrula stage, the segmentation cavity in which the mesoblast is formed lies between the entoblast and ectoblast. See Illust. of Invagination. -- Segmentation nucleus (Biol.), the body formed by fusion of the male and female pronucleus in an impregnated ovum. See the Note under Pronucleus. -- Segmentation of the ovum, or Egg cleavage (Biol.), the process by which the embryos of all the higher plants and animals are derived from the germ cell. In the simplest case, that of small ova destitute of food yolk, the ovum or egg divides into two similar halves or segments (blastomeres), each of these again divides into two, and so on, thus giving rise to a mass of cells (mulberry mass, or morula), all equal and similar, from the growth and development of which the future animal is to be formed. This constitutes regular segmentation. Quite frequently, however, the equality and regularity of cleavage is interfered with by the presence of food yolk, from which results unequal segmentation. See Holoblastic, Meroblastic, Alecithal, Centrolecithal, Ectolecithal, and Ovum. -- Segmentation sphere (Biol.), the blastosphere, or morula. See Morula.

Seg"ment*ed (?), a. Divided into segments or joints; articulated.

{ Seg"ni*tude (?), Seg"ni*ty (?) }, n. [L. segnitas, fr. segnis slow, sluggish.] Sluggishness; dullness; inactivity. [Obs.]

||Se"gno (?), n. [It. See Sign.] (Mus.) A sign. See Al segno, and Dal segno.

Se"go (?), n. (Bot.) A liliaceous plant (Calochortus Nuttallii) of Western North America, and its edible bulb; -- so called by the Ute Indians and the Mormons.

Seg"re*gate (?), a. [L. segregatus, p. p. of segregare to separate; pref. se- aside + grex, gregis, a flock or herd. See Gregarious.] 1. Separate; select.

2. (Bot.) Separated from others of the same kind.

Seg"re*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Segregated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Segregating.] To separate from others; to set apart.

They are still segregated, Christians from Christians, under odious designations.
I. Taylor.

Seg"re*gate, v. i. (Geol.) To separate from a mass, and collect together about centers or along lines of fracture, as in the process of crystallization or solidification.

Seg`re*ga"tion (?), n. [L. segregatio: cf. F. ségrégation.] 1. The act of segregating, or the state of being segregated; separation from others; a parting.

2. (Geol.) Separation from a mass, and gathering about centers or into cavities at hand through cohesive attraction or the crystallizing process.

||Seiches (?), n. pl. [F.] (Geol.) Local oscillations in level observed in the case of some lakes, as Lake Geneva.

Seid (?), n. [Ar seyid prince.] A descendant of Mohammed through his daughter Fatima and nephew Ali.

Seid"litz (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seidlitz, a village in Bohemia. [Written also Sedlitz.]

Seidlitz powders, effervescing salts, consisting of two separate powders, one of which contains forty grains of sodium bicarbonate mixed with two drachms of Rochell&?; salt (tartrate of potassium and sodium) and the other contains thirty-five grains of tartaric acid. The powders are mixed in water, and drunk while effervescing, as a mild cathartic; -- so called from the resemblance to the natural water of Seidlitz. Called also Rochelle powders. -- Seidlitz water, a natural water from Seidlitz, containing magnesium, sodium, calcium, and potassium sulphates, with calcium carbonate and a little magnesium chloride. It is used as an aperient.

Seigh (?), obs. imp. sing. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Seign*eu"ri*al (?), a. [F., fr. seigneur. See Seignior.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lord of a manor; manorial. Sir W. Temple.

2. Vested with large powers; independent.

Seign"ior (?), n. [OF. seignor, F. seigneur, cf. It. signore, Sp. señor from an objective case of L. senier elder. See Senior.] 1. A lord; the lord of a manor.

2. A title of honor or of address in the South of Europe, corresponding to Sir or Mr. in English.

Grand Seignior, the sultan of Turkey.

Seign"ior*age (?), n. [F. seigneuriage, OF. seignorage.] 1. Something claimed or taken by virtue of sovereign prerogative; specifically, a charge or toll deducted from bullion brought to a mint to be coined; the difference between the cost of a mass of bullion and the value as money of the pieces coined from it.

If government, however, throws the expense of coinage, as is reasonable, upon the holders, by making a charge to cover the expense (which is done by giving back rather less in coin than has been received in bullion, and is called "levying a seigniorage"), the coin will rise to the extent of the seigniorage above the value of the bullion.
J. S. Mill.

2. A share of the receipts of a business taken in payment for the use of a right, as a copyright or a patent.

Seign"ior*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a seignior; seigneurial. "Kingly or seignioral patronage." Burke.

Seign"ior*al*ty (?), n. The territory or authority of a seignior, or lord. Milman.

Seign*io"ri*al (?), a. Same as Seigneurial.

Seign"ior*ize (?), v. t. To lord it over. [Obs.]

As proud as he that seigniorizeth hell.
Fairfax.

Seign"ior*y (?), n.; pl. -ies (#). [OE. seignorie, OF. seigneurie, F. seigneurie; cf. It. signoria.] 1. The power or authority of a lord; dominion.

O'Neal never had any seigniory over that country but what by encroachment he got upon the English.
Spenser.

2. The territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor. [Written also seigneury, and seignory.]

Seine (?), n. [F. seine, or AS. segene, b&?;th fr. L. sagena, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] (Fishing.) A large net, one edge of which is provided with sinkers, and the other with floats. It hangs vertically in the water, and when its ends are brought together or drawn ashore incloses the fish.

Seine boat, a boat specially constructed to carry and pay out a seine.

Sein"er (?), n. One who fishes with a seine.

Sein"ing, n. Fishing with a seine.

Seint (?), n. [See Cincture.] A girdle. [Obs.] "Girt with a seint of silk." Chaucer.

Seint, n. A saint. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sein"tu*a*ry (?), n. Sanctuary. [Obs.]

Seir"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Seerfish.

Sei"ro*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; a cord + E. spore.] (Bot.) One of several spores arranged in a chain as in certain algæ of the genus Callithamnion.

Seise (?), v. t. See Seize. Spenser.

&fist; This is the common spelling in the law phrase to be seised of (an estate).

Sei"sin (?), n. See Seizin. Spenser.

{ Seis"mic (?), Seis"mal (?), } a. [Gr. seismo`s an earthquake, from sei`ein to shake.] Of or pertaining to an earthquake; caused by an earthquake.

Seismic vertical, the point upon the earth's surface vertically over the center of effort or focal point whence the earthquake's impulse proceeds, or the vertical line connecting these two points.

Seis"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -graph.] (Physics) An apparatus for registering the shocks and undulatory motions of earthquakes.

Seis`mo*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a seismograph; indicated by a seismograph.

Seis*mog"ra*phy (?), n. 1. A writing about, or a description of, earthquakes.

2. The art of registering the shocks and undulatory movements of earthquakes.

Seis`mo*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to seismology. -- Seis`mo*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Seis*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -logy.] The science of earthquakes.

Seis*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the direction, duration, and force of earthquakes and like concussions.

Seis`mo*met"ric (?), a. Of or pertaining to seismometry, or seismometer; as, seismometric instruments; seismometric measurements.

Seis*mom"e*try (?), n. The mensuration of such phenomena of earthquakes as can be expressed in numbers, or by their relation to the coördinates of space.

Seis"mo*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; an earthquake + -scope.] (Physics) A seismometer.

Se"i*ty (?), n. [L. se one's self.] Something peculiar to one's self. [R.] Tatler.

Seiz"a*ble (?), a. That may be seized.

Seize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seizing.] [OE. seisen, saisen, OF. seisir, saisir, F. saisir, of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. set. The meaning is properly, to set, put, place, hence, to put in possession of. See Set, v. t.] 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold of; to gripe or grasp suddenly; to reach and grasp.

For by no means the high bank he could seize.
Spenser.

Seek you to seize and gripe into your hands
The royalties and rights of banished Hereford?
Shak.

2. To take possession of by force.

At last they seize
The scepter, and regard not David's sons.
Milton.

3. To invade suddenly; to take sudden hold of; to come upon suddenly; as, a fever seizes a patient.

Hope and deubt alternate seize her seul.
Pope.

4. (law) To take possession of by virtue of a warrant or other legal authority; as, the sheriff seized the debtor's goods.

5. To fasten; to fix. [Obs.]

As when a bear hath seized her cruel claws
Upon the carcass of some beast too weak.
Spenser.

6. To grap with the mind; to comprehend fully and distinctly; as, to seize an idea.

7. (Naut.) To bind or fasten together with a lashing of small stuff, as yarn or marline; as, to seize ropes.

&fist; This word, by writers on law, is commonly written seise, in the phrase to be seised of (an estate), as also, in composition, disseise, disseisin.

To be seized of, to have possession, or right of possession; as, A B was seized and possessed of the manor of Dale. "Whom age might see seized of what youth made prize." Chapman. -- To seize on or upon, to fall on and grasp; to take hold on; to take possession of suddenly and forcibly.

Syn. -- To catch; grasp; clutch; snatch; apprehend; arrest; take; capture.

Seiz"er (?), n. One who, or that which, seizes.

Sei"zin (?), n. [F. saisine. See Seize.] 1. (Law) Possession; possession of an estate of froehold. It may be either in deed or in law; the former when there is actual possession, the latter when there is a right to such possession by construction of law. In some of the United States seizin means merely ownership. Burrill.

2. The act of taking possession. [Obs.]

3. The thing possessed; property. Sir M. Halle.

&fist; Commonly spelt by writers on law seisin.

Livery of seizin. (Eng. Law) See Note under Livery, 1.

Seiz"ing (?), n. 1. The act of taking or grasping suddenly.

2. (Naut.) (a) The operation of fastening together or lashing. (b) The cord or lashing used for such fastening.

Sei"zor (?), n. (Law) One who seizes, or takes possession.

Sei"zure (?), n. 1. The act of seizing, or the state of being seized; sudden and violent grasp or gripe; a taking into possession; as, the seizure of a thief, a property, a throne, etc.

2. Retention within one's grasp or power; hold; possession; ownership.

Make o'er thy honor by a deed of trust,
And give me seizure of the mighty wealth.
Dryden.

3. That which is seized, or taken possession of; a thing laid hold of, or possessed.

{ Se"jant, Se"jeant } (?), a. [F. séant, p. pr. of seoir to sit, L. sedere.] (Her.) Sitting, as a lion or other beast.

Sejant rampant, sitting with the forefeet lifted up. Wright.

Se*jein" (?), v. t. [L. sejungere; pref. se- aside + jungere to join. See Join.] To separate. [Obs.]

Se*junc"tion (?), n. [L. sejunctio. See Sejoin.] The act of disjoining, or the state of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Se*jun"gi*ble (?), a. [See Sejoin.] Capable of being disjoined. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Seke (?), a. Sick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Seke (?), v. t. & i. To seek. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Se"kes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a pen, a sacred inclosure, a shrine.] (Arch.) A place in a pagan temple in which the images of the deities were inclosed.

Se*la"chi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Selachii. See Illustration in Appendix.

||Se*la"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a fish having cartilages instead of bones.] (Zoöl.) An order of elasmobranchs including the sharks and rays; the Plagiostomi. Called also Selacha, Selache, and Selachoidei.

||Sel`a*choi"de*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Selachii.

||Sel`a*chos"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Selachii, and Stoma.] (Zoöl.) A division of ganoid fishes which includes the paddlefish, in which the mouth is armed with small teeth.

||Sel`a*gi*nel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. selago, -inis, a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of cryptogamous plants resembling Lycopodia, but producing two kinds of spores; also, any plant of this genus. Many species are cultivated in conservatories.

Se"lah (?), n. [Heb. selāh.] (Script.) A word of doubtful meaning, occuring frequently in the Psalms; by some, supposed to signify silence or a pause in the musical performance of the song.

Beyond the fact that Selah is a musical term, we know absolutely nothing about it.
Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Sel"couth (s&ebreve;l"k&oomac;th), a. [AS. selcūð, seldcūð; seld rare + cūð known. See Uncouth.] Rarely known; unusual; strange. [Obs.]

[She] wondered much at his so selcouth case.
Spenser.

Seld (s&ebreve;ld), a. [See Seldom.] Rare; uncommon; unusual. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Seld, adv. Rarely; seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sel"den (-sen), adv. Seldom. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sel"dom (-dŭm), adv. [Usually, Compar. More seldom (mōr"); superl. Most seldom (mōst"); but sometimes also, Seldomer (-&etilde;r), Seldomest.] [AS. seldan, seldon, seldum, fr. seld rare; akin to OFries. sielden, D. zelden, G. selten, OHG. seltan, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Sw. sällan, Goth. sildaleiks marvelous.] Rarely; not often; not frequently.

Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one.
Hooker.

Sel"dom (?), a. Rare; infrequent. [Archaic.] "A suppressed and seldom anger." Jer. Taylor.

Sel"dom*ness, n. Rareness. Hooker.

Seld"seen` (?), a. [AS. seldsiene.] Seldom seen. [Obs.] Drayton.

Seld"shewn` (?), a. [Seld + shown.] Rarely shown or exhibited. [Obs.] Shak.

Se*lect" (?), a. [L. selectus, p. p. of seligere to select; pref. se- aside + levere to gather. See Legend.] Taken from a number by preferance; picked out as more valuable or exellent than others; of special value or exellence; nicely chosen; selected; choice.

A few select spirits had separated from the crowd, and formed a fit audience round a far greater teacher.
Macaulay.

Se*lect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Selected; p. pr. & vb. n. Selecting.] To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as, to select the best authors for perusal. "One peculiar nation to select." Milton.

The pious chief . . .
A hundred youths from all his train selects.
Dryden.

Se*lect"ed*ly, adv. With care and selection. [R.]

Se*lec"tion (?), n. [L. selectio: cf. F. sélection.] . The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice, by preference.

2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as, a choice selection of books.

Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural.

Se*lect"ive (?), a. Selecting; tending to select.

This selective providence of the Almighty.
Bp. Hall.

Se*lect"man (?), n.; pl. Selectmen (&?;). One of a board of town officers chosen annually in the New England States to transact the general public business of the town, and have a kind of executive authority. The number is usually from three to seven in each town.

The system of delegated town action was then, perhaps, the same which was defined in an "order made in 1635 by the inhabitants of Charlestown at a full meeting for the government of the town, by selectmen;" the name presently extended throughout New England to municipal governors.
Palfrey.

Se*lect"ness, n. The quality or state of being select.

Se*lect"or (?), n. [L.] One who selects.

Sel"e*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenic acid; -- formerly called also seleniate.

Sel`en*hy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen selenide, H2Se, regarded as an acid analogous to sulphydric acid.

Se*len"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. sélénique.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to selenium; derived from, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with selenious compounds.

Sel"e*nide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of selenium, or a compound regarded as binary; as, ethyl selenide.

Sel`e*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Selenium + -ferous. ] Containing, or impregnated with, selenium; as, seleniferous pyrites.

Se*le"ni*o- (&?;). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of selenium or its compounds; as, selenio-phosphate, a phosphate having selenium in place of all, or a part, of the oxygen.

Se*le"ni*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. sélénieux.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, selenium; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with selenic compounds.

Sel"e*nite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of selenious acid.

Sel"e*nite, n. [L. selenites, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; (sc. &?;&?;&?;), from selh`nh the moon. So called from a fancied resemblance in luster or appearance to the moon.] (Min.) A variety of gypsum, occuring in transparent crystals or crystalline masses.

{ Sel`e*nit"ic (?), Sel`e*nit"ic*al (?), } a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to selenite; resembling or containing selenite.

Se*le"ni*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. selh`nh the moon. So called because of its chemical analogy to tellurium (from L. tellus the earth), being, as it were, a companion to it.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element of the sulphur group, and analogous to sulphur in its compounds. It is found in small quantities with sulphur and some sulphur ores, and obtained in the free state as a dark reddish powder or crystalline mass, or as a dark metallic-looking substance. It exhibits under the action of light a remarkable variation in electric conductivity, and is used in certain electric apparatus. Symbol Se. Atomic weight 78.9.

Sel`e*ni"u*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A selenide. [Obs.]

Sel`e*ni"u*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Combined with selenium as in a selenide; as, seleniureted hydrogen. [Written also seleniuretted.] [Obsoles.]

Se*le`no*cen"tric (?), a. [Gr. selh`nh the moon + E. centric.] (Astron.) As seen or estimated from the center of the moon; with the moon central.

Se*le"no*graph (?), n. A picture or delineation of the moon's surface, or of any part of it.

Sel`e*nog"ra*pher (?), n. One skilled in selenography. Wright.

{ Sel`e*no*graph"ic (?), Sel`e*no*graph"i*cal (?), } a. [Cf. F. sélénographique.] Of or pertaining to selenography.

Sel`e*nog"ra*phist (?), n. A selenographer.

Sel`e*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; the moon + -graphy.] The science that treats of the physical features of the moon; -- corresponding to physical geography in respect to the earth. "Accurate selenography, or description of the moon." Sir T. Browne.

Sel`e*nol"o*gy, n. [Gr. selh`nh the moon + -logy.] That branch of astronomy which treats of the moon. -- Sel`e*no*log"i*cal (#), a.

Sel`e*no"ni*um (?), n. [Selenium + sulphonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of selenium, analogous to sulphonium. [R.]

Self (s&ebreve;lf), a. [AS. self, seolf, sylf; akin to OS. self, OFries. self, D. zelf, G. selb, selber, selbst, Dan. selv. Sw. sjelf, Icel. sjālfr, Goth. silba. Cf. Selvage.] Same; particular; very; identical. [Obs., except in the compound selfsame.] "On these self hills." Sir. W. Raleigh.

To shoot another arrow that self way
Which you did shoot the first.
Shak.

At that self moment enters Palamon.
Dryden.

Self, n.; pl. Selves (&?;). 1. The individual as the object of his own reflective consciousness; the man viewed by his own cognition as the subject of all his mental phenomena, the agent in his own activities, the subject of his own feelings, and the possessor of capacities and character; a person as a distinct individual; a being regarded as having personality. "Those who liked their real selves." Addison.

A man's self may be the worst fellow to converse with in the world.
Pope.

The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.
Sir W. Hamilton.

2. Hence, personal interest, or love of private interest; selfishness; as, self is his whole aim.

3. Personification; embodiment. [Poetic.]

She was beauty's self.
Thomson.

&fist; Self is united to certain personal pronouns and pronominal adjectives to express emphasis or distinction. Thus, for emphasis; I myself will write; I will examine for myself; thou thyself shalt go; thou shalt see for thyself; you yourself shall write; you shall see for yourself; he himself shall write; he shall examine for himself; she herself shall write; she shall examine for herself; the child itself shall be carried; it shall be present itself. It is also used reflexively; as, I abhor myself; thou enrichest thyself; he loves himself; she admires herself; it pleases itself; we walue ourselves; ye hurry yourselves; they see themselves. Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nominative case, as well as in the objective. "Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples." John iv. 2.

&fist; self is used in the formation of innumerable compounds, usually of obvious signification, in most of which it denotes either the agent or the object of the action expressed by the word with which it is joined, or the person in behalf of whom it is performed, or the person or thing to, for, or towards whom or which a quality, attribute, or feeling expressed by the following word belongs, is directed, or is exerted, or from which it proceeds; or it denotes the subject of, or object affected by, such action, quality, attribute, feeling, or the like; as, self-abandoning, self-abnegation, self-abhorring, self-absorbed, self-accusing, self-adjusting, self-balanced, self-boasting, self-canceled, self-combating, self-commendation, self-condemned, self-conflict, self-conquest, self-constituted, self-consumed, self-contempt, self-controlled, self-deceiving, self-denying, self-destroyed, self-disclosure, self-display, self-dominion, self-doomed, self-elected, self-evolved, self-exalting, self-excusing, self-exile, self-fed, self- fulfillment, self-governed, self-harming, self- helpless, self-humiliation, self-idolized, self- inflicted, self-improvement, self-instruction, self-invited, self-judging, self-justification, self-loathing, self-loving, self-maintenance, self-mastered, self-nourishment, self-perfect, self-perpetuation, self-pleasing, self-praising, self-preserving, self-questioned, self-relying, self-restraining, self-revelation, self-ruined, self-satisfaction, self-support, self-sustained, self-sustaining, self-tormenting, self-troubling, self-trust, self-tuition, self-upbraiding, self-valuing, self-worshiping, and many others.

Self`-a*based" (?), a. Humbled by consciousness of inferiority, unworthiness, guilt, or shame.

Self`-a*base"ment (?), n. 1. Degradation of one's self by one's own act.

2. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or shame.

Self`-a*bas"ing, a. Lowering or humbling one's self.

Self`-ab*hor"rence (?), n. Abhorrence of one's self.

Self`-ab`ne*ga"tion (?), n. Self- denial; self-renunciation; self-sacrifice.

Self`-abuse" (?), n. 1. The abuse of one's own self, powers, or faculties.

2. Self-deception; delusion. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Masturbation; onanism; self- pollution.

Self"-ac*cused" (?), a. Accused by one's self or by one's conscience. "Die self-accused." Cowper.

Self`-act"ing (?), a. Acting of or by one's self or by itself; -- said especially of a machine or mechanism which is made to perform of or for itself what is usually done by human agency; automatic; as, a self-acting feed apparatus; a self-acting mule; a self-acting press.

Self`-ac"tion (?), n. Action by, or originating in, one's self or itself.

Self`-ac"tive (?), a. Acting of one's self or of itself; acting without depending on other agents.

Self`-ac*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being self-active; self-action.

Self`-ad*just"ing (?), a. (Mach.) Capable of assuming a desired position or condition with relation to other parts, under varying circumstances, without requiring to be adjusted by hand; -- said of a piece in machinery.

Self-adjusting bearing (Shafting), a bearing which is supported in such a manner that it may tip to accomodate flexure or displacement of the shaft.

Self`-ad`mi*ra"tion (?), n. Admiration of one's self.

Self`-af*fairs" (?), n. pl. One's own affairs; one's private business. [Obs.] Shak.

Self`-af*fright"ed (?), a. Frightened at or by one's self. Shak.

Self`-ag*gran"dize*ment (?), n. The aggrandizement of one's self.

Self`-an*ni"hi*la`ted (?), a. Annihilated by one's self.

Self`-an*ni`hi*la"tion (?), n. Annihilation by one's own acts; annihilation of one's desires. Addison.

Self`-ap*plause" (?), n. Applause of one's self.

Self`-ap*ply"ing (?), a. Applying to or by one's self.

Self`-ap*prov"ing (?), a. Approving one's own action or character by one's own judgment.

One self-approving hour whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers and of loud huzzas.
Pope.

Self`-as*sert"ing (?), a. Asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; hence, putting one's self forward in a confident or assuming manner.

Self`-as*ser"tion (?), n. The act of asserting one's self, or one's own rights or claims; the quality of being self-asserting.

Self`-as*sert"ive (?), a. Disposed to self-assertion; self-asserting.

Self`-as*sumed` (?), a. Assumed by one's own act, or without authority.

Self`-as*sured` (?), a. Assured by or of one's self; self-reliant; complacent.

Self`-ban"ished (?), a. Exiled voluntarily.

Self"-be*got"ten (?), a. Begotten by one's self, or one's own powers.

Self"-born` (?), a. Born or produced by one's self.

{ Self`-cen"tered, Self`-cen"tred } (?), a. Centered in itself, or in one's self.

There hangs the ball of earth and water mixt,
Self-centered and unmoved.
Dryden.

{ Self`-cen"ter*ing (?), Self`-cen"tring (?) } a. Centering in one's self.

Self`-cen*tra"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being self-centered.

Self`-char"i*ty (?), n. Self- love. [Obs.] Shak.

Self"-col`or (?), n. A color not mixed or variegated.

Self`-col"ored (?), a. Being of a single color; -- applied to flowers, animals, and textile fabrics.

Self`-com*mand" (?), n. Control over one's own feelings, temper, etc.; self-control.

Self`-com*mune" (?), n. Self- communion. [R.]

Self`-com*mu"ni*ca*tive (?), a. Imparting or communicating by its own powers.

Self`-com*mun"ion (?), n. Communion with one's self; thoughts about one's self.

Self`-com*pla"cen*cy (?), n. The quality of being self-complacent. J. Foster.

Self`-com*pla"cent (?), a. Satisfied with one's own character, capacity, and doings; self- satisfied.

Self`-con*ceit" (?), n. Conceit of one's self; an overweening opinion of one's powers or endowments.

Syn. -- See Egotism.

Self`-con*ceit"ed, a. Having an overweening opinion of one's own powers, attainments; vain; conceited. -- Self`-con*ceit"ed*ness, n.

Self`-con*cern" (?), n. Concern for one's self.

Self`-con`dem*na"tion (?), n. Condemnation of one's self by one's own judgment.

Self`-con"fi*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being self-confident; self-reliance.

A feeling of self-confidence which supported and sustained him.
Beaconsfield.

Self`-con"fi*dent (?), a. Confident of one's own strength or powers; relying on one's judgment or ability; self-reliant. -- Self`-con"fi*dent*ly, adv.

Self`-con"ju*gate (?), a. (Geom.) Having the two things that are conjugate parts of the same figure; as, self-conjugate triangles.

Self`-con"scious (?), a. 1. Conscious of one's acts or state as belonging to, or originating in, one's self. "My self-conscious worth." Dryden.

2. Conscious of one's self as an object of the observation of others; as, the speaker was too self- conscious.

Self`-con"scious*ness, n. The quality or state of being self-conscious.

Self`-con*sid"er*ing (?), a. Considering in one's own mind; deliberating. Pope.

Self`-con*sist"en*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-consistent.

Self`-con*sist"ent (?), a. Consistent with one's self or with itself; not deviation from the ordinary standard by which the conduct is guided; logically consistent throughout; having each part consistent with the rest.

Self`-con*sum"ing (?), a. Consuming one's self or itself.

Self`-con*tained" (?), a. 1. Having self-control; reserved; uncommunicative; wholly engrossed in one's self.

2. (Mach.) Having all the essential working parts connected by a bedplate or framework, or contained in a case, etc., so that mutual relations of the parts do not depend upon fastening outside of the machine itself.

Self-contained steam engine. (a) A steam engine having both bearings for the crank shaft attached to the frame of the engine. (b) A steam engine and boiler combined and fastened together; a portable steam engine.

Self`-con`tra*dic"tion (?), n. The act of contradicting one's self or itself; repugnancy in conceptions or in terms; a proposition consisting of two members, one of which contradicts the other; as, to be and not to be at the same time is a self-contradiction.

Self`-con`tra*dict"o*ry (?), a. Contradicting one's self or itself.

Self`-con*trol" (?), n. Control of one's self; restraint exercised over one's self; self- command.

Self`-con*vict"ed (?), a. Convicted by one's own consciousness, knowledge, avowal, or acts.

Self`-con*vic"tion (?), n. The act of convicting one's self, or the state of being self- convicted.

Self`-cre*at"ed (?), a. Created by one's self; not formed or constituted by another.

Self`-cul"ture (?), n. Culture, training, or education of one's self by one's own efforts.

Self`-de*ceit" (?), n. The act of deceiving one's self, or the state of being self-deceived; self- deception.

Self`-de*ceived" (?), a. Deceived or misled respecting one's self by one's own mistake or error.

Self`-de*cep"tion (?), n. Self- deceit.

Self`-de*fence" (?), n. See Self-defense.

Self`-de*fense" (?), n. The act of defending one's own person, property, or reputation.

In self-defense (Law), in protection of self, -- it being permitted in law to a party on whom a grave wrong is attempted to resist the wrong, even at the peril of the life of the assailiant. Wharton.

Self`-de*fen"sive (?), a. Defending, or tending to defend, one's own person, property, or reputation.

Self`-deg`ra*da"tion (?), n. The act of degrading one's self, or the state of being so degraded.

Self`-de*la"tion (?), n. Accusation of one's self. [R.] Milman.

Self`-de*lu"sion (?), n. The act of deluding one's self, or the state of being thus deluded.

Self`-de*ni"al (?), n. The denial of one's self; forbearing to gratify one's own desires; self- sacrifice.

Self`-de*ny"ing (?), a. Refusing to gratify one's self; self-sacrificing. -- Self`- de*ny"ing*ly, adv.

Self`-de*pend"ent (?), a. Dependent on one's self; self-depending; self-reliant.

Self`-de*pend"ing, a. Depending on one's self.

Self`-de*praved" (?), a. Corrupted or depraved by one's self. Milton.

Self`-de*stroy"er (?), n. One who destroys himself; a suicide.

Self`-de*struc"tion (?), n. The destruction of one's self; self-murder; suicide. Milton.

Self`-de*struc"tive (?), a. Destroying, or tending to destroy, one's self or itself; rucidal.

Self`-de*ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. Determination by one's self; or, determination of one's acts or states without the necessitating force of motives; -- applied to the voluntary or activity.

Self`-de*ter"min*ing (?), a. Capable of self-determination; as, the self-determining power of will.

Self`-de*vised" (?), a. Devised by one's self.

Self`-de*vot"ed (?), a. Devoted in person, or by one's own will. Hawthorne.

Self`-de*vote"ment (?), n. Self- devotion. [R.]

Self`-de*vo"tion (?), n. The act of devoting one's self, or the state of being self-devoted; willingness to sacrifice one's own advantage or happiness for the sake of others; self-sacrifice.

Self`-de*vour"ing (?), a. Devouring one's self or itself. Danham.

Self`-dif*fu"sive (?), a. Having power to diffuse itself; diffusing itself. Norris.

Self`-dis"ci*pline (?), n. Correction or government of one's self for the sake of improvement.

Self`-dis*trust" (?), n. Want of confidence in one' self; diffidence.

Self`-ed"u*ca`ted (?), a. Educated by one's own efforts, without instruction, or without pecuniary assistance from others.

Self`-e*lect"ive (?), a. Having the right of electing one's self, or, as a body, of electing its own members.

Self`-en*joy"ment, (?) n. Enjoyment of one's self; self-satisfaction.

Self`-es*teem" (?), n. The holding a good opinion of one's self; self-complacency.

Self`-es`ti*ma"tion (?), n. The act of estimating one's self; self-esteem.

Self`-ev"i*dence (?), n. The quality or state of being self-evident. Locke.

Self`-ev"i*dent (?), a. Evident without proof or reasoning; producing certainty or conviction upon a bare presentation to the mind; as, a self-evident proposition or truth. -- Self`-ev"i*dent*ly, adv.

Self`-ev`o*lu"tion (?), n. Evolution of one's self; development by inherent quality or power.

Self`-ex`al*ta"tion (?), n. The act of exalting one's self, or the state of being so exalted.

Self`-ex*am"i*nant (?), n. One who examines himself; one given to self-examination.

The humiliated self-examinant feels that there is evil in our nature as well as good.
Coleridge.

Self`-ex*am`i*na"tion (?), n. An examination into one's own state, conduct, and motives, particularly in regard to religious feelings and duties.

Self`-ex*ist"ence (?), n. Inherent existence; existence possessed by virtue of a being's own nature, and independent of any other being or cause; -- an attribute peculiar to God. Blackmore.

Self`-ex*ist"ent (?), a. Existing of or by himself, independent of any other being or cause; -- as, God is the only self-existent being.

self`-ex*plain"ing (?), a. Explaining itself; capable of being understood without explanation.

Self`-ex*po"sure (?), n. The act of exposing one's self; the state of being so exposed.

Self`-fer`ti*li*za"tion (?), n. (Bot.) The fertilization of a flower by pollen from the same flower and without outer aid; autogamy.

Self`-fer"ti*lized (?), a. (Bot.) Fertilized by pollen from the same flower.

Self`-glo"ri*ous (?), a. Springing from vainglory or vanity; vain; boastful. Dryden.

Self`-gov"ern*ment (?), n. 1. The act of governing one's self, or the state of being governed by one's self; self-control; self-command.

2. Hence, government of a community, state, or nation by the joint action of the mass of people constituting such a civil body; also, the state of being so governed; democratic government; democracy.

It is to self-government, the great principle of popular representation and administration, -- the system that lets in all to participate in the councels that are to assign the good or evil to all, -- that we may owe what we are and what we hope to be.
D. Webster.

Self`-grat`u*la"tion (?), n. Gratulation of one's self.

Self`-heal" (?), n. (Bot.) A blue-flowered labiate plant (Brunella vulgaris); the healall.

Self`-heal"ing (?), a. Having the power or property of healing itself.

Self`-help" (?), n. The act of aiding one's self, without depending on the aid of others.

Self`-hom"i*cide (?), n. The act of killing one's self; suicide. Hakewill.

Self"hood (?), n. Existence as a separate self, or independent person; conscious personality; individuality. Bib. Sacra.

Self`-ig"no*rance (?), n. Ignorance of one's own character, powers, and limitations.

Self`-ig"no*rant (?), a. Ignorant of one's self.

Self`-im*part"ing (?), a. Imparting by one's own, or by its own, powers and will. Norris.

Self`-im*por"tance (?), n. An exaggerated estimate of one's own importance or merit, esp. as manifested by the conduct or manners; self-conceit.

Self`-im*por"tant (?), a. Having or manifesting an exaggerated idea of one's own importance or merit.

Self`-im*posed" (?), a. Voluntarily taken on one's self; as, self-imposed tasks.

Self`-im*pos"ture (?), n. Imposture practiced on one's self; self-deceit. South.

Self`-in`dig*na"tion (?), n. Indignation at one's own character or actions. Baxter.

Self`-in*dul"gence (?), n. Indulgence of one's appetites, desires, or inclinations; -- the opposite of self-restraint, and self-denial.

Self`-in*dul"gent (?), a. Indulging one's appetites, desires, etc., freely.

Self`-in"ter*est (?), n. Private interest; the interest or advantage of one's self.

Self`-in"ter*est*ed, a. Particularly concerned for one's own interest or happiness.

Self`-in`vo*lu"tion (?), n. Involution in one's self; hence, abstraction of thought; reverie.

Self"ish (?), a. 1. Caring supremely or unduly for one's self; regarding one's own comfort, advantage, etc., in disregard, or at the expense, of those of others.

They judge of things according to their own private appetites and selfish passions.
Cudworth.

In that throng of selfish hearts untrue.
Keble.

2. (Ethics) Believing or teaching that the chief motives of human action are derived from love of self.

Hobbes and the selfish school of philosophers.
Fleming.

Self"ish*ly, adv. In a selfish manner; with regard to private interest only or chiefly.

Self"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being selfish; exclusive regard to one's own interest or happiness; that supreme self-love or self-preference which leads a person to direct his purposes to the advancement of his own interest, power, or happiness, without regarding those of others.

Selfishness, -- a vice utterly at variance with the happiness of him who harbors it, and, as such, condemned by self- love.
Sir J. Mackintosh.

Syn. -- See Self-love.

Self"ism (?), n. Concentration of one's interests on one's self; self-love; selfishness. Emerson.

Self"ist, n. A selfish person. [R.] I. Taylor.

Self`-jus"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who excuses or justifies himself. J. M. Mason.

Self`-kin"dled (?), a. Kindled of itself, or without extraneous aid or power. Dryden.

Self`-know"ing (?), a. 1. Knowing one's self, or one's own character, powers, and limitations.

2. Knowing of itself, without help from another.

Self`-knowl"edge (?), n. Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.

Self"less, a. Having no regard to self; unselfish.

Lo now, what hearts have men! they never mount
As high as woman in her selfless mood.
Tennyson.

Self"less*ness, n. Quality or state of being selfless.

Self"-life` (?), n. Life for one's self; living solely or chiefly for one's own pleasure or good.

Self`-love` (?), n. The love of one's self; desire of personal happiness; tendency to seek one's own benefit or advantage. Shak.

Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul.
Pope.

Syn. -- Selfishness. -- Self-love, Selfishness. The term self-love is used in a twofold sense: 1. It denotes that longing for good or for well- being which actuates the breasts of all, entering into and characterizing every special desire. In this sense it has no moral quality, being, from the nature of the case, neither good nor evil. 2. It is applied to a voluntary regard for the gratification of special desires. In this sense it is morally good or bad according as these desires are conformed to duty or opposed to it. Selfishness is always voluntary and always wrong, being that regard to our own interests, gratification, etc., which is sought or indulged at the expense, and to the injury, of others. "So long as self-love does not degenerate into selfishness, it is quite compatible with true benevolence." Fleming. "Not only is the phrase self-love used as synonymous with the desire of happiness, but it is often confounded with the word selfishness, which certainly, in strict propriety, denotes a very different disposition of mind." Slewart.

Self`-lu"mi*nous (?), a. Possessing in itself the property of emitting light. Sir D. Brewster.

Self"-made` (?), a. Made by one's self.

Self-made man, a man who has risen from poverty or obscurity by means of his own talents or energies.

Self"-met`tle (?), n. Inborn mettle or courage; one's own temper. [Obs.] Shak.

Self`-mo"tion (?), n. Motion given by inherent power, without external impulse; spontaneous or voluntary motion.

Matter is not induced with self- motion.
Cheyne.

Self`-moved" (?), a. Moved by inherent power., without the aid of external impulse.

Self`-mov"ing (?), a. Moving by inherent power, without the aid of external impulse.

Self`-mur"der (?), a. Suicide.

Self`-mur"der*er (?), n. A suicide.

Self`-neg*lect"ing (?), n. A neglecting of one's self, or of one's own interests.

Self-love, my liege, is not so vile a sin
As self-neglecting.
Shak.

Self"ness, n. Selfishness. [Obs.] Sir. P. Sidney.

Self`-one" (?), a. Secret. [Obs.] Marston.

Self`-o*pin"ion (?), n. Opinion, especially high opinion, of one's self; an overweening estimate of one's self or of one's own opinion. Collier.

Self`-o*pin"ioned (?), a. Having a high opinion of one's self; opinionated; conceited. South.

Self`-o*rig"i*na`ting (?), a. Beginning with, or springing from, one's self.

Self`-par`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. That partiality to himself by which a man overrates his own worth when compared with others. Kames.

Self`-per*plexed" (?), a. Perplexed by doubts originating in one's own mind.

Self`-pos"it*ed (?), a. Disposed or arranged by an action originating in one's self or in itself.

These molecular blocks of salt are self- posited.
Tyndall.

Self`-pos"it*ing, a. The act of disposing or arranging one's self or itself.

The self-positing of the molecules.
R. Watts.

Self"-pos*sessed" (?), a. Composed or tranquil in mind, manner, etc.; undisturbed.

Self`-pos*ses"sion (?), n. The possession of one's powers; calmness; self-command; presence of mind; composure.

Self"-praise` (?), n. Praise of one's self.

Self`-pres`er*va"tion (?), n. The preservation of one's self from destruction or injury.

Self`-prop"a*ga`ting (?), a. Propagating by one's self or by itself.

Self`-reg"is*ter*ing (?), a. Registering itself; -- said of any instrument so contrived as to record its own indications of phenomena, whether continuously or at stated times, as at the maxima and minima of variations; as, a self-registering anemometer or barometer.

Self`-reg"u*la`ted (?), a. Regulated by one's self or by itself.

Self`-reg"u*la*tive (?), a. Tending or serving to regulate one's self or itself. Whewell.

Self`-re*li"ance (?), n. Reliance on one's own powers or judgment; self-trust.

Self`-re*li"ant (?), a. Reliant upon one's self; trusting to one's own powers or judgment.

Self`-re*nun`ci*a"tion (?), n. The act of renouncing, or setting aside, one's own wishes, claims, etc.; self-sacrifice.

Self`-re*pel"len*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-repelling.

Self`-re*pel"ling, (&?;) a. Made up of parts, as molecules or atoms, which mutually repel each other; as, gases are self-repelling.

Self`-rep`e*ti"tion (?), n. Repetition of one's self or of one's acts; the saying or doing what one has already said or done.

Self`-re*proach" (?), n. The act of reproaching one's self; censure by one's own conscience.

Self`-re*proached" (?), a. Reproached by one's own conscience or judgment.

Self`-re*proach"ing (?), a. Reproaching one's self. -- Self`-re*proach"ing*ly, adv.

Self`-re*proof" (?), n. The act of reproving one's self; censure of one's conduct by one's own judgment.

Self`-re*proved" (?), a. Reproved by one's own conscience or one's own sense of guilt.

Self`-re*prov"ing (?), a. Reproving one's self; reproving by consciousness of guilt.

Self`-re*prov"ing*ly, adv. In a self-reproving way.

Self`-re*pug"nant (?), a. Self- contradictory; inconsistent. Brougham.

Self`-re*pul"sive (?), a. Self- repelling.

Self`-re*spect" (?), n. Respect for one's self; regard for one's character; laudable self- esteem.

Self`-re*strained" (?), a. Restrained by one's self or itself; restrained by one's own power or will.

Self`-re*straint" (?), n. Restraint over one's self; self-control; self-command.

Self`-rev"er*ence (?), n. A reverent respect for one's self. Tennyson.

Self`-right"eous (?), a. Righteous in one's own esteem; pharisaic.

Self`-right"eous*ness, n. The quality or state of being self-righteous; pharisaism.

Self`-sac"ri*fice (?), n. The act of sacrificing one's self, or one's interest, for others; self- devotion.

Self`-sac"ri*fi`cing (?), a. Yielding up one's own interest, feelings, etc; sacrificing one's self.

Self"same (?), a. [Self, a. + same.] Precisely the same; the very same; identical.

His servant was healed in the selfsame hour.
Matt. viii. 13.

Self`-sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being self-satisfied.

Self`-sat"is*fied (?), a. Satisfied with one's self or one's actions; self-complacent.

Self`-sat"is*fy`ing (?), a. Giving satisfaction to one's self.

Self"-seek`er, n. One who seeks only his own interest, advantage, or pleasure.

Self"-seek`ing, a. Seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfish. Arbuthnot.

Self"-seek`ing, n. The act or habit of seeking one's own interest or happiness; selfishness.

Self`-slaugh"ter (?), n. Suicide. Shak.

Self`-suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being self-sufficient.

Self`-suf*fi"cient (?), a. 1. Sufficient for one's self without external aid or coöperation.

Neglect of friends can never be proved rational till we prove the person using it omnipotent and self-sufficient, and such as can never need any mortal assistance.
South.

2. Having an overweening confidence in one's own abilities or worth; hence, haughty; overbearing. "A rash and self-sufficient manner." I. Watts.

Self`-suf*fi"cing (?), a. Sufficing for one's self or for itself, without needing external aid; self- sufficient. -- Self`-suf*fi"cing*ness, n. J. C. Shairp.

Self`-sus*pend"ed (?), a. Suspended by one's self or by itself; balanced. Southey.

Self`-sus*pi"cious (?), a. Suspicious or distrustful of one's self. Baxter.

Self"-taught` (?), a. Taught by one's own efforts.

Self`-tor*ment"or (?), n. One who torments himself.

Self`-tor"ture (?), n. The act of inflicting pain on one's self; pain inflicted on one's self.

Self"-trust`, n. Faith in one's self; self-reliance.

Self`-uned" (?), a. [E. self + L. unus one.] One with itself; separate from others. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Self"-view` (?), n. A view of one's self; specifically, carefulness or regard for one's own interests.

Self`-will" (?), n. [AS. selfwill.] One's own will, esp. when opposed to that of others; obstinacy.

Self`-willed" (?), a. Governed by one's own will; not yielding to the wishes of others; obstinate.

Self`-willed"ness, n. Obstinacy. Sir W. Scott.

Self"-wor`ship (?), n. The idolizing of one's self; immoderate self-conceit.

Self"-wrong` (?), n. Wrong done by a person himself. Shak.

Sel"ion (?), n. [OF. seillon a measure of land, F. sillon a ridge, furrow, LL. selio a measure of land.] A short piece of land in arable ridges and furrows, of uncertain quantity; also, a ridge of land lying between two furrows. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sel*juk"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Seljuk, a Tartar chief who embraced Mohammedanism, and began the subjection of Western Asia to that faith and rule; of or pertaining to the dynasty founded by him, or the empire maintained by his descendants from the 10th to the 13th century. J. H. Newman.

Sel*juk"i*an, n. A member of the family of Seljuk; an adherent of that family, or subject of its government; (pl.) the dynasty of Turkish sultans sprung from Seljuk.

Sell (s&ebreve;l), n. Self. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson.

Sell, n. A sill. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sell, n. A cell; a house. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sell, n. [F. selle, L. sella, akin to sedere to sit. See Sit.] 1. A saddle for a horse. [Obs.]

He left his lofty steed with golden self.
Spenser.

2. A throne or lofty seat. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Sell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sold (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Selling.] [OE. sellen, sillen, AS. sellan, syllan, to give, to deliver; akin to OS. sellian, OFries. sella, OHG. sellen, Icel. selja to hand over, to sell, Sw. sälja to sell, Dan. s&?;lge, Goth. saljan to offer a sacrifice; all from a noun akin to E. sale. Cf. Sale.] 1. To transfer to another for an equivalent; to give up for a valuable consideration; to dispose of in return for something, especially for money.

If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou hast, and give to the poor.
Matt. xix. 21.

I am changed; I'll go sell all my land.
Shak.

&fist; Sell is corellative to buy, as one party buys what the other sells. It is distinguished usually from exchange or barter, in which one commodity is given for another; whereas in selling the consideration is usually money, or its representative in current notes.

2. To make a matter of bargain and sale of; to accept a price or reward for, as for a breach of duty, trust, or the like; to betray.

You would have sold your king to slaughter.
Shak.

3. To impose upon; to trick; to deceive; to make a fool of; to cheat. [Slang] Dickens.

To sell one's life dearly, to cause much loss to those who take one's life, as by killing a number of one's assailants. -- To sell (anything) out, to dispose of it wholly or entirely; as, he had sold out his corn, or his interest in a business.

Sell, v. i. 1. To practice selling commodities.

I will buy with you, sell with you; . . . but I will not eat with you.
Shak.

2. To be sold; as, corn sells at a good price.

To sell out, to sell one's whole stockk in trade or one's entire interest in a property or a business.

Sell, n. An imposition; a cheat; a hoax. [Colloq.]

{ Sel"lan*ders (?), Sel"len*ders (?), } n. pl. (Far.) See Sallenders.

Sell"er (?), n. One who sells. Chaucer.

Sel"ters wa"ter (?). A mineral water from Sellers, in the district of Nassan, Germany, containing much free carbonic acid.

Selt"zer wa"ter (?). See Selters water.

Selt"zo-gene (?), n. [Seltzer water + the root of Gr. &?;&?;&?; to be born.] A gazogene.

{ Sel"vage, Sel"vedge } (?), n. [Self + edge, i. e., its own proper edge; cf. OD. selfegge.] 1. The edge of cloth which is woven in such a manner as to prevent raveling.

2. The edge plate of a lock, through which the bolt passes. Knight.

3. (Mining.) A layer of clay or decomposed rock along the wall of a vein. See Gouge, n., 4. Raymond.

{ Sel"vaged, Sel"vedged } (?), a. Having a selvage.

Sel`va*gee" (?), n. (Naut.) A skein or hank of rope yarns wound round with yarns or marline, -- used for stoppers, straps, etc.

Selve (?), a. Self; same. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Selves (?), n., pl. of Self.

Se"ly (?), a. Silly. [Obs.] Chaucer. Wyclif.

||Se*mæ`o*stom"a*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; a military standard + &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A division of Discophora having large free mouth lobes. It includes Aurelia, and Pelagia. Called also Semeostoma. See Illustr. under Discophora, and Medusa.

Sem"a*phore (?), n. [Gr. sh^ma a sign + fe`rein to bear: cf. F. sémaphore.] A signal telegraph; an apparatus for giving signals by the disposition of lanterns, flags, oscillating arms, etc.

{ Sem`a*phor"ic (?), Sem`a*phor"ic*al (?) } a. [Cf. F. sémaphorique.] Of or pertaining to a semaphore, or semaphores; telegraphic.

Sem`a*phor"ic*al*ly, adv. By means of a semaphore.

Se*maph"o*rist (?), n. One who manages or operates a semaphore.

Sem`a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. sh^ma, sh`matos, sign + -logy.] The doctrine of signs as the expression of thought or reasoning; the science of indicating thought by signs. Smart.

Sem"a*trope (?), n. [Gr. sh^ma sign + tre`pein to turn. ] An instrument for signaling by reflecting the rays of the sun in different directions. Knight.

Sem"bla*ble (?), a. [F., from sembler to seem, resemble, L. similare, simulare. See Simulate.] Like; similar; resembling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sem"bla*ble, n. Likeness; representation. [Obs.]

Sem"bla*bly, adv. In like manner. [Obs.] Shak.

Sem"blance (?), n. [F. See Semblable, a.] 1. Seeming; appearance; show; figure; form.

Thier semblance kind, and mild their gestures were.
Fairfax.

2. Likeness; resemblance, actual or apparent; similitude; as, the semblance of worth; semblance of virtue.

Only semblances or imitations of shells.
Woodward.

Sem"blant (?), a. [F. semblant, p. pr.] 1. Like; resembling. [Obs.] Prior.

2. Seeming, rather than real; apparent. [R.] Carlyle.

Sem"blant, n. [F.] 1. Show; appearance; figure; semblance. [Obs.] Spenser.

His flatterers made semblant of weeping.
Chaucer.

2. The face. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xxiv. 5).

Sem"bla*tive (?), a. Resembling. [Obs.]

And all is semblative a woman's part.
Shak.

Sem"ble (?), v. i. [F. sembler. See Semblable, a.] 1. To imitate; to make a representation or likeness. [Obs.]

Where sembling art may carve the fair effect.
Prior.

2. (Law) It seems; -- chiefly used impersonally in reports and judgments to express an opinion in reference to the law on some point not necessary to be decided, and not intended to be definitely settled in the cause.

Sem"ble, a. Like; resembling. [Obs.] T. Hudson.

Sem"bling (?), n. [Cf. Assemble.] (Zoöl.) The practice of attracting the males of Lepidoptera or other insects by exposing the female confined in a cage.

&fist; It is often adopted by collectors in order to procure specimens of rare species.

||Se*mé" (?), a. [F. semé, fr. semer to sow.] (Her.) Sprinkled or sown; -- said of field, or a charge, when strewed or covered with small charges.

{ Se`mei*og"ra*phy (?), or Se`mi*og"ra*phy (?) }, n. [Gr. shmei^on sign + -graphy.] (Med.) A description of the signs of disease.

{ Se`mei*o*log"ic*al (?), or Se`mi*o*log"io*al }, a. Of or pertaining to the science of signs, or the systematic use of signs; as, a semeiological classification of the signs or symptoms of disease; a semeiological arrangement of signs used as signals.

{ Se`mei*ol"o*gy (?), or Se`mi*ol"o*gy }, n. [Gr. shmei^on a mark, a sign + - logy.] The science or art of signs. Specifically: (a) (Med.) The science of the signs or symptoms of disease; symptomatology. (b) The art of using signs in signaling.

{ Se`mei*ot"ic (?), or Se`mi*ot"ic }, a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. shmei^on a mark, a sign.] 1. Relating to signs or indications; pertaining to the language of signs, or to language generally as indicating thought.

2. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the signs or symptoms of diseases.

{ Se`mei*ot"ics (?), or Se`mi*ot"ics }, n. Semeiology.

Sem"e*le (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;.] (Gr. Myth.) A daughter of Cadmus, and by Zeus mother of Bacchus.

||Se"men (?), n.; pl. Semina (#). [L., from the root of serere, satum, to sow. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. (Bot.) The seed of plants.

2. (Physiol.) The seed or fecundating fluid of male animals; sperm. It is a white or whitish viscid fluid secreted by the testes, characterized by the presence of spermatozoids to which it owes its generative power.

Semen contra, or Semen cinæ or cynæ, a strong aromatic, bitter drug, imported from Aleppo and Barbary, said to consist of the leaves, peduncles, and unexpanded flowers of various species of Artemisia; wormseed.

Sem`e*nif"er*ous (?), a. (Biol.) Seminiferous.

Se*mes"ter (?), n. [G., from L. semestris half-yearly; sex six + mensis a month.] A period of six months; especially, a term in a college or uneversity which divides the year into two terms.

Sem"i- (?). [L. semi; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sāmi-, AS. sām-, and prob. to E. same, from the division into two parts of the same size. Cf. Hemi-, Sandelend.] A prefix signifying half, and sometimes partly or imperfectly; as, semiannual, half yearly; semitransparent, imperfectly transparent.

&fist; The prefix semi is joined to another word either with the hyphen or without it. In this book the hyphen is omitted except before a capital letter; as, semiacid, semiaquatic, semi-Arian, semiaxis, semicalcareous.

Sem`i*ac"id (?), a. Slightly acid; subacid.

Sem`i*a*cid"i*fied (?), a. Half acidified.

Sem`i*ad*her"ent (?), a. Adherent part way.

Sem`i*am*plex"i*caul (?), a. (Bot.) Partially amplexicaul; embracing the stem half round, as a leaf.

Sem"i*an`gle (?), n. (Geom.) The half of a given, or measuring, angle.

Sem`i*an"nu*al (?), a. Half- yearly.

Sem`i*an"nu*al*ly, adv. Every half year.

Sem`i*an"nu*lar (?), a. Having the figure of a half circle; forming a semicircle. Grew.

Sem`i-A"ri*an (?), n. [See Arian.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of a branch of the Arians which did not acknowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted him to be of a like substance with the Father, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege.

Sem"i-A"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to Semi-Arianism.

Sem`i-A"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Arians.

Sem`i*ax"is (?), n. (Geom.) One half of the axis of an &?;llipse or other figure.

Sem`i*bar*ba"ri*an (?), a. Half barbarous; partially civilized. -- n. One partly civilized.

Sem`i*bar*bar"ic (?), a. Half barbarous or uncivilized; as, semibarbaric display.

Sem`i*bar"ba*rism (?), n. The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized.

Sem`i*bar"ba*rous (?), a. Half barbarous.

Sem"i*breve` (?), n. [Pref. semi- + breve: cf. F. semi-breve, It. semibreve.] [Formerly written semibref.] (Mus.) A note of half the time or duration of the breve; -- now usually called a whole note. It is the longest note in general use.

Sem"i*brief` (?), n. (Mus.) A semibreve. [R.]

Sem"i*bull` (?), n. (R.C.Ch.) A bull issued by a pope in the period between his election and coronation.

Sem`i*cal*ca"re*ous (?), a. Half or partially calcareous; as, a semicalcareous plant.

Sem`i*cal*cined" (?), a. Half calcined; as, semicalcined iron.

Sem`i*cas"trate (?), v. t. To deprive of one testicle. -- Sem`i*cas*tra"tion (#),n.

Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to half of a century, or a period of fifty years; as, a semicentennial commemoration.

Sem`i*cen*ten"ni*al, n. A fiftieth anniversary.

Sem`i*cha*ot"ic (?), a. Partially chaotic.

Sem"i*cho`rus, n. (Mus.) A half chorus; a passage to be sung by a selected portion of the voices, as the female voices only, in contrast with the full choir.

Sem`i-Chris"tian*ized (?), a. Half Christianized.

Sem"i*cir`cle (?), n. 1. (a) The half of a circle; the part of a circle bounded by its diameter and half of its circumference. (b) A semicircumference.

2. A body in the form of half of a circle, or half of a circumference.

3. An instrument for measuring angles.

Sem"i*cir`cled (?), a. Semicircular. Shak.

Sem`i*cir"cu*lar (?), a. Having the form of half of a circle. Addison.

Semicircular canals (Anat.), certain canals of the inner ear. See under Ear.

Sem`i cir*cum"fer*ence (?), n. Half of a circumference.

Sem"i*cirque (?), n. A semicircular hollow or opening among trees or hills. Wordsworth.

Sem"i*co`lon (?), n. The punctuation mark [;] indicating a separation between parts or members of a sentence more distinct than that marked by a comma.

Sem"i*col`umn (?), n. A half column; a column bisected longitudinally, or along its axis.

Sem`i*co*lum"nar (?), a. Like a semicolumn; flat on one side and round on the other; imperfectly columnar.

Sem`i*com*pact" (?), a. Half compact; imperfectly indurated.

Sem`i*con"scious (?), a. Half conscious; imperfectly conscious. De Quincey.

Sem"i*cope` (?), n. A short cope, or an inferier kind of cope. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sem`i crus*ta"ceous (?), a. Half crustaceous; partially crustaceous.

Sem`i*crys"tal*line (?), a. (Min.) Half crystalline; -- said of certain cruptive rocks composed partly of crystalline, partly of amorphous matter.

Sem`i*cu"bic*al (?), a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to the square root of the cube of a quantity.

Semicubical parabola, a curve in which the ordinates are proportional to the square roots of the cubes of the abscissas.

{ Sem`i*cu"bi*um (?), Sem`i*cu"pi*um (?), } n. [LL., fr. L. semi half + cupa tub, cask.] A half bath, or one that covers only the lewer extremities and the hips; a sitz-bath; a half bath, or hip bath.

{ Sem`i*cy*lin"dric (?), Sem`i*cy*lyn"dric*al (?) } a. Half cylindrical.

Sem`i*de*is"tic*al (?), a. Half deisticsl; bordering on deism. S. Miller.

Sem`i*dem"i*qua`ver (?), n. (Mus.) A demisemiquaver; a thirty-second note.

Sem`i*de*tached" (?), a. Half detached; partly distinct or separate.

Semidetached house, one of two tenements under a single roof, but separated by a party wall. [Eng.]

Sem`i*di*am"e*ter (?), n. (Math.) Half of a diameter; a right line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, a sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery; a radius.

Sem`i*di`a*pa"son (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect octave.

Sem`i*di`a*pen"te (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fifth. Busby.

Sem`i*di`a*pha*ne"i*ty (?), n. Half or imperfect transparency; translucency. [R.] Boyle.

Sem`i*di*aph"a*nous (?), a. Half or imperfectly transparent; translucent. Woodward.

Sem`i*di`a*tes"sa*ron (?), n. (Mus.) An imperfect or diminished fourth. [R.]

Sem`i*di"tone` (?), n. [Pref. semi- + ditone: cf. It. semiditono. Cf. Hemiditone.] (Gr. Mus.) A lesser third, having its terms as 6 to 5; a hemiditone. [R.]

Sem`i*di*ur"nal (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or accomplished in, half a day, or twelve hours; occurring twice every day.

2. Pertaining to, or traversed in, six hours, or in half the time between the rising and setting of a heavenly body; as, a semidiurnal arc.

Sem"i*dome` (?), n. (Arch.) A roof or ceiling covering a semicircular room or recess, or one of nearly that shape, as the apse of a church, a niche, or the like. It is approximately the quarter of a hollow sphere.

Sem"i*dou`ble (?), n. (Eccl.) An office or feast celebrated with less solemnity than the double ones. See Double, n., 8.

Sem`i*dou"ble, a. (Bot.) Having the outermost stamens converted into petals, while the inner ones remain perfect; -- said of a flower.

Sem"i*fa`ble (?), n. That which is part fable and part truth; a mixture of truth and fable. De Quincey.

Sem"i*flexed` (?), a. Half bent.

Sem"i*flo`ret (?), n. (Bot.) See Semifloscule.

Sem`i*flos"cu*lar (?), a. Semiflosculous.

Sem"i*flos`cule (?), n. (Bot.) A floscule, or florest, with its corolla prolonged into a strap- shaped petal; -- called also semifloret.

Sem`i*flos"cu*lous (?), a. (Bot.) Having all the florets ligulate, as in the dandelion.

Sem`i*flu"id (?), a. Imperfectly fluid. -- n. A semifluid substance.

Sem"i*form` (?), n. A half form; an imperfect form.

Sem"i*formed` (?), a. Half formed; imperfectly formed; as, semiformed crystals.

Sem`i*glu"tin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A peptonelike body, insoluble in alcohol, formed by boiling collagen or gelatin for a long time in water. Hemicollin, a like body, is also formed at the same time, and differs from semiglutin by being partly soluble in alcohol.

Sem`i*his*tor"i*cal (?), a. Half or party historical. Sir G. C. Lewis.

Sem`i*ho"ral (?), a. Half- hourly.

Sem`i*in"du*ra`ted (?), a. Imperfectly indurated or hardened.

Sem`i*la*pid"i*fied (?), a. Imperfectly changed into stone. Kirwan.

Sem"i*lens` (?), n. (Opt.) The half of a lens divided along a plane passing through its axis.

Sem`i*len*tic"u*lar (?), a. Half lenticular or convex; imperfectly resembling a lens. Kirwan.

Sem`i*lig"ne*ous (?), a. Half or partially ligneous, as a stem partly woody and partly herbaceous.

Sem`i*liq"uid (?), a. Half liquid; semifluid.

Sem`i*li*quid"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being semiliquid; partial liquidity.

Sem`i*log"ic*al (?), a. Half logical; partly logical; said of fallacies. Whately.

Sem"i*lor (?), n. [Cf. G. similor, semilor.] A yellowish alloy of copper and zinc. See Simplor.

Sem`i*lu"nar (?), a. Shaped like a half moon.

Semilunar bone (Anat.), a bone of the carpus; the lunar. See Lunar, n. -- Semilunar, or Sigmoid, valves (Anat.), the valves at the beginning of the aorta and of the pulmonary artery which prevent the blood from flowing back into the ventricle.

Sem`i*lu"nar, n. (Anat.) The semilunar bone.

Sem`i*lu"na*ry (?), a. Semilunar.

Sem`i*lu"nate (?), a. Semilunar.

Sem"i*lune` (?), n. (Geom.) The half of a lune.

Sem"i*met`al (?), n. (Chem.) An element possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree and not malleable, as arsenic, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, uranium, etc. [Obs.]

Sem`i*me*tal"lic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a semimetal; possessing metallic properties in an inferior degree; resembling metal.

Sem`i*month"ly (?) a. Coming or made twice in a month; as, semimonthly magazine; a semimonthly payment. -- n. Something done or made every half month; esp., a semimonthly periodical. -- adv. In a semimonthly manner; at intervals of half a month.

Sem`i*mute" (?), a. Having the faculty of speech but imperfectly developed or partially lost.

Sem"i*mute` (?), n. A semimute person.

Sem"i*nal (?), a. [L. seminalis, fr. semen, seminis, seed, akin to serere to sow: cf. F. seminal. See Sow to scatter seed.] 1. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, seed or semen; as, the seminal fluid.

2. Contained in seed; holding the relation of seed, source, or first principle; holding the first place in a series of developed results or consequents; germinal; radical; primary; original; as, seminal principles of generation; seminal virtue.

The idea of God is, beyond all question or comparison, the one great seminal principle.
Hare.

Seminal leaf (Bot.), a seed leaf, or cotyleden. -- Seminal receptacle. (Zoöl.) Same as Spermatheca.

Sem"i*nal (?), n. A seed. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sem`i*nal"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being seminal. Sir T. Browne.

{ Sem`i*na"ri*an (?), Sem"i*na*rist (?), } n. [Cf. F. séminariste.] A member of, or one educated in, a seminary; specifically, an ecclesiastic educated for the priesthood in a seminary.

Sem"i*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Seminaries (#). [L. seminarium, fr. seminarius belonging to seed, fr. semon, seminis, seed. See Seminal.] 1. A piece of ground where seed is sown for producing plants for transplantation; a nursery; a seed plat. [Obs.] Mortimer.

But if you draw them [seedling] only for the thinning of your seminary, prick them into some empty beds.
Evelyn.

2. Hence, the place or original stock whence anything is brought or produced. [Obs.] Woodward.

3. A place of education, as a scool of a high grade, an academy, college, or university.

4. Seminal state. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

5. Fig.: A seed bed; a source. [Obs.] Harvey.

6. A Roman Catholic priest educated in a foreign seminary; a seminarist. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sem"i*na*ry, a. [L. seminarius.] Belonging to seed; seminal. [R.]

Sem"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Seminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Seminating.] [L. seminatus, p. p. of seminare to sow, fr. semen, seminis, seed.] To sow; to spread; to propagate. [R.] Waterhouse.

Sem`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. seminatio: cf. F. sémination.] 1. The act of sowing or spreading. [R.]

2. (Bot.) Natural dispersion of seeds. Martyn.

Sem"ined (?), a. [See Semen.] Thickly covered or sown, as with seeds. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sem`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. semen, semenis, seed -ferous.] (Biol.) Seed-bearing; producing seed; pertaining to, or connected with, the formation of semen; as, seminiferous cells or vesicles.

{ Sem`i*nif"ic (?), Sem`i*nif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. semen, seminis, seed + facere to make.] (Biol.) Forming or producing seed, or the male generative product of animals or of plants.

Sem`i*ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. Propagation from seed. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Sem"i*nist (?), n. (Biol.) A believer in the old theory that the newly created being is formed by the admixture of the seed of the male with the supposed seed of the female.

Sem"i*noles (?), n. pl.; sing. Seminole (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly occupied Florida, where some of them still remain. They belonged to the Creek Confideration.

Sem"i*nose` (?), n. [L. semen seed + glucose.] (Chem.) A carbohydrate of the glucose group found in the thickened endosperm of certain seeds, and extracted as yellow sirup having a sweetish-bitter taste.

Sem`i*nude" (?), a. Partially nude; half naked.

Sem"i*nymph` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pupa of insects which undergo only a slight change in passing to the imago state.

Sem`i*oc*ca"sion*al*ly (?), adv. Once in a while; on rare occasions. [Colloq. U. S.]

Sem`i*of*fi"cial (?), a. Half official; having some official authority or importance; as, a semiofficial statement. -- Sem`i*of*fi"cial*ly, adv.

{ Se`mi*og"ra*phy (?), Se`mi*ol"o*gy (?), Se`mi*o*log"ic*al (?) }. Same as Semeiography, Semeiology, Semeiological.

Sem`i*o*pa"cous (?), a. Semiopaque.

Sem"i*o`pal (?), n. (Min.) A variety of opal not possessing opalescence.

Sem`i*o*paque" (?), a. Half opaque; only half transparent.

Sem`i*or*bic"u*lar (?), a. Having the shape of a half orb or sphere.

Se`mi*ot"ic (?), a. Same as Semeiotic.

Se`mi*ot"ics (?), n. Same as Semeiotics.

Sem`i*o"val (?), a. Half oval.

Sem`i*o"vate (?), a. Half ovate.

Sem`i*ox"y*gen*a`ted (?), a. Combined with oxygen only in part. Kirwan.

Sem`i*pa"gan (?), a. Half pagan.

{ Sem`i*pal"mate (?), Sem`i*pal"ma*ted (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having the anterior toes joined only part way down with a web; half-webbed; as, a semipalmate bird or foot. See Illust. k under Aves.

Sem`i*pa*rab"o*la (?), n. (Geom.) One branch of a parabola, being terminated at the principal vertex of the curve.

Sem"i*ped (?), n. [L. semipes, semipedis; pref. semi- half + pes, pedis, a foot.] (Pros.) A half foot in poetry.

Se*mip"e*dal (?), a. (Pres.) Containing a half foot.

Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of John Cassianus, a French monk (died about 448), who modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by denying human merit, and maintaining the necessity of the Spirit's influence, while, on the other hand, he rejected the Augustinian doctrines of election, the inability of man to do good, and the certain perseverance of the saints.

Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Semi-Pelagians, or their tenets.

Sem`i-Pe*la"gi*an*ism (s&ebreve;m`&ibreve;*p&esl;*lā"j&ibreve;*an*&ibreve;z'm), n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi- Pelagians.

Sem`i*pel*lu"cid (-p&ebreve;l*lū"s&ibreve;d), a. Half clear, or imperfectly transparent; as, a semipellucid gem.

Sem`i*pel`lu*cid"i*ty (- p&ebreve;l`l&usl;*s&ibreve;d"&ibreve;*t&ybreve;), n. The quality or state of being imperfectly transparent.

Sem`i*pen"ni*form (-p&ebreve;n"n&ibreve;*fôrm), a. (Anat.) Half or partially penniform; as, a semipenniform muscle.

Sem`i*per"ma*nent, n. Half or partly permanent.

Sem`i*per*spic"u*ous (- p&etilde;r*sp&ibreve;k"&usl;*ŭs), a. Half transparent; imperfectly clear; semipellucid.

Sem`i*phlo*gis"ti*ca`ted (- fl&osl;*j&ibreve;s"t&ibreve;*kā`t&ebreve;d), a. (Old Chem.) Partially impregnated with phlogiston.

Sem"i*plume` (s&ebreve;m`&ibreve;*plūm), n. (Zoöl.) A feather which has a plumelike web, with the shaft of an ordinary feather.

Sem`i*pre"cious (-pr&ebreve;sh"ŭs), a. Somewhat precious; as, semiprecious stones or metals.

Sem"i*proof` (?), n. Half proof; evidence from the testimony of a single witness. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sem`i pu"pa (?), n. (Zoöl.) The young of an insect in a stage between the larva and pupa.

{ Sem"i*quad`rate (?), Sem"i*quar"tile (?), } n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, or one sign and a half. Hutton.

Sem"i*qua`ver (?), n. (Mus.) A note of half the duration of the quaver; -- now usually called a sixsteenth note.

Sem"i*quin`tile (?), n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when distant from each other half of the quintile, or thirty-six degrees.

Sem`i*rec"on*dite (?), a. (Zool.) Half hidden or half covered; said of the head of an insect when half covered by the shield of the thorax.

Sem"i*ring` (?), n. (Anat.) One of the incomplete rings of the upper part of the bronchial tubes of most birds. The semerings form an essential part of the syrinx, or musical organ, of singing birds.

Sem`i*sav"age (?), a. Half savage.

Sem"i*sav`age, n. One who is half savage.

Sem`i-Sax"on (?), a. Half Saxon; -- specifically applied to the language intermediate between Saxon and English, belonging to the period 1150-1250.

Sem"i*sex"tile (?), n. (Astrol.) An aspect of the planets when they are distant from each other the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Hutton.

Sem`i*sol"id (?), a. Partially solid.

Sem"i*soun (-s&oomac;n), n. A half sound; a low tone. [Obs.] "Soft he cougheth with a semisoun." Chaucer.

{ Sem`i*spher"ic (?), Sem`i*spher"ic*al (?), } a. Having the figure of a half sphere. Kirwan.

Sem`i*sphe*roid"al (?), a. Formed like a half spheroid.

Sem"i*steel` (&?;), n. Puddled steel. [U. S. ]

||Sem"i*ta (?), n.; pl. Semitæ. [L., a path.] (Zoöl.) A fasciole of a spatangoid sea urchin.

Sem"i*tan`gent (?), n. (Geom.) The tangent of half an arc.

Sem"ite (?), n. One belonging to the Semitic race. Also used adjectively. [Written also Shemite.]

Sem`i*te*rete" (?), a. (Nat. Hist.) Half terete.

Sem`i*ter"tian (?), a. (Med.) Having the characteristics of both a tertian and a quotidian intermittent. -- n. An intermittent combining the characteristics of a tertian and a quotidian.

Sem*it"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shem or his descendants; belonging to that division of the Caucasian race which includes the Arabs, Jews, and related races. [Written also Shemitic.]

Semitic language, a name used to designate a group of Asiatic and African languages, some living and some dead, namely: Hebrew and Phœnician, Aramaic, Assyrian, Arabic, Ethiopic (Geez and Ampharic). Encyc. Brit.

Sem"i*tism (?), n. A Semitic idiom; a word of Semitic origin. [Written also Shemitism.]

Sem"i*tone (?), n. [Pref. semi- + tone. CF. Hemitone.] (Mus.) Half a tone; -- the name commonly applied to the smaller intervals of the diatonic scale.

&fist; There is an impropriety in the use of this word, and half step is now preferred. See Tone. J. S. Dwight.

Sem`i*ton"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a semitone; consisting of a semitone, or of semitones.

Sem"i*tran`sept (?), n. (Arch.) The half of a transept; as, the north semitransept of a church.

Sem`i*trans*lu"cent (?), a. Slightly clear; transmitting light in a slight degree.

Sem`i*trans*par"en*cy (?), n. Imperfect or partial transparency.

Sem`i*trans*par"ent (?), a. Half or imperfectly transparent.

Sem`i*ver*tic"il*late, (&?;) a. Partially verticillate.

Sem"i*vif (?), a. [L. semivivus.] Only half alive. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Sem`i*vit"re*ous (?), a. Partially vitreous.

Sem`i*vit"ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being semivitrified.

2. A substance imperfectly vitrified.

Sem`i*vit"ri*fied (?), a. Half or imperfectly vitrified; partially converted into glass.

Sem`i*vo"cal (?), a. (Phon.) Of or pertaining to a semivowel; half cocal; imperfectly sounding.

Sem"i*vow`el (?), n. (Phon.) (a) A sound intermediate between a vowel and a consonant, or partaking of the nature of both, as in the English w and y. (b) The sign or letter representing such a sound.

Sem`i*week"ly (?), a. Coming, or made, or done, once every half week; as, a semiweekly newspaper; a semiweekly trip. -- n. That which comes or happens once every half week, esp. a semiweekly periodical. -- adv. At intervals of half a week each.

||Sem`o*lel"la (?), n. [It.] See Semolina.

Sem`o*li"na (?), n. [It. semolino, from semola bran, L. simila the finest wheat flour. Cf. Semoule, Simnel.] The fine, hard parts of wheat, rounded by the attrition of the millstones, -- used in cookery.

||Sem`o*li"no (?), n. [It.] Same as Semolina.

||Se*moule" (?), n. [F.] Same as Semolina.

Sem`per*vi"rent (?), a. [L. semper always + virens, p. pr. of virere to be green.] Always fresh; evergreen. [R.] Smart.

Sem"per*vive (?), n. [L. semperviva, sempervivum, fr. sempervivus ever- living; semper always + vivus living.] (Bot.) The houseleek.

||Sem`per*vi"vum (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of fleshy-leaved plants, of which the houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum) is the commonest species.

Sem`pi*ter"nal (?), a. [L. sempiternus, fr. semper always: cf. F. sempiternel.] 1. Of neverending duration; everlasting; endless; having beginning, but no end. Sir M. Hale.

2. Without beginning or end; eternal. Blackmore.

Sem"pi*terne (?), a. Sempiternal. [Obs.]

Sem`pi*ter"ni*ty (?), n. [L. sempiternitas.] Future duration without end; the relation or state of being sempiternal. Sir M. Hale.

Sem"pre (?), adv. [It., fr. L. semper.] (Mus.) Always; throughout; as, sempre piano, always soft.

Semp"ster (?), n. A seamster. [Obs.]

Semp"stress (?), n. A seamstress.

Two hundred sepstress were employed to make me shirts.
Swift.

Semp"stress*y (?), n. Seamstressy.

Sem"ster (?), n. A seamster. [Obs.]

||Se*mun"ci*a (?), n. [L., fr. semi half + uncia ounce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin equivalent to one twenty-fourth part of a Roman pound.

Sen (?), n. A Japanese coin, worth about one half of a cent.

Sen, adv., prep., & conj. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.]

Sen"a*ry (?), a. [L. senarius, fr. seni six each, fr. sex six. See Six.] Of six; belonging to six; containing six. Dr. H. More.

Sen"ate (?), n. [OE. senat, F. sénat, fr. L. senatus, fr. senex, gen. senis, old, an old man. See Senior, Sir.] 1. An assembly or council having the highest deliberative and legislative functions. Specifically: (a) (Anc. Rom.) A body of elders appointed or elected from among the nobles of the nation, and having supreme legislative authority.

The senate was thus the medium through which all affairs of the whole government had to pass.
Dr. W. Smith.

(b) The upper and less numerous branch of a legislature in various countries, as in France, in the United States, in most of the separate States of the United States, and in some Swiss cantons. (c) In general, a legislative body; a state council; the legislative department of government.

2. The governing body of the Universities of Cambridge and London. [Eng.]

3. In some American colleges, a council of elected students, presided over by the president of the college, to which are referred cases of discipline and matters of general concern affecting the students. [U. S.]

Senate chamber, a room where a senate meets when it transacts business. -- Senate house, a house where a senate meets when it transacts business.

Sen"a*tor (?), n. [OE. senatour, OF. senatour, F. sénateur, fr. L. senator.] 1. A member of a senate.

The duke and senators of Venice greet you.
Shak.

&fist; In the United States, each State sends two senators for a term of six years to the national Congress.

2. (O.Eng.Law) A member of the king's council; a king's councilor. Burrill.

Sen`a*to"ri*al (?), a. [F. sénatorial, or L. senatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to a senator, or a senate; becoming to a senator, or a senate; as, senatorial duties; senatorial dignity.

2. Entitled to elect a senator, or by senators; as, the senatorial districts of a State. [U. S.]

Sen`a*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In a senatorial manner.

Sen`a*to"ri*an (?), a. Senatorial. [R.] De Quincey.

Sen`a*to"ri*ous (?), a. Senatorial. [Obs.]

Sen"a*tor*ship (?), n. The office or dignity of a senator. Carew.

Se*na`tus*con*sult" (?), n. [L. senatus consultum.] A decree of the Roman senate.

Send (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sending.] [AS. sendan; akin to OS. sendian, D. zenden, G. senden, OHG. senten, Icel. senda, Sw. sända, Dan. sende, Goth. sandjan, and to Goth. sinp a time (properly, a going), gasinpa companion, OHG. sind journey, AS. sī&?;, Icel. sinni a walk, journey, a time. W. hynt a way, journey, OIr. s&?;t. Cf. Sense.] 1. To cause to go in any manner; to dispatch; to commission or direct to go; as, to send a messenger.

I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran.
Jer. xxiii. 21.

I proceeded forth and came from God; neither came I of myself, but he sent me.
John viii. 42.

Servants, sent on messages, stay out somewhat longer than the message requires.
Swift.

2. To give motion to; to cause to be borne or carried; to procure the going, transmission, or delivery of; as, to send a message.

He . . . sent letters by posts on horseback.
Esther viii. 10.

O send out thy light an thy truth; let them lead me.
Ps. xliii. 3.

3. To emit; to impel; to cast; to throw; to hurl; as, to send a ball, an arrow, or the like.

4. To cause to be or to happen; to bestow; to inflict; to grant; -- sometimes followed by a dependent proposition. "God send him well!" Shak.

The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke.
Deut. xxviii. 20.

And sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust.
Matt. v. 45.

God send your mission may bring back peace.
Sir W. Scott.

Send (?), v. i. 1. To dispatch an agent or messenger to convey a message, or to do an errand.

See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my head?
2 Kings vi. 32.

2. (Naut.) To pitch; as, the ship sends forward so violently as to endanger her masts. Totten.

To send for, to request or require by message to come or be brought.

Send, n. (Naut.) The impulse of a wave by which a vessel is carried bodily. [Written also scend.] W. C. Russell. "The send of the sea". Longfellow.

Sen"dal (?), n. [OF. cendal (cf. Pr. & Sp. cendal, It. zendale), LL. cendallum, Gr. &?;&?;&?; a fine Indian cloth.] A light thin stuff of silk. [Written also cendal, and sendal.] Chaucer.

Wore she not a veil of twisted sendal embroidered with silver?
Sir W. Scott.

Send"er (?), n. One who sends. Shak.

Sen"e*cas (?), n. pl.; sing. Seneca (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Western New York. This tribe was the most numerous and most warlike of the Five Nations.

Seneca grass(Bot.), holy grass. See under Holy. -- Seneca eil, petroleum or naphtha. -- Seneca root, or Seneca snakeroot (Bot.), the rootstock of an American species of milkworth (Polygala Senega) having an aromatic but bitter taste. It is often used medicinally as an expectorant and diuretic, and, in large doses, as an emetic and cathartic. [Written also Senega root, and Seneka root.]

||Se*ne"ci*o (?), n. [L., groundsel, lit., an old man. So called in allusion to the hoary appearance of the pappus.] (Bot.) A very large genus of composite plants including the groundsel and the golden ragwort.

Se*nec"ti*tude (?), n. [L. senectus aged, old age, senex old.] Old age. [R.] "Senectitude, weary of its toils." H. Miller.

Sen"e*ga (?), n. (Med.) Seneca root.

Sen"e*gal (?), n. Gum senegal. See under Gum.

Sen"e*gin (?), n. (Med. Chem.) A substance extracted from the rootstock of the Polygala Senega (Seneca root), and probably identical with polygalic acid.

Se*nes"cence (?), n. [See Senescent.] The state of growing old; decay by time.

Se*nes"cent (?), a. [L. senescent, p. pr. of senescere to grow old, incho. fr. senere to be old.] Growing old; decaying with the lapse of time. "The night was senescent." Poe. "With too senescent air." Lowell.

Sen"es*chal (?), n. [OF. seneschal, LL. seniscalcus, of Teutonic origin; cf. Goth. sineigs old, skalks, OHG. scalch, AS. scealc. Cf. Senior, Marshal.] An officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, in the Middle Ages, who had the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies; a steward. Sometimes the seneschal had the dispensing of justice, and was given high military commands.

Then marshaled feast
Served up in hall with sewers and seneschale.
Milton.

Philip Augustus, by a famous ordinance in 1190, first established royal courts of justice, held by the officers called baitiffs, or seneschals, who acted as the king's lieutenants in his demains.
Hallam.

Sen"es*chal*ship, n. The office, dignity, or jurisdiction of a seneschal.

Senge (?), v. t. To singe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sen"green (?), n.[AS. singr&?;ne, properly, evergreen, fr. sin (in composition) always + grëne green; akin to OHG. sin- ever, L. semper.] (Bot.) The houseleek.

Se"nile (?), a. [L. senilis, from senex, gen. senis, old, an old man: cf. F. sénile. See Senior.] Of or pertaining to old age; proceeding from, or characteristic of, old age; affected with the infirmities of old age; as, senile weakness. "Senile maturity of judgment." Boyle.

Senile gangrene (Med.), a form of gangrene occuring particularly in old people, and caused usually by insufficient blood supply due to degeneration of the walls of the smaller arteries.

Se*nil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. sénilité.] The quality or state of being senile; old age.

Sen"ior (?), a. [L. senior, compar. of senex, gen. senis, old. See Sir.] 1. More advanced than another in age; prior in age; elder; hence, more advanced in dignity, rank, or office; superior; as, senior member; senior counsel.

2. Belonging to the final year of the regular course in American colleges, or in professional schools.

Sen"ior, n. 1. A person who is older than another; one more advanced in life.

2. One older in office, or whose entrance upon office was anterior to that of another; one prior in grade.

3. An aged person; an older. Dryden.

Each village senior paused to scan,
And speak the lovely caravan.
Emerson.

4. One in the fourth or final year of his collegiate course at an American college; -- originally called senior sophister; also, one in the last year of the course at a professional schools or at a seminary.

Sen*ior"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being senior.

Sen"ior*ize (?), v. i. To exercise authority; to rule; to lord it. [R.] Fairfax.

Sen"ior*y (?), n. Seniority. [Obs.] Shak.

Sen"na (?), n. [Cf. It. & Sp. sena, Pg. sene, F. séné; all fr. Ar. sanā.] 1. (Med.) The leaves of several leguminous plants of the genus Cassia. (C. acutifolia, C. angustifolia, etc.). They constitute a valuable but nauseous cathartic medicine.

2. (Bot.) The plants themselves, native to the East, but now cultivated largely in the south of Europe and in the West Indies.

Bladder senna. (Bot.) See under Bladder. -- Wild senna (Bot.), the Cassia Marilandica, growing in the United States, the leaves of which are used medicinally, like those of the officinal senna.

Sen"na*chy (?), n. See Seannachie.

Sen"net (?), n. [Properly, a sign given for the entrance or exit of actors, from OF. sinet, signet, dim. of signe. See Signet.] A signal call on a trumpet or cornet for entrance or exit on the stage. [Obs.]

Sen"net, n. (Zoöl.) The barracuda.

Sen"night (?), n. [Contr. fr. sevennight.] The space of seven nights and days; a week. [Written also se'nnight.] [Archaic.] Shak. Tennyson.

Sen"nit (?), n. [Seven + knit.] 1. (Naut.) A braided cord or fabric formed by plaiting together rope yarns or other small stuff.

2. Plaited straw or palm leaves for making hats.

Se*noc"u*lar (?), a. [L. seni six each (fr. sex six) + oculus eye.] Having six eyes. [R.] Derham.

Se*no"ni*an (?), a. [F. sénonien, from the district of Sénonais, in France.] (Geol.) In european geology, a name given to the middle division of the Upper Cretaceous formation.

||Se*ñor" (?), n. [Sp. Cf. Senior.] A Spanish title of courtesy corresponding to the English Mr. or Sir; also, a gentleman.

||Se*ño"ra (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a lady; Mrs.; Madam; also, a lady.

||Se`ño*ri"ta (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish title of courtesy given to a young lady; Miss; also, a young lady.

Sens (?), adv. [See Since.] Since. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sen"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensating.] [See Sensated.] To feel or apprehend more or less distinctly through a sense, or the senses; as, to sensate light, or an odor.

As those of the one are sensated by the ear, so those of the other are by the eye.
R. Hooke.

{ Sen"sate (?), Sen"sa*ted (?), } a. [L. sensatus gifted with sense, intelligent, fr. sensus sense. See Sense.] Felt or apprehended through a sense, or the senses. [R.] Baxter.

Sen*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sensation. See Sensate.] 1. (Physiol.) An impression, or the consciousness of an impression, made upon the central nervous organ, through the medium of a sensory or afferent nerve or one of the organs of sense; a feeling, or state of consciousness, whether agreeable or disagreeable, produced either by an external object (stimulus), or by some change in the internal state of the body.

Perception is only a special kind of knowledge, and sensation a special kind of feeling. . . . Knowledge and feeling, perception and sensation, though always coexistent, are always in the inverse ratio of each other.
Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A purely spiritual or psychical affection; agreeable or disagreeable feelings occasioned by objects that are not corporeal or material.

3. A state of excited interest or feeling, or that which causes it.

The sensation caused by the appearance of that work is still remembered by many.
Brougham.

Syn. -- Perception. -- Sensation, Perseption. The distinction between these words, when used in mental philosophy, may be thus stated; if I simply smell a rose, I have a sensation; if I refer that smell to the external object which occasioned it, I have a perception. Thus, the former is mere feeling, without the idea of an object; the latter is the mind's apprehension of some external object as occasioning that feeling. "Sensation properly expresses that change in the state of the mind which is produced by an impression upon an organ of sense (of which change we can conceive the mind to be conscious, without any knowledge of external objects). Perception, on the other hand, expresses the knowledge or the intimations we obtain by means of our sensations concerning the qualities of matter, and consequently involves, in every instance, the notion of externality, or outness, which it is necessary to exclude in order to seize the precise import of the word sensation." Fleming.

Sen*sa"tion*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to sensation; as, sensational nerves.

2. Of or pertaining to sensationalism, or the doctrine that sensation is the sole origin of knowledge.

3. Suited or intended to excite temporarily great interest or emotion; melodramatic; emotional; as, sensational plays or novels; sensational preaching; sensational journalism; a sensational report.

Sen*sa"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. (Metaph.) The doctrine held by Condillac, and by some ascribed to Locke, that our ideas originate solely in sensation, and consist of sensations transformed; sensualism; -- opposed to intuitionalism, and rationalism.

2. The practice or methods of sensational writing or speaking; as, the sensationalism of a novel.

Sen*sa"tion*al*ist, n. 1. (Metaph.) An advocate of, or believer in, philosophical sensationalism.

2. One who practices sensational writing or speaking.

Sense (s&ebreve;ns), n. [L. sensus, from sentire, sensum, to perceive, to feel, from the same root as E. send; cf. OHG. sin sense, mind, sinnan to go, to journey, G. sinnen to meditate, to think: cf. F. sens. For the change of meaning cf. See, v. t. See Send, and cf. Assent, Consent, Scent, v. t., Sentence, Sentient.] 1. (Physiol.) A faculty, possessed by animals, of perceiving external objects by means of impressions made upon certain organs (sensory or sense organs) of the body, or of perceiving changes in the condition of the body; as, the senses of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch. See Muscular sense, under Muscular, and Temperature sense, under Temperature.

Let fancy still my sense in Lethe steep.
Shak.

What surmounts the reach
Of human sense I shall delineate.
Milton.

The traitor Sense recalls
The soaring soul from rest.
Keble.

2. Perception by the sensory organs of the body; sensation; sensibility; feeling.

In a living creature, though never so great, the sense and the affects of any one part of the body instantly make a transcursion through the whole.
Bacon.

3. Perception through the intellect; apprehension; recognition; understanding; discernment; appreciation.

This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover.
Sir P. Sidney.

High disdain from sense of injured merit.
Milton.

4. Sound perception and reasoning; correct judgment; good mental capacity; understanding; also, that which is sound, true, or reasonable; rational meaning. "He speaks sense." Shak.

He raves; his words are loose
As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense.
Dryden.

5. That which is felt or is held as a sentiment, view, or opinion; judgment; notion; opinion.

I speak my private but impartial sense
With freedom.
Roscommon.

The municipal council of the city had ceased to speak the sense of the citizens.
Macaulay.

6. Meaning; import; signification; as, the true sense of words or phrases; the sense of a remark.

So they read in the book in the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense.
Neh. viii. 8.

I think 't was in another sense.
Shak.

7. Moral perception or appreciation.

Some are so hardened in wickedness as to have no sense of the most friendly offices.
L' Estrange.

8. (Geom.) One of two opposite directions in which a line, surface, or volume, may be supposed to be described by the motion of a point, line, or surface.

Common sense, according to Sir W. Hamilton: (a) "The complement of those cognitions or convictions which we receive from nature, which all men possess in common, and by which they test the truth of knowledge and the morality of actions." (b) "The faculty of first principles." These two are the philosophical significations. (c) "Such ordinary complement of intelligence, that,if a person be deficient therein, he is accounted mad or foolish." (d) When the substantive is emphasized: "Native practical intelligence, natural prudence, mother wit, tact in behavior, acuteness in the observation of character, in contrast to habits of acquired learning or of speculation." -- Moral sense. See under Moral, (a). -- The inner, or internal, sense, capacity of the mind to be aware of its own states; consciousness; reflection. "This source of ideas every man has wholly in himself, and though it be not sense, as having nothing to do with external objects, yet it is very like it, and might properly enough be called internal sense." Locke. -- Sense capsule (Anat.), one of the cartilaginous or bony cavities which inclose, more or less completely, the organs of smell, sight, and hearing. -- Sense organ (Physiol.), a specially irritable mechanism by which some one natural force or form of energy is enabled to excite sensory nerves; as the eye, ear, an end bulb or tactile corpuscle, etc. - - Sense organule (Anat.), one of the modified epithelial cells in or near which the fibers of the sensory nerves terminate.

Syn. -- Understanding; reason. -- Sense, Understanding, Reason. Some philosophers have given a technical signification to these terms, which may here be stated. Sense is the mind's acting in the direct cognition either of material objects or of its own mental states. In the first case it is called the outer, in the second the inner, sense. Understanding is the logical faculty, i. e., the power of apprehending under general conceptions, or the power of classifying, arranging, and making deductions. Reason is the power of apprehending those first or fundamental truths or principles which are the conditions of all real and scientific knowledge, and which control the mind in all its processes of investigation and deduction. These distinctions are given, not as established, but simply because they often occur in writers of the present day.

Sense (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensing.] To perceive by the senses; to recognize. [Obs. or Colloq.]

Is he sure that objects are not otherwise sensed by others than they are by him?
Glanvill.

Sense"ful (?), a. Full of sense, meaning, or reason; reasonable; judicious. [R.] "Senseful speech." Spenser. "Men, otherwise senseful and ingenious." Norris.

Sense"less, a. Destitute of, deficient in, or contrary to, sense; without sensibility or feeling; unconscious; stupid; foolish; unwise; unreasonable.

You blocks, you stones, you worse than senseless things.
Shak.

The ears are senseless that should give us hearing.
Shak.

The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows.
Rowe.

They were a senseless, stupid race.
Swift.

They would repent this their senseless perverseness when it would be too late.
Clarendon.

--- Sense"less*ly, adv. -- Sense"less*ness, n.

Sen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sensibilities (#). [Cf. F. sensibilité, LL. sensibilitas.] 1. (Physiol.) The quality or state of being sensible, or capable of sensation; capacity to feel or perceive.

2. The capacity of emotion or feeling, as distinguished from the intellect and the will; peculiar susceptibility of impression, pleasurable or painful; delicacy of feeling; quick emotion or sympathy; as, sensibility to pleasure or pain; sensibility to shame or praise; exquisite sensibility; - - often used in the plural. "Sensibilities so fine!" Cowper.

The true lawgiver ought to have a heart full of sensibility.
Burke.

His sensibilities seem rather to have been those of patriotism than of wounded pride.
Marshall.

3. Experience of sensation; actual feeling.

This adds greatly to my sensibility.
Burke.

4. That quality of an instrument which makes it indicate very slight changes of condition; delicacy; as, the sensibility of a balance, or of a thermometer.

Syn. -- Taste; susceptibility; feeling. See Taste.

Sen"si*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. sensibilis, fr. sensus sense.] 1. Capable of being perceived by the senses; apprehensible through the bodily organs; hence, also, perceptible to the mind; making an impression upon the sense, reason, or understanding; &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;&?; heat; sensible resistance.

Air is sensible to the touch by its motion.
Arbuthnot.

The disgrace was more sensible than the pain.
Sir W. Temple.

Any very sensible effect upon the prices of things.
A. Smith.

2. Having the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; capable of perceiving by the instrumentality of the proper organs; liable to be affected physsically or mentally; impressible.

Would your cambric were sensible as your finger.
Shak.

3. Hence: Liable to impression from without; easily affected; having nice perception or acute feeling; sensitive; also, readily moved or affected by natural agents; delicate; as, a sensible thermometer. "With affection wondrous sensible." Shak.

4. Perceiving or having perception, either by the senses or the mind; cognizant; perceiving so clearly as to be convinced; satisfied; persuaded.

He [man] can not think at any time, waking or sleeping, without being sensible of it.
Locke.

They are now sensible it would have been better to comply than to refuse.
Addison.

5. Having moral perception; capable of being affected by moral good or evil.

6. Possessing or containing sense or reason; giftedwith, or characterized by, good or common sense; intelligent; wise.

Now a sensible man, by and by a fool.
Shak.

Sensible note or tone (Mus.), the major seventh note of any scale; -- so called because, being but a half step below the octave, or key tone, and naturally leading up to that, it makes the ear sensible of its approaching sound. Called also the leading tone. -- Sensible horizon. See Horizon, n., 2. (a).

Syn. -- Intelligent; wise. -- Sensible, Intelligent. We call a man sensible whose judgments and conduct are marked and governed by sound judgment or good common semse. We call one intelligent who is quick and clear in his understanding, i. e., who discriminates readily and nicely in respect to difficult and important distinction. The sphere of the sensible man lies in matters of practical concern; of the intelligent man, in subjects of intellectual interest. "I have been tired with accounts from sensible men, furnished with matters of fact which have happened within their own knowledge." Addison. "Trace out numerous footsteps . . . of a most wise and intelligent architect throughout all this stupendous fabric." Woodward.

Sen"si*ble (?), n. 1. Sensation; sensibility. [R.] "Our temper changed . . . which must needs remove the sensible of pain." Milton.

2. That which impresses itself on the sense; anything perceptible.

Aristotle distinguished sensibles into common and proper.
Krauth-Fleming.

3. That which has sensibility; a sensitive being. [R.]

This melancholy extends itself not to men only, but even to vegetals and sensibles.
Burton.

Sen"si*ble*ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being sensible; sensibility; appreciation; capacity of perception; susceptibility. "The sensibleness of the eye." Sharp. "Sensibleness and sorrow for sin." Hammond.

The sensibleness of the divine presence.
Hallywell.

2. Intelligence; reasonableness; good sense.

Sen"si*bly, adv. 1. In a sensible manner; so as to be perceptible to the senses or to the mind; appreciably; with perception; susceptibly; sensitively.

What remains past cure,
Bear not too sensibly.
Milton.

2. With intelligence or good sense; judiciously.

Sen`si*fa"cient (?), a. [L. sensus sense + facere to make.] Converting into sensation. Huxley.

Sen*sif"er*ous (?), a. [L. sensifer; sensus sense + ferre to bear.] Exciting sensation; conveying sensation. Huxley.

Sen*sif"ic (?), a. [L. sensificus; sensus sense + facere to make.] Exciting sensation.

Sen*sif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. Susceptible of, or converting into, sensation; as, the sensificatory part of a nervous system. Huxley.

Sen*sig"e*nous (?), a. [L. sensus sense + -genous.] Causing or exciting sensation. Huxley.

Sens"ism (?), n. Same as Sensualism, 2 & 3.

Sens"ist, n. One who, in philosophy, holds to sensism.

Sen"si*tive (?), a. [F. sensitif. See Sense.] 1. Having sense of feeling; possessing or exhibiting the capacity of receiving impressions from external objects; as, a sensitive soul.

2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feelings; highly susceptible; easily and acutely affected.

She was too sensitive to abuse and calumny.
Macaulay.

3. (a) (Mech.) Having a capacity of being easily affected or moved; as, a sensitive thermometer; sensitive scales. (b) (Chem. & Photog.) Readily affected or changed by certain appropriate agents; as, silver chloride or bromide, when in contact with certain organic substances, is extremely sensitive to actinic rays.

4. Serving to affect the sense; sensible. [R.]

A sensitive love of some sensitive objects.
Hammond.

5. Of or pertaining to sensation; depending on sensation; as, sensitive motions; sensitive muscular motions excited by irritation. E. Darwin.

Sensitive fern (Bot.), an American fern (Onoclea sensibilis), the leaves of which, when plucked, show a slight tendency to fold together. -- Sensitive flame (Physics), a gas flame so arranged that under a suitable adjustment of pressure it is exceedingly sensitive to sounds, being caused to roar, flare, or become suddenly shortened or extinguished, by slight sounds of the proper pitch. -- Sensitive joint vetch (Bot.), an annual leguminous herb (Æschynomene hispida), with sensitive foliage. -- Sensitive paper, paper prepared for photographic purpose by being rendered sensitive to the effect of light. -- Sensitive plant. (Bot.) (a) A leguminous plant (Mimosa pudica, or M. sensitiva, and other allied species), the leaves of which close at the slightest touch. (b) Any plant showing motions after irritation, as the sensitive brier (Schrankia) of the Southern States, two common American species of Cassia (C. nictitans, and C. Chamæcrista), a kind of sorrel (Oxalis sensitiva), etc.

-- Sen"si*tive*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"si*tive*ness, n.

Sen`si*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensitive; -- used chiefly in science and the arts; as, the sensitivity of iodized silver.

Sensitivity and emotivity have also been used as the scientific term for the capacity of feeling.
Hickok.

Sen"si*tize (?), v. t. (Photog.) To render sensitive, or susceptible of being easily acted on by the actinic rays of the sun; as, sensitized paper or plate.

Sen"si*ti`zer (?), n. (Photog.) An agent that sensitizes.

The sensitizer should be poured on the middle of the sheet.
Wilis & Clements (The Platinotype).

Sen"si*to*ry (?), n. See Sensory.

Sens"ive (?), a. Having sense or sensibility; sensitive. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sen"sor (?), a. Sensory; as, the sensor nerves.

Sen*so"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sensorial. See Sensorium.] Of or pertaining to the sensorium; as, sensorial faculties, motions, powers. A. Tucker.

Sen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Sensoriums (#), L. Sensoria (#). [L., fr. sentire, sensum, to discern or perceive by the senses.] (Physiol.) The seat of sensation; the nervous center or centers to which impressions from the external world must be conveyed before they can be perceived; the place where external impressions are localized, and transformed into sensations, prior to being reflected to other parts of the organism; hence, the whole nervous system, when animated, so far as it is susceptible of common or special sensations.

Sen*so`ri-vo*li"tion*al (?), a. (Physiol.) Concerned both in sensation and volition; -- applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebro- spinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition. Dunglison.

Sen"so*ry (?), n.; pl. Sensories (&?;). (Physiol.) Same as Sensorium.

Sen"so*ry, a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the sensorium or sensation; as, sensory impulses; -- especially applied to those nerves and nerve fibers which convey to a nerve center impulses resulting in sensation; also sometimes loosely employed in the sense of afferent, to indicate nerve fibers which convey impressions of any kind to a nerve center.

Sen"su*al (?), a. [L. sensualis, from sensus sense: cf. F. sensuel.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting in, or affecting, the sense, or bodily organs of perception; relating to, or concerning, the body, in distinction from the spirit.

Pleasing and sensual rites and ceremonies.
Bacon.

Far as creation's ample range extends,
The scale of sensual, mental powers ascends.
Pope.

2. Hence, not spiritual or intellectual; carnal; fleshly; pertaining to, or consisting in, the gratification of the senses, or the indulgence of appetites; wordly.

These be they who separate themselves, sensual, having not the Spirit.
Jude 19.

The greatest part of men are such as prefer . . . that good which is sensual before whatsoever is most divine.
Hooker.

3. Devoted to the pleasures of sense and appetite; luxurious; voluptuous; lewd; libidinous.

No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that wherein sensual men place their felicity.
Atterbury.

4. Pertaining or peculiar to the philosophical doctrine of sensualism.

Sen"su*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sensualisme.] 1. The condition or character of one who is sensual; subjection to sensual feelings and appetite; sensuality.

2. (Philos.) The doctrine that all our ideas, or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies or relics of sensations; sensationalism; sensism.

3. (Ethics) The regarding of the gratification of the senses as the highest good. Krauth- Fleming.

Sen"su*al*ist, n. [CF. F. sensualiste.] 1. One who is sensual; one given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses as the means of happiness.

2. One who holds to the doctrine of sensualism.

Sen`su*al*is"tic (?), a. 1. Sensual.

2. Adopting or teaching the doctrines of sensualism.

Sen`su*al"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sensualité, L. sensualitas sensibility, capacity for sensation.] The quality or state of being sensual; devotedness to the gratification of the bodily appetites; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleasures; luxuriousness; voluptuousness; lewdness.

Those pampered animals
That rage in savage sensuality.
Shak.

They avoid dress, lest they should have affections tainted by any sensuality.
Addison.

Sen`su*al*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of sensualizing, or the state of being sensualized.

Sen"su*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sensualized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sensualizing (?).] To make sensual; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure; to debase by carnal gratifications; to carnalize; as, sensualized by pleasure. Pope.

By the neglect of prayer, the thoughts are sensualized.
T. H. Skinner.

Sen"su*al*ly, adv. In a sensual manner.

Sen"su*al*ness, n. Sensuality; fleshliness.

Sen"su*ism (?), n. Sensualism.

Sen`su*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sensuous; sensuousness. [R.]

Sen"su*ous (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the senses, or sensible objects; addressing the senses; suggesting pictures or images of sense.

To this poetry would be made precedent, as being less subtle and fine, but more simple, sensuous, and passionate.
Milton.

2. Highly susceptible to influence through the senses.

-- Sen"su*ous*ly (#), adv. -- Sen"su*ous*ness, n.

Sent (?), v. & n. See Scent, v. & n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sent, obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Send, for sendeth.

Sent, imp. & p. p. of Send.

Sen"tence (?), n. [F., from L. sententia, for sentientia, from sentire to discern by the senses and the mind, to feel, to think. See Sense, n., and cf. Sentiensi.] 1. Sense; meaning; significance. [Obs.]

Tales of best sentence and most solace.
Chaucer.

The discourse itself, voluble enough, and full of sentence.
Milton.

2. (a) An opinion; a decision; a determination; a judgment, especially one of an unfavorable nature.

My sentence is for open war.
Milton.

That by them [Luther's works] we may pass sentence upon his doctrines.
Atterbury.

(b) A philosophical or theological opinion; a dogma; as, Summary of the Sentences; Book of the Sentences.

3. (Law) In civil and admiralty law, the judgment of a court pronounced in a cause; in criminal and ecclesiastical courts, a judgment passed on a criminal by a court or judge; condemnation pronounced by a judgical tribunal; doom. In common law, the term is exclusively used to denote the judgment in criminal cases.

Received the sentence of the law.
Shak.

4. A short saying, usually containing moral instruction; a maxim; an axiom; a saw. Broome.

5. (Gram.) A combination of words which is complete as expressing a thought, and in writing is marked at the close by a period, or full point. See Proposition, 4.

&fist; Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb; as, "The Lord reigns." A compound sentence contains two or more subjects and finite verbs, as in this verse: -

He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all.
Pope.

Dark sentence, a saving not easily explained.

A king . . . understanding dark sentences.
Dan. vii. 23.

Sen"tence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sentencing (?).] 1. To pass or pronounce judgment upon; to doom; to condemn to punishment; to prescribe the punishment of.

Nature herself is sentenced in your doom.
Dryden.

2. To decree or announce as a sentence. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To utter sententiously. [Obs.] Feltham.

Sen"ten*cer (?), n. One who pronounced a sentence or condemnation.

sen*ten"tial (?), a. 1. Comprising sentences; as, a sentential translation. Abp. Newcome.

2. Of or pertaining to a sentence, or full period; as, a sentential pause.

Sen*ten"tial*ly, adv. In a sentential manner.

Sen*ten"ti*a*rist (?), n. A sententiary. Barnas Sears (Life of Luther).

Sen*ten"ti*ary (?), n. [LL. sententiarius.] One who read lectures, or commented, on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, Bishop of Paris (1159-1160), a school divine. R. Henry.

Sen*ten`ti*os"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sententious. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sen*ten"tious (?), a.[L. sentenciosus: cf. F. sentencieux.] 1. Abounding with sentences, axioms, and maxims; full of meaning; terse and energetic in expression; pithy; as, a sententious style or discourse; sententious truth.

How he apes his sire,
Ambitiously sententious!
Addison.

2. Comprising or representing sentences; sentential. [Obs.] "Sententious marks." Grew.

--- Sen*ten"tious*ly, adv. -- Sen*ten"tious*ness, n.

Sen"ter*y (?), n. A sentry. [Obs.] Milton.

Sen"teur (?), n. [F.] Scent. [Obs.] Holland.

{ Sen"ti*ence (?), Sen"ti*en*cy (?), } n. [See Sentient, Sentence.] The quality or state of being sentient; esp., the quality or state of having sensation. G. H. Lewes

An example of harmonious action between the intelligence and the sentieny of the mind.
Earle.

Sen"ti*ent (?), a. [L. sentiens, -entis, p. pr. of sentire to discern or perceive by the senses. See Sense.] Having a faculty, or faculties, of sensation and perception. Specif. (Physiol.), especially sensitive; as, the sentient extremities of nerves, which terminate in the various organs or tissues.

Sen"ti*ent, n. One who has the faculty of perception; a sentient being.

Sen"ti*ent*ly, adv. In a sentient or perceptive way.

Sen"ti*ment (?), n. [OE. sentement, OF. sentement, F. sentiment, fr. L. sentire to perceive by the senses and mind, to feel, to think. See Sentient, a.] 1. A thought prompted by passion or feeling; a state of mind in view of some subject; feeling toward or respecting some person or thing; disposition prompting to action or expression.

The word sentiment, agreeably to the use made of it by our best English writers, expresses, in my own opinion very happily, those complex determinations of the mind which result from the coöperation of our rational powers and of our moral feelings.
Stewart.

Alike to council or the assembly came,
With equal souls and sentiments the same.
Pope.

2. Hence, generally, a decision of the mind formed by deliberation or reasoning; thought; opinion; notion; judgment; as, to express one's sentiments on a subject.

Sentiments of philosophers about the perception of external objects.
Reid.

Sentiment, as here and elsewhere employed by Reid in the meaning of opinion (sententia), is not to be imitated.
Sir W. Hamilton.

3. A sentence, or passage, considered as the expression of a thought; a maxim; a saying; a toast.

4. Sensibility; feeling; tender susceptibility.

Mr. Hume sometimes employs (after the manner of the French metaphysicians) sentiment as synonymous with feeling; a use of the word quite unprecedented in our tongue.
Stewart.

Less of sentiment than sense.
Tennyson.

Syn. -- Thought; opinion; notion; sensibility; feeling. -- Sentiment, Opinion, Feeling. An opinion is an intellectual judgment in respect to any and every kind of truth. Feeling describes those affections of pleasure and pain which spring from the exercise of our sentient and emotional powers. Sentiment (particularly in the plural) lies between them, denoting settled opinions or principles in regard to subjects which interest the feelings strongly, and are presented more or less constantly in practical life. Hence, it is more appropriate to speak of our religious sentiments than opinions, unless we mean to exclude all reference to our feelings. The word sentiment, in the singular, leans ordinarily more to the side of feeling, and denotes a refined sensibility on subjects affecting the heart. "On questions of feeling, taste, observation, or report, we define our sentiments. On questions of science, argument, or metaphysical abstraction, we define our opinions. The sentiments of the heart. The opinions of the mind . . . There is more of instinct in sentiment, and more of definition in opinion. The admiration of a work of art which results from first impressions is classed with our sentiments; and, when we have accounted to ourselves for the approbation, it is classed with our opinions." W. Taylor.

Sen`ti*men"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. sentimental.] 1. Having, expressing, or containing a sentiment or sentiments; abounding with moral reflections; containing a moral reflection; didactic. [Obsoles.]

Nay, ev'n each moral sentimental stroke,
Where not the character, but poet, spoke,
He lopped, as foreign to his chaste design,
Nor spared a useless, though a golden line.
Whitehead.

2. Inclined to sentiment; having an excess of sentiment or sensibility; indulging the sensibilities for their own sake; artificially or affectedly tender; -- often in a reproachful sense.

A sentimental mind is rather prone to overwrought feeling and exaggerated tenderness.
Whately.

3. Addressed or pleasing to the emotions only, usually to the weaker and the unregulated emotions.

Syn. -- Romantic. -- Sentimental, Romantic. Sentimental usually describes an error or excess of the sensibilities; romantic, a vice of the imagination. The votary of the former gives indulgence to his sensibilities for the mere luxury of their excitement; the votary of the latter allows his imagination to rove for the pleasure of creating scenes of ideal enjoiment. "Perhaps there is no less danger in works called sentimental. They attack the heart more successfully, because more cautiously." V. Knox. "I can not but look on an indifferency of mind, as to the good or evil things of this life, as a mere romantic fancy of such who would be thought to be much wiser than they ever were, or could be." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. sentimentalisme.] The quality of being sentimental; the character or behavior of a sentimentalist; sentimentality.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ist, n. [Cf. F. sentimentaliste.] One who has, or affects, sentiment or fine feeling.

Sen`ti*men*tal"i*ty (?), n. [CF. F. sentimentalité.] The quality or state of being sentimental.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ize (?), v. t. To regard in a sentimental manner; as, to sentimentalize a subject.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ize, v. i. To think or act in a sentimental manner, or like a sentimentalist; to affect exquisite sensibility. C. Kingsley.

Sen`ti*men"tal*ly, adv. In a sentimental manner.

Sen"tine (?), n. [L. sentina bilge water, hold of a ship, dregs: cf. F. sentine.] A place for dregs and dirt; a sink; a sewer. [Obs.] Latimer.

Sen"ti*nel, n. [F. sentinelle (cf. It. sentinella); probably originally, a litle path, the sentinel's beat,, and a dim. of a word meaning, path; cf. F. sente path. L. semita; and OF. sentine, sentele, senteret, diminutive words. Cf. Sentry.] 1. One who watches or guards; specifically (Mil.), a soldier set to guard an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to observe the approach of danger, and give notice of it; a sentry.

The sentinels who paced the ramparts.
Macaulay.

2. Watch; guard. [Obs.] "That princes do keep due sentinel." Bacon.

3. (Zoöl.) A marine crab (Podophthalmus vigil) native of the Indian Ocean, remarkable for the great length of its eyestalks; -- called also sentinel crab.

Sen"ti*nel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sentineled (?) or Sentinelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Sentineling or Sentinelling.] 1. To watch over like a sentinel. "To sentinel enchanted land." [R.] Sir W. Scott.

2. To furnish with a sentinel; to place under the guard of a sentinel or sentinels.

Sen`ti*sec"tion (?), n. [L. sentire to feel + E. section.] Painful vivisection; -- opposed to callisection. B. G. Wilder.

Sen"try (?), n.; pl. Sentires (#). [Probably from OF. senteret a little patch; cf. F. sentier path, and OF. sente. See Sentinel.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier placed on guard; a sentinel.

2. Guard; watch, as by a sentinel.

Here toils, and death, and death's half-brother, sleep,
Forms terrible to view, their sentry keep.
Dryden.

Sentry box, a small house or box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather.

||Sen"za (?), prep. [It.] (Mus.) Without; as, senza stromenti, without instruments.

Se"pal (?), n. [NL. sepalum, formed in imitation of NL. petalum, petal, to denote one of the divisions of the calyx: cf. F. sépale.] (Bot.) A leaf or division of the calyx.

&fist; When the calyx consists of but one part, it is said to be monosepalous; when of two parts, it is said to be disepalous; when of a variable and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be polysepalous; when of several parts united, it is properly called gamosepalous.

Se"paled (?), a. (Bot.) Having one or more sepals.

Sep"al*ine (?), a. (Bot.) Relating to, or having the nature of, sepals.

Se*pal"o*dy (?), n. [Sepal + Gr. &?;&?;&?; form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of other floral organs into sepals or sepaloid bodies.

Sep"al*oid (?), a. [Sepal + - oid.] (Bot.) Like a sepal, or a division of a calyx.

Sep"al*ous (?), a. (Bot.) Having, or relating to, sepals; -- used mostly in composition. See under Sepal.

Sep`a*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being separable or divisible; divisibility; separableness.

Sep"a*ra*ble (?), a. [L. separabilis: cf. F. séparable.] Capable of being separated, disjoined, disunited, or divided; as, the separable parts of plants; qualities not separable from the substance in which they exist. -- Sep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. -- Sep"a*ra*bly, adv.

Trials permit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow tincture from gold.
Boyle.

Sep"a*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Separated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Separating.] [L. separatus, p. p. of separare to separate; pfref. se- aside + parare to make ready, prepare. See Parade, and cf. Sever.] 1. To disunite; to divide; to disconnect; to sever; to part in any manner.

From the fine gold I separate the alloy.
Dryden.

Separate thyself, I pray thee, from me.
Gen. xiii. 9.

Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?
Rom. viii. 35.

2. To come between; to keep apart by occupying the space between; to lie between; as, the Mediterranean Sea separates Europe and Africa.

3. To set apart; to select from among others, as for a special use or service.

Separate me Barnabas and Saul for the work whereunto I have called thaem.
Acts xiii. 2.

Separated flowers (Bot.), flowers which have stamens and pistils in separate flowers; diclinous flowers. Gray.

Sep"a*rate, v. i. To part; to become disunited; to be disconnected; to withdraw from one another; as, the family separated.

Sep"a*rate (?), p. a. [L. separatus, p. p. ] 1. Divided from another or others; disjoined; disconnected; separated; -- said of things once connected.

Him that was separate from his brethren.
Gen. xlix. 26.

2. Unconnected; not united or associated; distinct; -- said of things that have not been connected.

For such an high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinnere.
Heb. vii. 26.

3. Disunited from the body; disembodied; as, a separate spirit; the separate state of souls.

Separate estate (Law), an estate limited to a married woman independent of her husband. -- Separate maintenance (Law), an allowance made to a wife by her husband under deed of separation.

-- Sep"a*rate*ly, adv. -- Sep"a*rate*ness, n.

Sep`a*rat"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatism in religion; schismatical. [R.] Dr. T. Dwight.

Sep"a*ra`ting (?), a. Designed or employed to separate.

Separating funnel (Chem.), a funnel, often globe-shaped, provided with a stopcock for the separate drawing off of immiscible liquids of different specific gravities.

Sep`a*ra"tion (?), n. [L. separatio: cf. F. séparation.] The act of separating, or the state of being separated, or separate. Specifically: (a) Chemical analysis. (b) Divorce. (c) (Steam Boilers) The operation of removing water from steam.

Judicial separation (Law), a form of divorce; a separation of man and wife which has the effect of making each a single person for all legal purposes but without ability to contract a new marriage. Mozley & W.

Sep"a*ra*tism (?), n. [CF. F. séparatisme.] The character or act of a separatist; disposition to withdraw from a church; the practice of so withdrawing.

Sep`a*ra*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. séparatiste.] One who withdraws or separates himself; especially, one who withdraws from a church to which he has belonged; a seceder from an established church; a dissenter; a nonconformist; a schismatic; a sectary.

Heavy fines on divines who should preach in any meeting of separatist .
Macaulay.

Sep`a*ra*tis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to separatists; characterizing separatists; schismatical.

Sep"a*ra*tive (?), a. [L. separativus.] Causing, or being to cause, separation. "Separative virtue of extreme cold." Boyle.

Sep"a*ra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, separates. Specifically: (a) (Steam Boilers) A device for depriving steam of particles of water mixed with it. (b) (Mining) An apparatus for sorting pulverized ores into grades, or separating them from gangue. (c) (Weaving) An instrument used for spreading apart the threads of the warp in the loom, etc.

Sep"a*ra*to*ry (?), a. Separative. Cheyne.

Sep"a*ra*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. séparatoire.] 1. (Chem.) An apparatus used in separating, as a separating funnel.

2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument for separating the pericranium from the cranium. [Obs.]

Sep`a*ra"trix (?), n.; pl. L. -trices (#), E. -trixes (#). [L., she that separates.] (Arith.) The decimal point; the dot placed at the left of a decimal fraction, to separate it from the whole number which it follows. The term is sometimes also applied to other marks of separation.

Se*pawn" (?), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

Sep"e*li*ble (?), a. [L. sepelibilis, fr. sepelire to bury.] Admitting of burial. [Obs.] Bailey.

Sep`e*li"tion (?), n. Burial. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Se"phen (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large sting ray of the genus Trygon, especially T. sephen of the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. The skin is an article of commerce.

Se"pi*a (?), n.; pl. E. Sepias (#), L. Sepiæ (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; the cuttlefish, or squid.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) The common European cuttlefish. (b) A genus comprising the common cuttlefish and numerous similar species. See Illustr. under Cuttlefish.

2. A pigment prepared from the ink, or black secretion, of the sepia, or cuttlefish. Treated with caustic potash, it has a rich brown color; and this mixed with a red forms Roman sepia. Cf. India ink, under India.

Sepia drawing or picture, a drawing in monochrome, made in sepia alone, or in sepia with other brown pigments.

Se"pi*a, a. Of a dark brown color, with a little red in its composition; also, made of, or done in, sepia.

Se"pic (?), a. Of or pertaining to sepia; done in sepia; as, a sepic drawing.

Sep`i*da"ceous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the cuttlefishes of the genus Sepia.

Sep"i*ment (?), n. [L. sepimentum, saepimentum, from sepire, saepire, to hedge in.] Something that separates; a hedge; a fence. [R.] Bailey.

Se"pi*o*lite` (?), n. [Septa + -lite.] (Min.) Meerschaum. See Meerschaum.

Se"pi*o*stare` (?), n. [Sepia + Gr. &?;&?;&?; a bone.] (Zoöl.) The bone or shell of cuttlefish. See Illust. under Cuttlefish.

Se*pon" (#), n. See Supawn. [Local, U.S.]

Se*pose" (?), v. t. [L. pref se- aside + E. pose.] To set apart. [Obs.] Donne.

Se*pos"it (?), v. t. [L. sepositus, p. p. of seponere to set aside.] To set aside; to give up. [Obs.]

Sep`o*si"tion (&?;), n. [L. sepositio.] The act of setting aside, or of giving up. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Se"poy (?), n. [Per. sipāhī, fr. sipāh an army. Cf. Spahi.] A native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power, esp. of Great Britain; an Oriental soldier disciplined in the European manner.

||Sep*pu"ku (?), n. Same as Hara-kiri.

Seppuku, or hara-kiri, also came into vogue.
W. E. Griffis.

Sep"sin (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefaction.] (Physiol. Chem.) A soluble poison (ptomaine) present in putrid blood. It is also formed in the putrefaction of proteid matter in general.

||Sep"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefaction.] (Med.) The poisoning of the system by the introduction of putrescent material into the blood.

Sept (?), n. [A corruption of sect, n.] A clan, tribe, or family, proceeding from a common progenitor; -- used especially of the ancient clans in Ireland.

The chief, struck by the illustration, asked at once to be baptized, and all his sept followed his example.
S. Lover.

||Sep*tæ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrid + &?;&?;&?; blood.] (Med.) Septicæmia.

Sep"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a septum or septa, as of a coral or a shell.

Sep"tane (?), n. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptane. [R.]

Sep"tan`gle (?), n. [Septi- + angle.] (Geom.) A figure which has seven angles; a heptagon. [R.]

Sep*tan"gu*lar (?), a. Heptagonal.

||Sep*ta"ri*um (?), n.;pl. Septaria (#). [NL., fr. L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, a partition, fr. sepire, saepire, to inclose.] (Geol.) A flattened concretionary nodule, usually of limestone, intersected within by cracks which are often filled with calcite, barite, or other minerals.

Sep"tate (?), a. [L. septum, saeptum, partition.] Divided by partition or partitions; having septa; as, a septate pod or shell.

Sep*tem"ber (?), n. [L., fr. septem seven, as being the seventh month of the Roman year, which began with March: cf. F. septembre. See Seven.] The ninth month of the year, containing thurty days.

Sep*tem"ber*er (?), n. A Setembrist. Carlyle.

Sep*tem"brist (?), n. [F. septembriste.] An agent in the massacres in Paris, committed in patriotic frenzy, on the 22d of September, 1792.

Sep*tem"flu*ous (?), a.[L. septemfluus; septem seven + fluere to flow.] Flowing sevenfold; divided into seven streams or currents. [R.] Fuller.

Sep*tem"par*tite (?), a. [L. septem seven + E. partite.] Divided nearly to the base into seven parts; as, a septempartite leaf.

Sep*tem"tri*oun (?), n. Septentrion. [Obs.]

||Sep*tem"vir (?), n.; pl. E. Septemvirs (#), L. Septemviri (#). [L. septemviri, pl.; septem seven + viri, pl. of vir man.] (Rom. Hist.) One of a board of seven men associated in some office.

Sep*tem"vi*rate (?), n.[L. septemviratus.] The office of septemvir; a government by septimvirs.

Sep"ten*a*ry (?), a. [L. septenairus, from septeni seven each, septem seven: cf. F. septénaire. See Seven. ] 1. Consisting of, or relating to, seven; as, a septenary number. I. Watts.

2. Lasting seven years; continuing seven years. "Septenary penance." Fuller.

Sep"ten*a*ry, n. The number seven. [R.] Holinshed.

Sep"ten*ate (?), a. [L. septeni seven each.] (Bot.) Having parts in sevens; heptamerous.

Sep*ten"nate (?), n. [F. septennat.] A period of seven years; as, the septennate during which the President of the French Republic holds office.

Sep*ten"ni*al (?), a. [L. septennium a period of seven years; septem seven + annus year. See Seven, and Annual.] 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as, septennial parliaments.

2. Happening or returning once in every seven years; as, septennial elections in England.

Sep*ten"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in seven years.

Sep*ten"tri*al (?), a. Septentrional. Drayton.

||Sep*ten"tri*o (?), n. [L. See Septentrion.] (Astron.) The constellation Ursa Major.

Sep*ten"tri*on (?), n. [L. septentrio the northern regions, the north, fr. septentriones the seven stars near the north pole, called Charles's Wain, or the Great Bear, also those called the Little Bear; properly, the seven plow oxen; septem seven + trio, orig., a plow ox: cf. F. septentrion.] The north or northern regions. Shak.

Both East West, South and Septentrioun.
Chaucer.

{ Sep*ten"tri*on (?), Sep*ten"tri*on*al (?), } a. [L. septentrionalis: cf. F. septentrional.] Of or pertaining to the north; northern. "From cold septentrion blasts." Milton.

Sep*ten`tri*on*al"i*ty (?), n. Northerliness.

Sep*ten"tri*on*al*ly (?), adv. Northerly.

Sep*ten"tri*on*ate (?), v. i. To tend or point toward the north; to north. Sir T. Browne.

{ Sep*tet", Sep*tette" } (?), n. [From L. septem seven, like duet, from L. duo.] 1. A set of seven persons or objects; as, a septet of singers.

2. (Mus.) A musical composition for seven instruments or seven voices; -- called also septuor.

Sept"foil (?), n. [F. sept seven (L. septem) + E. foil leaf: cf. L. septifolium.] 1. (Bot.) A European herb, the tormentil. See Tormentil.

2. (Arch.) An ornamental foliation having seven lobes. Cf. Cinquefoil, Quarterfoil, and Trefoil.

3. (Eccl.Art.) A typical figure, consisting of seven equal segments of a circle, used to denote the gifts of the Holy Chost, the seven sacraments as recognized by the Roman Catholic Church, etc. [R.]

Sep"ti- (?), [L. septem seven.] A combining form meaning seven; as, septifolious, seven-leaved; septi-lateral, seven-sided.

Sep"tic (?), a. [Septi- + - ic.] (Math.) Of the seventh degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the seventh degree.

{ Sep"tic (?), Sep"tic*al (?), } a. [L. septicus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, fr. &?;&?;&?;&?; to make putrid: cf. F. septique.] Having power to promote putrefaction.

Sep"tic, n. A substance that promotes putrefaction.

||Sep`ti*cæ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefactive + &?;&?;&?; blood.] (Med.) A poisoned condition of the blood produced by the absorption into it of septic or putrescent material; blood poisoning. It is marked by chills, fever, prostration, and inflammation of the different serous membranes and of the lungs, kidneys, and other organs.

Sep"tic*al*ly (?), adv. In a septic manner; in a manner tending to promote putrefaction.

Sep"ti*ci`dal (?), a. [Septum + L. caedere to cut: cf. F. septicide.] (Bot.) Dividing the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which a pod splits through the partitions and is divided into its component carpels.

Sep*tic"i*ty (?), n. [See Septic.] Tendency to putrefaction; septic quality.

Sep`ti*fa"ri*ous (?), a. [L. septifariam sevenfold. Cf. Bifarious.] (Bot.) Turned in seven different ways.

Sep*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Septum + -ferous: cf. F. septifère.] (Bot.) Bearing a partition; -- said of the valves of a capsule.

Sep*tif"er*ous, a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?; putrefied + -ferous.] Conveying putrid poison; as, the virulence of septiferous matter.

Sep*tif"lu*ous (?), a. [CF. Septemfluous.] Flowing in seven streams; septemfluous.

Sep`ti*fo"li*ous (?), a. [Septi- + L. folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having seven leaves.

Sep"ti*form (?), a. [Septum + -form.] Having the form of a septum.

Sep*tif"ra*gal (?), a. [Septum + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] (Bot.) Breaking from the partitions; -- said of a method of dehiscence in which the valves of a pod break away from the partitions, and these remain attached to the common axis.

Sep`ti*lat"er*al (?), a. [Septi- + lateral.] Having seven sides; as, a septilateral figure.

Sep*til"lion (?), n. [F. septilion, formed fr. L. septem seven, in imitation of million.] According to the French method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. According to the English method, the number expressed by a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sep"ti*mole (?), n. [L. septem seven.] (Mus.) A group of seven notes to be played in the time of four or six.

Sep*tin"su*lar (?), a. [Septi- + insular.] Consisting of seven islands; as, the septinsular republic of the Ionian Isles.

Sep"ti*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Septi- + syllable.] A word of seven syllables.

Sep*to"ic (?), a. [L. septem seven.] (Chem.) See Heptoic. [R.]

Sep`to*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the nasal septum and the maxilla; situated in the region of these parts. -- n. A small bone between the nasal septum and the maxilla in many reptiles and amphibians.

Sep`tu*a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. A person who is seventy years of age; a septuagenary.

Sep`tu*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. septuagenarius, fr. septuageny seventy each; akin to septuaginta seventy, septem seven. See Seven.] Consisting of seventy; also, seventy years old. -- n. A septuagenarian.

||Sep`tu*a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. L. septuagesimus the seventieth, fr. septuaginta seventy.] (Eccl.) The third Sunday before Lent; -- so called because it is about seventy days before Easter.

Sep`tu*a*ges"i*mal (?), a. Consisting of seventy days, years, etc.; reckoned by seventies.

Our abridged and septuagesimal age.
Sir T. Browne.

Sep"tu*a*gint (?), n. [From L. septuaginta seventy.] A Greek version of the Old Testament; -- so called because it was believed to be the work of seventy (or rather of seventy-two) translators.

&fist; The causes which produced it [the Septuagint], the number and names of the translators, the times at which different portions were translated, are all uncertain. The only point in which all agree is that Alexandria was the birthplace of the version. On one other point there is a near agreement, namely, as to time, that the version was made, or at least commenced, in the time of the early Ptolemies, in the first half of the third century b.c. Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Septuagint chronology, the chronology founded upon the dates of the Septuagint, which makes 1500 years more from the creation to Abraham than the Hebrew Bible.

Sep"tu*a*ry (?), n. [L. septem seven.] Something composed of seven; a week. [R.] Ash.

Sep"tu*late (?), a. [Dim. fr. septum.] (Bot.) Having imperfect or spurious septa.

||Sep"tu*lum (?), n.; pl. Septula (#). [NL., dim. of L. septum septum.] (Anat.) A little septum; a division between small cavities or parts.

||Sep"tum (?), n.; pl. Septa (#). [L. septum, saeptum, an inclosure, hedge, fence, fr. sepire, saepire, to hedge in, inclose.] 1. A wall separating two cavities; a partition; as, the nasal septum.

2. (Bot.) A partition that separates the cells of a fruit.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the radial calcareous plates of a coral. (b) One of the transverse partitions dividing the shell of a mollusk, or of a rhizopod, into several chambers. See Illust. under Nautilus. (c) One of the transverse partitions dividing the body cavity of an annelid.

Sep"tu*or (?), n. [F.] (Mus.) A septet.

Sep"tu*ple (?), a. [LL. septuplus; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;&?;:cf. F. septuple. Cf. Double, Quadruple.] Seven times as much; multiplied by seven; sevenfold.

Sep"tu*ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Septupled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Septupling (?).] To multiply by seven; to make sevenfold. Sir J. Herschel.

{ Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre } (?), n. [OE. sepulcre, OF. sepulcre, F. sépulcre, fr. L. sepulcrum, sepulchrum, fr. sepelire to bury.] The place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place set apart for that purpose; a grave; a tomb.

The stony entrance of this sepulcher.
Shak.

The first day of the week cometh Mary Magdalene early, when it was yet dark, unto the sepulcher.
John xx. 1.

A whited sepulcher. Fig.: Any person who is fair outwardly but unclean or vile within. See Matt. xxiii. 27.

{ Sep"ul*cher, Sep"ul*chre } (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sepulchered (?) or Sepulchred (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sepulchering (?) or Sepulchring (&?;).] To bury; to inter; to entomb; as, obscurely sepulchered.

And so sepulchered in such pomp dost lie
That kings for such a tomb would wish to die.
Milton.

Se*pul"chral (?), a. [L. sepulcralis: cf. F. sépulcral.] 1. Of or pertaining to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; as, a sepulchral stone; a sepulchral inscription.

2. Unnaturally low and grave; hollow in tone; -- said of sound, especially of the voice.

This exaggerated dulling of the voice . . . giving what is commonly called a sepulchral tone.
H. Sweet.

Sep"ul*ture (?), n. [F. sépulture, L. sepultura, fr. sepelire, sepultum, to bury.] 1. The act of depositing the dead body of a human being in the grave; burial; interment.

Where we may royal sepulture prepare.
Dryden.

2. A sepulcher; a grave; a place of burial.

Drunkeness that is the horrible sepulture of man's reason.
Chaucer.

Se*qua"cious (?), a. [L. sequax, -acis, fr. suquit to follow. See Sue to follow. ] 1. Inclined to follow a leader; following; attendant.

Trees uprooted left their place,
Sequacious of the lyre.
Dryden.

2. Hence, ductile; malleable; pliant; manageable.

In the greater bodies the forge was easy, the matter being ductile and sequacious.
Ray.

3. Having or observing logical sequence; logically consistent and rigorous; consecutive in development or transition of thought.

The scheme of pantheistic omniscience so prevalent among the sequacious thinkers of the day.
Sir W. Hamilton.

Milton was not an extensive or discursive thinker, as Shakespeare was; for the motions of his mind were slow, solemn, and sequacious, like those of the planets.
De Quincey.

Se*qua"cious*ness, n. Quality of being sequacious.

Se*quac"i*ty (?), n. [L. sequacitas.] Quality or state of being sequacious; sequaciousness. Bacon.

Se"quel (sē"kw&ebreve;l), n. [L. sequela, fr. sequit to follow: cf. F. séquelle a following. See Sue to follow.] 1. That which follows; a succeeding part; continuation; as, the sequel of a man's advantures or history.

O, let me say no more!
Gather the sequel by that went before.
Shak.

2. Consequence; event; effect; result; as, let the sun cease, fail, or swerve, and the sequel would be ruin.

3. Conclusion; inference. [R.] Whitgift.

||Se*que"la (?), n.; pl. Sequelæ (#). [L., a follower, a result, from sequit to follow.] One who, or that which, follows. Specifically: (a) An adherent, or a band or sect of adherents. "Coleridge and his sequela." G. P. Marsh. (b) That which follows as the logical result of reasoning; inference; conclusion; suggestion.

Sequelæ, or thoughts suggested by the preceding aphorisms.
Coleridge.

(c) (Med.) A morbid phenomenon left as the result of a disease; a disease resulting from another.

Se"quence (sē"kwens), n. [F. séquence, L. sequentia, fr. sequens. See Sequent.] 1. The state of being sequent; succession; order of following; arrangement.

How art thou a king
But by fair sequence and succession?
Shak.

Sequence and series of the seasons of the year.
Bacon.

2. That which follows or succeeds as an effect; sequel; consequence; result.

The inevitable sequences of sin and punishment.
Bp. Hall.

3. (Philos.) Simple succession, or the coming after in time, without asserting or implying causative energy; as, the reactions of chemical agents may be conceived as merely invariable sequences.

4. (Mus.) (a) Any succession of chords (or harmonic phrase) rising or falling by the regular diatonic degrees in the same scale; a succession of similar harmonic steps. (b) A melodic phrase or passage successively repeated one tone higher; a rosalia.

5. (R.C.Ch.) A hymn introduced in the Mass on certain festival days, and recited or sung immediately before the gospel, and after the gradual or introit, whence the name. Bp. Fitzpatrick.

Originally the sequence was called a Prose, because its early form was rhythmical prose.
Shipley.

6. (Card Playing) (a) (Whist) Three or more cards of the same suit in immediately consecutive order of value; as, ace, king, and queen; or knave, ten, nine, and eight. (b) (Poker) All five cards, of a hand, in consecutive order as to value, but not necessarily of the same suit; when of one suit, it is called a sequence flush.

Se"quent (?), a. [L. sequens, -entis, p. pr. of sequi to follow. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following; succeeding; in continuance.

What to this was sequent
Thou knowest already.
Shak.

2. Following as an effect; consequent.

Se"quent, n. 1. A follower. [R.] Shak.

2. That which follows as a result; a sequence.

Se*quen"tial (?), a. Succeeding or following in order. -- Se*quen"tial*ly, adv.

Se*ques"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestering.] [F. séquestrer, L. sequestrare to give up for safe keeping, from sequester a depositary or trustee in whose hands the thing contested was placed until the dispute was settled. Cf. Sequestrate.] 1. (Law) To separate from the owner for a time; to take from parties in controversy and put into the possession of an indifferent person; to seize or take possession of, as property belonging to another, and hold it till the profits have paid the demand for which it is taken, or till the owner has performed the decree of court, or clears himself of contempt; in international law, to confiscate.

Formerly the goods of a defendant in chancery were, in the last resort, sequestered and detained to enforce the decrees of the court. And now the profits of a benefice are sequestered to pay the debts of ecclesiastics.
Blackstone.

2. To cause (one) to submit to the process of sequestration; to deprive (one) of one's estate, property, etc.

It was his tailor and his cook, his fine fashions and his French ragouts, which sequestered him.
South.

3. To set apart; to put aside; to remove; to separate from other things.

I had wholly sequestered my civil affairss.
Bacon.

4. To cause to retire or withdraw into obscurity; to seclude; to withdraw; -- often used reflexively.

When men most sequester themselves from action.
Hooker.

A love and desire to sequester a man's self for a higher conversation.
Bacon.

Se*ques"ter, v. i. 1. To withdraw; to retire. [Obs.]

To sequester out of the world into Atlantic and Utopian politics.
Milton.

2. (Law) To renounce (as a widow may) any concern with the estate of her husband.

Se*ques"ter, n. 1. Sequestration; separation. [R.]

2. (Law) A person with whom two or more contending parties deposit the subject matter of the controversy; one who mediates between two parties; a mediator; an umpire or referee. Bouvier.

3. (Med.) Same as Sequestrum.

Se*ques"tered (?), a. Retired; secluded. "Sequestered scenes." Cowper.

Along the cool, sequestered vale of life.
Gray.

Se*ques"tra*ble (?), a. Capable of being sequestered; subject or liable to sequestration.

Se*ques"tral (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to a sequestrum. Quian.

Se*ques"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sequestrated; p. pr. & vb. n. Sequestrating.] To sequester.

Seq`ues*tra"tion (?), n. [L. sequestratio: cf. F. séquestration.] 1. (a) (Civil & Com. Law) The act of separating, or setting aside, a thing in controversy from the possession of both the parties that contend for it, to be delivered to the one adjudged entitled to it. It may be voluntary or involuntary. (b) (Chancery) A prerogative process empowering certain commissioners to take and hold a defendant's property and receive the rents and profits thereof, until he clears himself of a contempt or performs a decree of the court. (c) (Eccl. Law) A kind of execution for a rent, as in the case of a beneficed clerk, of the profits of a benefice, till he shall have satisfied some debt established by decree; the gathering up of the fruits of a benefice during a vacancy, for the use of the next incumbent; the disposing of the goods, by the ordinary, of one who is dead, whose estate no man will meddle with. Craig. Tomlins. Wharton. (d) (Internat. Law) The seizure of the property of an individual for the use of the state; particularly applied to the seizure, by a belligerent power, of debts due from its subjects to the enemy. Burrill.

2. The state of being separated or set aside; separation; retirement; seclusion from society.

Since Henry Monmouth first began to reign, . . .
This loathsome sequestration have I had.
Shak.

3. Disunion; disjunction. [Obs.] Boyle.

Seq"ues*tra`tor (?), n. [L., one that hinders or impedes.] (Law) (a) One who sequesters property, or takes the possession of it for a time, to satisfy a demand out of its rents or profits. (b) One to whom the keeping of sequestered property is committed.

||Se*ques"trum (?), n.; pl. Sequestra (#). [NL. See Sequester.] (Med.) A portion of dead bone which becomes separated from the sound portion, as in necrosis.

Se"quin (?), n. [F. sequin, It. zecchino, from zecca the mint, fr. Ar. sekkah, sikkah, a die, a stamp. Cf. Zechin.] An old gold coin of Italy and Turkey. It was first struck at Venice about the end of the 13th century, and afterward in the other Italian cities, and by the Levant trade was introduced into Turkey. It is worth about 9s. 3d. sterling, or about $2.25. The different kinds vary somewhat in value. [Written also chequin, and zequin.]

Se*quoi"a (?), n. [NL. So called by Dr. Endlicher in honor of Sequoyah, who invented the Cherokee alphabet.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, consisting of two species, Sequoia Washingtoniana, syn. S. gigantea, the "big tree" of California, and S. sempervirens, the redwood, both of which attain an immense height.

Se*quoi"ëne (?), n. (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (C13H10) obtained in white fluorescent crystals, in the distillation products of the needles of the California "big tree" (Sequoia gigantea).

Se*ragl"io (?), n. [It. serraglio, originally, an inclosure of palisades, afterwards also, a palace, seraglio (by confusion with Per. serāïa a palace, an entirely different word), fr. serrare to shut, fr. LL. serra a bar for fastening doors, L. sera. See Serry, Series.] 1. An inclosure; a place of separation. [Obs.]

I went to the Ghetto, where the Jews dwell as in a suburb, by themselves. I passed by the piazza Judea, where their seraglio begins.
Evelyn.

2. The palace of the Grand Seignior, or Turkish sultan, at Constantinople, inhabited by the sultan himself, and all the officers and dependents of his court. In it are also kept the females of the harem.

3. A harem; a place for keeping wives or concubines; sometimes, loosely, a place of licentious pleasure; a house of debauchery.

||Se*ra"i (?), n. [Per. serāï, or sarāï, a palace, a king's court, a seraglio, an inn. Cf. Caravansary.] A palace; a seraglio; also, in the East, a place for the accommodation of travelers; a caravansary, or rest house.

Ser`al*bu"men (?), n. (Physiol. CHem.) Serum albumin.

||Se*rang" (?), n. [Per. sarhang a commander.] The boatswain of a Lascar or East Ondian crew.

||Se*ra"pe (?), n. [Sp. Amer. sarape.] A blanket or shawl worn as an outer garment by the Spanish Americans, as in Mexico.

Ser"aph (?), n.; pl. E. Seraphs (#), Heb. Seraphim (#). [Heb. serāphim, pl.] One of an order of celestial beings, each having three pairs of wings. In ecclesiastical art and in poetry, a seraph is represented as one of a class of angels. Isa. vi. 2.

As full, as perfect, in vile man that mourns,
As the rapt seraph that adores and burns.
Pope.

Seraph moth (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of geometrid moths of the genus Lobophora, having the hind wings deeply bilobed, so that they seem to have six wings.

{ Se*raph"ic (?), Se*raph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. séraphique.] Of or pertaining to a seraph; becoming, or suitable to, a seraph; angelic; sublime; pure; refined. "Seraphic arms and trophies." Milton. "Seraphical fervor." Jer. Taylor. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Se*raph"ic*al*ness, n.

Se*raph"i*cism (?), n. The character, quality, or state of a seraph; seraphicalness. [R.] Cudworth.

Ser"a*phim (?), n. The Hebrew plural of Seraph. Cf. Cherubim.

&fist; The double plural form seraphims is sometimes used, as in the King James version of the Bible, Isa. vi. 2 and 6.

Ser`a*phi"na (?), n. [NL.] A seraphine.

Ser"a*phine (?), n. [From Seraph.] (Mus.) A wind instrument whose sounding parts are reeds, consisting of a thin tongue of brass playing freely through a slot in a plate. It has a case, like a piano, and is played by means of a similar keybord, the bellows being worked by the foot. The melodeon is a portable variety of this instrument.

||Se*ra"pis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, at first a symbol of the Nile, and so of fertility; later, one of the divinities of the lower world. His worship was introduced into Greece and Rome.

Se*ras"kier (?), n. [Turk., fr. Per. ser head, chief + Ar. 'asker an army.] A general or commander of land forces in the Turkish empire; especially, the commander-in-chief of minister of war.

Se*ras"kier*ate (?), n. The office or authority of a seraskier.

Ser*bo"ni*an (?), a. Relating to the lake of Serbonis in Egypt, which by reason of the sand blowing into it had a deceptive appearance of being solid land, but was a bog.

A gulf profound as that Serbonian bog . . .
Where armies whole have sunk.
Milton.

Sere (?), a. Dry; withered. Same as Sear.

But with its sound it shook the sails
That were so thin and sere.
Coleridge.

Sere, n. [F. serre.] Claw; talon. [Obs.] Chapman.

||Se*rein" (?), n. [F. Cf. Serenade, n.] (Meteorol.) A mist, or very fine rain, which sometimes falls from a clear sky a few moments after sunset. Tyndall.

Ser`e*nade" (?), n. [F. sérénade, It. serenata, probably fr. L. serenus serene (cf. Serene), misunderstood as a derivative fr. L. serus late. Cf. Soirée.] (Mus.) (a) Music sung or performed in the open air at nights; -- usually applied to musical entertainments given in the open air at night, especially by gentlemen, in a spirit of gallantry, under the windows of ladies. (b) A piece of music suitable to be performed at such times.

Ser`e*nade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serenaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Serenading.] To entertain with a serenade.

Ser`e*nade", v. i. To perform a serenade.

Ser`e*nad"er (?), n. One who serenades.

{ Ser`e*na"ta (?), Ser"e*nate (?), } n. [It. serenata. See Serenade.] (Mus.) A piece of vocal music, especially one on an amoreus subject; a serenade.

Or serenate, which the starved lover sings
To his pround fair.
Milton.

&fist; The name serenata was given by Italian composers in the time of Handel, and by Handel himself, to a cantata of a pastoreal of dramatic character, to a secular ode, etc.; also by Mozart and others to an orchectral composition, in several movements, midway between the suite of an earlier period and the modern symphony. Grove.

Se*rene" (?), a. [L. serenus to grow dry, Gr. &?;&?;&?; hot, scorching.] 1. Bright; clear; unabscured; as, a serene sky.

The moon serene in glory mounts the sky.
Pope.

Full many a gem of purest ray serene
The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear.
Gray.

2. Calm; placid; undisturbed; unruffled; as, a serene aspect; a serene soul. Milton.

&fist; In several countries of Europe, Serene is given as a tittle to princes and the members of their families; as, His Serene Highness.

Drop serene. (Med.) See Amaurosis. Milton.

Se*rene", n. 1. Serenity; clearness; calmness. [Poetic.] "The serene of heaven." Southey.

To their master is denied
To share their sweet serene.
Young.

2. [F. serein evening dew or damp. See Serein.] Evening air; night chill. [Obs.] "Some serene blast me." B. Jonson.

Se*rene", v. t. [L. serenare.] To make serene.

Heaven and earth, as if contending, vie
To raise his being, and serene his soul.
Thomson.

Se*rene"ly, adv. 1. In a serene manner; clearly.

Now setting Phœbus shone serenely bright.
Pope.

2. With unruffled temper; coolly; calmly. Prior.

Se*rene"ness, n. Serenity. Feltham.

Se*ren"i*tude (?), n. Serenity. [Obs.]

Se*ren"i*ty (?), n. [L. serenuas: cf. F. sérénité.] 1. The quality or state of being serene; clearness and calmness; quietness; stillness; peace.

A general peace and serenity newly succeeded a general trouble.
Sir W. Temple.

2. Calmness of mind; eveness of temper; undisturbed state; coolness; composure.

I can not see how any men should ever transgress those moral rules with confidence and serenity.
Locke.

&fist; Serenity is given as a title to the members of certain princely families in Europe; as, Your Serenity.

Serf (?), n. [F., fr. L. serus servant, slave; akin to servare to protect, preserve, observe, and perhaps originally, a client, a man under one's protection. Cf. Serve, v. t.] A servant or slave employed in husbandry, and in some countries attached to the soil and transferred with it, as formerly in Russia.

In England, at least from the reign of Henry II, one only, and that the inferior species [of villeins], existed . . . But by the customs of France and Germany, persons in this abject state seem to have been called serfs, and distinguished from villeins, who were only bound to fixed payments and duties in respect of their lord, though, as it seems, without any legal redress if injured by him.
Hallam.

Syn. -- Serf, Slave. A slave is the absolute property of his master, and may be sold in any way. A serf, according to the strict sense of the term, is one bound to work on a certain estate, and thus attached to the soil, and sold with it into the service of whoever purchases the land.

{ Serf"age (?), Serf"dom (?) }, n. The state or condition of a serf.

Serf"hood (?), Serf"ism (&?;), n. Serfage.

Serge (?), n. [F. serge, sarge, originally, a silken stuff, fr. L. serica, f. or neut. pl. of sericus silken. See Sericeous, Silk.] A woolen twilled stuff, much used as material for clothing for both sexes.

Silk serge, a twilled silk fabric used mostly by tailors for lining parts of gentlemen's coats.

Serge, n. [F. cierge.] A large wax candle used in the ceremonies of various churches.

Ser"gean*cy (?), n.; pl. Sergeancies (#). [Cf. Sergeanty.] The office of a sergeant; sergeantship. [Written also serjeancy.]

Ser"geant (?), n. [F. sergent, fr. L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. of servire to serve. See Serve, and cf. Servant.] [Written also serjeant. Both spellings are authorized. In England serjeant is usually preferred, except for military officers. In the United States sergeant is common for civil officers also.] 1. Formerly, in England, an officer nearly answering to the more modern bailiff of the hundred; also, an officer whose duty was to attend on the king, and on the lord high steward in court, to arrest traitors and other offenders. He is now called sergeant-at-arms, and two of these officers, by allowance of the sovereign, attend on the houses of Parliament (one for each house) to execute their commands, and another attends the Court Chancery.

The sergeant of the town of Rome them sought.
Chaucer.

The magistrates sent the serjeant, saying, Let those men go.
Acts xvi. 35.

This fell sergeant, Death,
Is strict in his arrest.
Shak.

2. (Mil.) In a company, battery, or troop, a noncommissioned officer next in rank above a corporal, whose duty is to instruct recruits in discipline, to form the ranks, etc.

&fist; In the United States service, besides the sergeants belonging to the companies there are, in each regiment, a sergeant major, who is the chief noncommissioned officer, and has important duties as the assistant to the adjutant; a quartermaster sergeant, who assists the quartermaster; a color sergeant, who carries the colors; and a commissary sergeant, who assists in the care and distribution of the stores. Ordnance sergeants have charge of the ammunition at military posts.

3. (Law) A lawyer of the highest rank, answering to the doctor of the civil law; -- called also serjeant at law. [Eng.] Blackstone.

4. A title sometimes given to the servants of the sovereign; as, sergeant surgeon, that is, a servant, or attendant, surgeon. [Eng.]

5. (Zoöl.) The cobia.

Drill sergeant. (Mil.) See under Drill. -- Sergeant-at-arms, an officer of a legislative body, or of a deliberative or judicial assembly, who executes commands in preserving order and arresting offenders. See Sergeant, 1. -- Sergeant major. (a) (Mil.) See the Note under def. 2, above. (b) (Zoöl.) The cow pilot.

Ser"geant*cy (?), n. Same as Sergeancy.

Ser"geant*ry (?), n. [CF. OF. sergenteric.] See Sergeanty. [R.] [Written also serjeantry.]

Ser"geant*ship, n. The office of sergeant.

Ser"geant*y (?), n. [Cf. OF. sergentie, LL. sergentia. See Sergeant.] (Eng. Law) Tenure of lands of the crown by an honorary kind of service not due to any lord, but to the king only. [Written also serjeanty.]

Grand sergeanty, a particular kind of tenure by which the tenant was bound to do some special honorary service to the king in person, as to carry his banner, his sword, or the like. Tomlins. Cowell. Blackstone. -- Petit sergeanty. See under Petit.

Se"ri*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a series; consisting of a series; appearing in successive parts or numbers; as, a serial work or publication. "Classification . . . may be more or less serial." H. Spencer.

2. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to rows. Gray.

Serial homology. (Biol.) See under Homology. -- Serial symmetry. (Biol.) See under Symmetry.

Se"ri*al, n. A publication appearing in a series or succession of part; a tale, or other writing, published in successive numbers of a periodical.

Se`ri*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of succession in a series; sequence. H. Spenser.

Se"ri*al*ly, adv. In a series, or regular order; in a serial manner; as, arranged serially; published serially.

Se"ri*ate (?), a. Arranged in a series or succession; pertaining to a series. -- Se"ri*ate*ly, adv.

Se`ri*a"tim (?), adv. [NL.] In regular order; one after the other; severally.

Se`ri*a"tion (?), n. (Chem.) Arrangement or position in a series.

Se*ri"ceous (?), a. [L. sericus silken, sericum Seric stuff, silk, fr. Sericus belonging to the Seres, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, a people of Eastern Asia, the modern Chinese, celebrated for their silken fabrics. Cf. Silk, Serge a woolen stuff.] 1. Of or pertaining to silk; consisting of silk; silky.

2. (Bot.) Covered with very soft hairs pressed close to the surface; as, a sericeous leaf.

3. (Zoöl.) Having a silklike luster, usually due to fine, close hairs.

Ser"i*cin (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A gelatinous nitrogenous material extracted from crude silk and other similar fiber by boiling water; -- called also silk gelatin.

Ser"i*cite (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Min.) A kind of muscovite occuring in silky scales having a fibrous structure. It is characteristic of sericite schist.

||Ser`ic*te"ri*um (?), n. [See Sericeous.] (Zoöl.) A silk gland, as in the silkworms.

Ser"i*cul`ture (?), n. [See Sericeous, and Culture.] The raising of silkworms.

Se"rie (?), n. [Cf. F. série.] Series. [Obs.]

||Ser`i*e"ma (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large South American bird (Dicholophus, or Cariama cristata) related to the cranes. It is often domesticated. Called also cariama.

Se"ries (?), n. [L. series, fr. serere, sertum, to join or bind together; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; to fasten, Skr. sarit thread. Cf. Assert, Desert a solitude, Exert, Insert, Seraglio.] 1. A number of things or events standing or succeeding in order, and connected by a like relation; sequence; order; course; a succession of things; as, a continuous series of calamitous events.

During some years his life a series of triumphs.
Macaulay.

2. (Biol.) Any comprehensive group of animals or plants including several subordinate related groups.

&fist; Sometimes a series includes several classes; sometimes only orders or families; in other cases only species.

3. (Math.) An indefinite number of terms succeeding one another, each of which is derived from one or more of the preceding by a fixed law, called the law of the series; as, an arithmetical series; a geometrical series.

Ser"in (?), n. [F. serin.] (Zoöl.) A European finch (Serinus hortulanus) closely related to the canary.

Ser"ine (?), n. [L. sericus silken.] (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on silk gelatin.

{ Se`ri*o-com"ic (?), Se`ri*o-com"ic*al (?), } a. Having a mixture of seriousness and sport; serious and comical.

Se"ri*ous (?), a. [L. serius: cf. F. sérieux, LL. seriosus.] 1. Grave in manner or disposition; earnest; thoughtful; solemn; not light, gay, or volatile.

He is always serious, yet there is about his manner a graceful ease.
Macaulay.

2. Really intending what is said; being in earnest; not jesting or deceiving. Beaconsfield.

3. Important; weighty; not trifling; grave.

The holy Scriptures bring to our ears the most serious things in the world.
Young.

4. Hence, giving rise to apprehension; attended with danger; as, a serious injury.

Syn. -- Grave; solemn; earnest; sedate; important; weighty. See Grave.

-- Se"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Se"ri*ous*ness, n.

Ser"iph (?), n. (Type Founding) See Ceriph.

{ Ser"jeant (?), Ser"jeant*cy, etc. } See Sergeant, Sergeantcy, etc.

Serjeant-at-arms. See Sergeant-at- arms, under Sergeant.

Ser*moc`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. sermocinatio. See Sermon.] The making of speeches or sermons; sermonizing. [Obs.] Peacham.

Ser*moc"i*na`tor (?), n. [L.] One who makes sermons or speeches. [Obs.] Howell.

Ser"mon (?), n. [OE. sermoun, sermun, F. sermon, fr. L. sermo, -onis, a speaking, discourse, probably fr. serer, sertum, to join, connect; hence, a connected speech. See Series.] 1. A discourse or address; a talk; a writing; as, the sermons of Chaucer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Specifically, a discourse delivered in public, usually by a clergyman, for the purpose of religious instruction and grounded on some text or passage of Scripture.

This our life exempt from public haunts
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones and good in everything.
Shak.

His preaching much, but more his practice, wrought,
A living sermon of the truths he taught.
Dryden.

3. Hence, a serious address; a lecture on one's conduct or duty; an exhortation or reproof; a homily; -- often in a depreciatory sense.

Ser"mon, v. i. [Cf. OF. sermoner, F. sermonner to lecture one.] To speak; to discourse; to compose or deliver a sermon. [Obs.] Holinshed.

What needeth it to sermon of it more?
Chaucer.

Ser"mon, v. t. 1. To discourse to or of, as in a sermon. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. To tutor; to lecture. [Poetic] Shak.

Ser`mon*eer" (?), n. A sermonizer. B. Jonson.

Ser"mon*er (?), n. A preacher; a sermonizer. [Derogative or Jocose.] Thackeray.

Ser`mon*et" (?), n. A short sermon. [Written also sermonette.]

{ Ser*mon"ic (?), Ser*mon"ic*al (?), } a. Like, or appropriate to, a sermon; grave and didactic. [R.] "Conversation . . . satirical or sermonic." Prof. Wilson. "Sermonical style." V. Knox.

Ser"mon*ing (?), n. The act of discoursing; discourse; instruction; preaching. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ser"mon*ish, a. Resembling a sermon. [R.]

Ser"mon*ist, n. See Sermonizer.

Ser"mon*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sermonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sermonizing (?).] 1. To compose or write a sermon or sermons; to preach.

2. To inculcate rigid rules. [R.] Chesterfield.

Ser"mon*ize, v. t. To preach or discourse to; to affect or influence by means of a sermon or of sermons. [R.]

Which of us shall sing or sermonize the other fast asleep?
Landor.

Ser"mon*i`zer (?), n. One who sermonizes.

Ser"o*lin (?), n. [Serum + L. oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) A peculiar fatty substance found in the blood, probably a mixture of fats, cholesterin, etc. (b) A body found in fecal matter and thought to be formed in the intestines from the cholesterin of the bile; -- called also stercorin, and stercolin.

{ Se*ron" (?), Se*roon" (?), } n. [Sp. seron a kind of hamper or pannier, aug. of sera a large pannier or basket.] Same as Ceroon.

&fist; This word as expressing a quantity or weight has no definite signification. McElrath.

Se"rose` (?), a. Serous. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Se*ros"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. serosité. See Serous.] 1. The quality or state of being serous.

2. (Physiol.) A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid.

Ser"o*tine (?), n. [F. sérotine, fr. L. serotinus that comes or happens late.] (Zoöl.) The European long-eared bat (Vesperugo serotinus).

Se*rot"i*nous (?), a. [L. serotinus, fr. serus late.] (Biol.) Appearing or blossoming later in the season than is customary with allied species.

Se"rous (?), a. [Cf. F. séreux. See Serum.] (Physiol.) (a) Thin; watery; like serum; as the serous fluids. (b) Of or pertaining to serum; as, the serous glands, membranes, layers. See Serum.

Serous membrane. (Anat.) See under Membrane.

{ Ser"ow (?), Sur"row (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The thar.

||Ser"pens (?), n. [L. See Serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation represented as a serpent held by Serpentarius.

Ser"pent (?), n. [F., fr. L. serpens, -entis (sc. bestia), fr. serpens, p. pr. of serpere to creep; akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sarp, and perhaps to L. repere, E. reptile. Cf. Herpes.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any reptile of the order Ophidia; a snake, especially a large snake. See Illust. under Ophidia.

&fist; The serpents are mostly long and slender, and move partly by bending the body into undulations or folds and pressing them against objects, and partly by using the free edges of their ventral scales to cling to rough surfaces. Many species glide swiftly over the ground, some burrow in the earth, others live in trees. A few are entirely aquatic, and swim rapidly. See Ophidia, and Fang.

2. Fig.: A subtle, treacherous, malicious person.

3. A species of firework having a serpentine motion as it passess through the air or along the ground.

4. (Astron.) The constellation Serpens.

5. (Mus.) A bass wind instrument, of a loud and coarse tone, formerly much used in military bands, and sometimes introduced into the orchestra; -- so called from its form.

Pharaoh's serpent (Chem.), mercuric sulphocyanate, a combustible white substance which in burning gives off a poisonous vapor and leaves a peculiar brown voluminous residue which is expelled in a serpentine from. It is employed as a scientific toy. -- Serpent cucumber (Bot.), the long, slender, serpentine fruit of the cucurbitaceous plant Trichosanthes colubrina; also, the plant itself. -- Serpent eage (Zoöl.), any one of several species of raptorial birds of the genera Circaëtus and Spilornis, which prey on serpents. They inhabit Africa, Southern Europe, and India. The European serpent eagle is Circaëtus Gallicus. -- Serpent eater. (Zoöl.) (a) The secretary bird. (b) An Asiatic antelope; the markhoor. -- Serpent fish (Zoöl.), a fish (Cepola rubescens) with a long, thin, compressed body, and a band of red running lengthwise. -- Serpent star (Zoöl.), an ophiuran; a brittle star. -- Serpent's tongue (Paleon.), the fossil tooth of a shark; -- so called from its resemblance to a tongue with its root. -- Serpent withe (Bot.), a West Indian climbing plant (Aristolochia odoratissima). -- Tree serpent (Zoöl.), any species of African serpents belonging to the family Dendrophidæ.

Ser"pent, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Serpented; p. pr. & vb. n. Serpenting.] To wind like a serpent; to crook about; to meander. [R.] "The serpenting of the Thames." Evelyn.

Ser"pent, v. t. To wind; to encircle. [R.] Evelyn.

||Ser`pen*ta"ri*a (?), a.[L. (sc. herba), fr. serpens serpent.] (Med.) The fibrous aromatic root of the Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia Serpentaria).

||Ser`pen*ta"ri*us (?), n.[NL., fr. L. serpens serpent.] (Astron.) A constellation on the equator, lying between Scorpio and Hercules; -- called also Ophiuchus.

Ser*pen"ti*form (?), a. [L. serpens a serpent + -form.] Having the form of a serpent.

Ser`pen*tig"e*nous (?), a. [L. serpens, -entis, a serpent + -genous: cf. L. serpentigena.] Bred of a serpent.

Ser"pen*tine (?), a. [L. serpentinus: cf. F. serpentin.] Resembling a serpent; having the shape or qualities of a serpent; subtle; winding or turning one way and the other, like a moving serpent; anfractuous; meandering; sinuous; zigzag; as, serpentine braid.

Thy shape
Like his, and color serpentine.
Milton.

Ser"pen*tine, n. [Cf. (for sense 1) F. serpentine, (for sense 2) serpentin.] 1. (Min.) A mineral or rock consisting chiefly of the hydrous silicate of magnesia. It is usually of an obscure green color, often with a spotted or mottled appearance resembling a serpent's skin. Precious, or noble, serpentine is translucent and of a rich oil-green color.

&fist; Serpentine has been largely produced by the alteration of other minerals, especially of chrysolite.

2. (Ordnance) A kind of ancient cannon.

Ser"pen*tine, v. i. To serpentize. [R.] Lyttleton.

Ser"pen*tine*ly, adv. In a serpentine manner.

Ser`pen*tin"i*an (?), n. (Eccl.) See 2d Ophite.

Ser"pen*tin*ize (?), v. t. (Min.) To convert (a magnesian silicate) into serpentine. -- Ser`pen*tin`i*za"tion (#), n.

Ser"pen*ti`nous (?), a. Relating to, or like, serpentine; as, a rock serpentinous in character.

Ser"pent*ize (?), v. i. To turn or bend like a serpent, first in one direction and then in the opposite; to meander; to wind; to serpentine. [R.]

The river runs before the door, and serpentizes more than you can conceive.
Walpole.

Ser"pent*ry (?), n. 1. A winding like a serpent's.

2. A place inhabited or infested by serpents.

Ser"pent-tongued` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a forked tongue, like a serpent.

Ser"pet (?), n. [L. sirpus, scirpus, a rush, bulrush.] A basket. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

||Ser*pette" (?), n. [F.] A pruning knife with a curved blade. Knight.

Ser*pig"i*nous (?), a. [Cf. F. serpigineux.] (Med.) Creeping; -- said of lesions which heal over one portion while continuing to advance at another.

||Ser*pi"go (?), n. [LL., fr. L. serpere to creep.] (Med.) A dry, scaly eruption on the skin; especially, a ringworm.

Ser"po*let (?), n. [F.] (Bot.) Wild thyme.

||Ser"pu*la (?), n.; pl. Serpulæ (#), E. Serpulas (#). [L., a little snake. See Serpent.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tubicolous annelids of the genus Serpula and allied genera of the family Serpulidæ. They secrete a calcareous tube, which is usually irregularly contorted, but is sometimes spirally coiled. The worm has a wreath of plumelike and often bright-colored gills around its head, and usually an operculum to close the aperture of its tube when it retracts.

{ Ser*pu"li*an (?), Ser*pu"li*dan (?), } n. (Zoöl.) A serpula.

Ser"pu*lite (?), n. A fossil serpula shell.

Serr (?), v. t. [F. serrer. See Serry.] To crowd, press, or drive together. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ser*ra"noid (?), n. [NL. Serranus, a typical genus (fr. L. serra a saw) + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Any fish of the family Serranidæ, which includes the striped bass, the black sea bass, and many other food fishes. -- a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Serranidæ.

{ Ser"rate (?), Ser"ra*ted (?), } a. [L. serratus, fr. serra a saw; perhaps akin to secare to cut, E. saw a cutting instrument. Cf. Sierra.] 1. Notched on the edge, like a saw.

2. (Bot.) Beset with teeth pointing forwards or upwards; as, serrate leaves.

Doubly serrate, having small serratures upon the large ones, as the leaves of the elm. -- Serrate- ciliate, having fine hairs, like the eyelashes, on the serratures; -- said of a leaf. -- Serrate- dentate, having the serratures toothed.

Ser*ra"tion (?), n. 1. Condition of being serrate; formation in the shape of a saw.

2. One of the teeth in a serrate or serrulate margin.

Ser*ra`ti*ros"tral (?), a. [Serrate + rostral.] (Zoöl.) Having a toothed bill, like that of a toucan.

Ser*ra"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) The ivory gull (Larus eburneus).

Ser"ra*ture (?), n. [L. serratura a sawing, fr. serrare to saw.] 1. A notching, like that between the teeth of a saw, in the edge of anything. Martyn.

2. One of the teeth in a serrated edge; a serration.

Ser"ri*ca`ted (?), a. [See Sericeous.] Covered with fine silky down.

Ser"ri*corn (?), a. [L. serra saw + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) Having serrated antenn&?;.

Ser"ri*corn, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of a numerous tribe of beetles (Serricornia). The joints of the antennæ are prominent, thus producing a serrate appearance. See Illust. under Antenna.

Ser"ried (?), a. [See Serry.] Crowded; compact; dense; pressed together.

Nor seemed it to relax their serried files.
Milton.

||Ser*rif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. serra saw + ferre to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Hymenoptera comprising the sawflies.

||Ser`ri*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL. fr. L. serra saw + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellirostres.

Ser"rous (?), a. [L. serra a saw.] Like the teeth off a saw; jagged. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ser"ru*la (?), n. [L., a little saw.] (Zoöl.) The red-breasted merganser.

{ Ser"rulate (?), Ser"ru*la`ted (?), } a. [L. serrula a little saw, dim. of serra a saw.] Finely serrate; having very minute teeth.

Ser`ru*la"tion (?), n. 1. The state of being notched minutely, like a fine saw. Wright.

2. One of the teeth in a serrulate margin.

Ser"ry (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Serried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Serrying.] [F. serrer, LL. serrare, serare, from L. sera a bar, bolt; akin to serere to join or bind together. See Serries.] To crowd; to press together. [Now perhaps only in the form serried, p. p. or a.]

||Ser`tu*la"ri*a (?), n. [NL., dim. fr. L. serta a garland.] (Zoöl.) A genus of delicate branching hydroids having small sessile hydrothecæ along the sides of the branches.

Ser`tu*la"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of Sertularia, or of Sertularidæ, a family of hydroids having branched chitinous stems and simple sessile hydrothecæ. Also used adjectively.

Se"rum (sē"rŭm), n. [L., akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. sāra curd.] (Physiol.) (a) The watery portion of certain animal fluids, as blood, milk, etc. (b) A thin watery fluid, containing more or less albumin, secreted by the serous membranes of the body, such as the pericardium and peritoneum.

Blood serum, the pale yellowish fluid which exudes from the clot formed in the coagulation of the blood; the liquid portion of the blood, after removal of the blood corpuscles and the fibrin. -- Muscle serum, the thin watery fluid which separates from the muscles after coagulation of the muscle plasma; the watery portion of the plasma. See Muscle plasma, under Plasma. -- Serum albumin (Physiol. Chem.), an albuminous body, closely related to egg albumin, present in nearly all serous fluids; esp., the albumin of blood serum. -- Serum globulin (Physiol. Chem.), paraglobulin. -- Serum of milk (Physiol. Chem.), the whey, or fluid portion of milk, remaining after removal of the casein and fat.

Serv"a*ble (?), a. [See Serve.] 1. Capable of being served.

2. [L. servabilis.] Capable of being preserved. [R.]

Serv"age (?), n. [Cf. F. servage.] Serfage; slavery; servitude. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ser"val (?), n. [Cf. F. serval.] (Zoöl.) An African wild cat (Felis serval) of moderate size. It has rather long legs and a tail of moderate length. Its color is tawny, with black spots on the body and rings of black on the tail.

Ser"val*ine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Related to, or resembling, the serval.

Serv"ant (?), n. [OE. servant, servaunt, F. servant, a & p. pr. of servir to serve, L. servire. See Serve, and cf. Sergeant.] 1. One who serves, or does services, voluntarily or on compulsion; a person who is employed by another for menial offices, or for other labor, and is subject to his command; a person who labors or exerts himself for the benefit of another, his master or employer; a subordinate helper. "A yearly hired servant." Lev. xxv. 53.

Men in office have begun to think themselves mere agents and servants of the appointing power, and not agents of the government or the country.
D. Webster.

&fist; In a legal sense, stewards, factors, bailiffs, and other agents, are servants for the time they are employed in such character, as they act in subordination to others. So any person may be legally the servant of another, in whose business, and under whose order, direction, and control, he is acting for the time being. Chitty.

2. One in a state of subjection or bondage.

Thou wast a servant in the land of Egypt.
Deut. v. 15.

3. A professed lover or suitor; a gallant. [Obs.]

In my time a servant was I one.
Chaucer.

Servant of servants, one debased to the lowest condition of servitude. -- Your humble servant, or Your obedient servant, phrases of civility often used in closing a letter.

Our betters tell us they are our humble servants, but understand us to be their slaves.
Swift.

Serv"ant, v. t. To subject. [Obs.] Shak.

Serv"ant*ess, n. A maidservant. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Serv"ant*ry (?), n. A body of servants; servants, collectively. [R.]

Serve (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Served (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Serving.] [OE. serven, servien, OF. & F. servir, fr. L. servire; akin to servus a servant or slave, servare to protect, preserve, observe; cf. Zend har to protect, haurva protecting. Cf. Conserve, Desert merit, Dessert, Observe, Serf, Sergeant.] 1. To work for; to labor in behalf of; to exert one's self continuously or statedly for the benefit of; to do service for; to be in the employment of, as an inferior, domestic, serf, slave, hired assistant, official helper, etc.; specifically, in a religious sense, to obey and worship.

God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit.
Rom. i. 9.

Jacob loved Rachel; and said, I will serve thee seven years for Rachel thy younger daughter.
Gen. xxix. 18.

No man can serve two masters.
Matt. vi. 24.

Had I but served my God with half the zeal
I served my king, he would not in mine age
Have left me naked to mine enemies.
Shak.

2. To be subordinate to; to act a secondary part under; to appear as the inferior of; to minister to.

Bodies bright and greater should not serve
The less not bright.
Milton.

3. To be suitor to; to profess love to. [Obs.]

To serve a lady in his beste wise.
Chaucer.

4. To wait upon; to supply the wants of; to attend; specifically, to wait upon at table; to attend at meals; to supply with food; as, to serve customers in a shop.

Others, pampered in their shameless pride,
Are served in plate and in their chariots ride.
Dryden.

5. Hence, to bring forward, arrange, deal, or distribute, as a portion of anything, especially of food prepared for eating; -- often with up; formerly with in.

Bid them cover the table, serve in the meat, and we will come in to dinner.
Shak.

Some part he roasts, then serves it up so dressed.
Dryde.

6. To perform the duties belonging to, or required in or for; hence, to be of use to; as, a curate may serve two churches; to serve one's country.

7. To contribute or conduce to; to promote; to be sufficient for; to satisfy; as, to serve one's turn.

Turn it into some advantage, by observing where it can serve another end.
Jer. Taylor.

8. To answer or be (in the place of something) to; as, a sofa serves one for a seat and a couch.

9. To treat; to behave one's self to; to requite; to act toward; as, he served me very ill.

10. To work; to operate; as, to serve the guns.

11. (Law) (a) To bring to notice, deliver, or execute, either actually or constructively, in such manner as the law requires; as, to serve a summons. (b) To make legal service opon (a person named in a writ, summons, etc.); as, to serve a witness with a subpœna.

12. To pass or spend, as time, esp. time of punishment; as, to serve a term in prison.

13. To copulate with; to cover; as, a horse serves a mare; -- said of the male.

14. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering (the ball).

15. (Naut.) To wind spun yarn, or the like, tightly around (a rope or cable, etc.) so as to protect it from chafing or from the weather. See under Serving.

To serve an attachment or a writ of attachment (Law), to levy it on the person or goods by seizure, or to seize. -- To serve an execution (Law), to levy it on a lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. -- To serve an office, to discharge a public duty. -- To serve a process (Law), in general, to read it, so as to give due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an attested copy with him or his attorney, or his usual place of abode. -- To serve a warrant, to read it, and seize the person against whom it is issued. -- To serve a writ (Law), to read it to the defendant, or to leave an attested copy at his usual place of abode. -- To serve one out, to retaliate upon; to requite. "I'll serve you out for this." C. Kingsley. -- To serve one right, to treat, or cause to befall one, according to his deserts; -- used commonly of ill deserts; as, it serves the scoundrel right. -- To serve one's self of, to avail one's self of; to make use of. [A Gallicism]

I will serve myself of this concession.
Chillingworth.

-- To serve out, to distribute; as, to serve out rations. -- To serve the time or the hour, to regulate one's actions by the requirements of the time instead of by one's duty; to be a timeserver. [Obs.]

They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment.
Hooker.

Syn. -- To obey; minister to; subserve; promote; aid; help; assist; benefit; succor.

Serve (?), v. i. 1. To be a servant or a slave; to be employed in labor or other business for another; to be in subjection or bondage; to render menial service.

The Lord shall give thee rest . . . from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to serve.
Isa. xiv. 3.

2. To perform domestic offices; to be occupied with household affairs; to prepare and dish up food, etc.

But Martha . . . said, Lord, dost thou not care that my sister hath left me to serve alone?
Luke x. 40.

3. To be in service; to do duty; to discharge the requirements of an office or employment. Specifically, to act in the public service, as a soldier, seaman. etc.

Many . . . who had before been great commanders, but now served as private gentlemen without pay.
Knolles.

4. To be of use; to answer a purpose; to suffice; to suit; to be convenient or favorable.

This little brand will serve to light your fire.
Dryden.

As occasion serves, this noble queen
And prince shall follow with a fresh supply.
Shak.

5. (Tennis) To lead off in delivering the ball.

Serv"er (?), n. 1. One who serves.

2. A tray for dishes; a salver. Randolph.

Ser"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Servia, a kingdom of Southern Europe. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Servia.

{ Serv"ice (?), n., or Serv"ice (?) }. [Properly, the tree which bears serve, OE. serves, pl., service berries, AS. syrfe service tree; akin to L. sorbus.] (Bot.) A name given to several trees and shrubs of the genus Pyrus, as Pyrus domestica and P. torminalis of Europe, the various species of mountain ash or rowan tree, and the American shad bush (see Shad bush, under Shad). They have clusters of small, edible, applelike berries.

Service berry (Bot.), the fruit of any kind of service tree. In British America the name is especially applied to that of the several species or varieties of the shad bush (Amelanchier.)

Serv"ice, n. [OE. servise, OF. servise, service, F. service, from L. servitium. See Serve.] 1. The act of serving; the occupation of a servant; the performance of labor for the benefit of another, or at another's command; attendance of an inferior, hired helper, slave, etc., on a superior, employer, master, or the like; also, spiritual obedience and love. "O God . . . whose service is perfect freedom." Bk. of Com. Prayer.

Madam, I entreat true peace of you,
Which I will purchase with my duteous service.
Shak.

God requires no man's service upon hard and unreasonable terms.
Tillotson.

2. The deed of one who serves; labor performed for another; duty done or required; office.

I have served him from the hour of my nativity, . . . and have nothing at his hands for my service but blows.
Shak.

This poem was the last piece of service I did for my master, King Charles.
Dryden.

To go on the forlorn hope is a service of peril; who will understake it if it be not also a service of honor?
Macaulay.

3. Office of devotion; official religious duty performed; religious rites appropriate to any event or ceremonial; as, a burial service.

The outward service of ancient religion, the rites, ceremonies, and ceremonial vestments of the old law.
Coleridge.

4. Hence, a musical composition for use in churches.

5. Duty performed in, or appropriate to, any office or charge; official function; hence, specifically, military or naval duty; performance of the duties of a soldier.

When he cometh to experience of service abroad . . . ne maketh a worthy soldier.
Spenser.

6. Useful office; advantage conferred; that which promotes interest or happiness; benefit; avail.

The stork's plea, when taken in a net, was the service she did in picking up venomous creatures.
L'Estrange.

7. Profession of respect; acknowledgment of duty owed. "Pray, do my service to his majesty." Shak.

8. The act and manner of bringing food to the persons who eat it; order of dishes at table; also, a set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table; as, the service was tardy and awkward; a service of plate or glass.

There was no extraordinary service seen on the board.
Hakewill.

9. (Law) The act of bringing to notice, either actually or constructively, in such manner as is prescribed by law; as, the service of a subpœna or an attachment.

10. (Naut.) The materials used for serving a rope, etc., as spun yarn, small lines, etc.

11. (Tennis) The act of serving the ball.

12. Act of serving or covering. See Serve, v. t., 13.

Service book, a prayer book or missal. - - Service line (Tennis), a line parallel to the net, and at a distance of 21 feet from it. -- Service of a writ, process, etc. (Law), personal delivery or communication of the writ or process, etc., to the party to be affected by it, so as to subject him to its operation; the reading of it to the person to whom notice is intended to be given, or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. -- Service of an attachment (Law), the seizing of the person or goods according to the direction. -- Service of an execution (Law), the levying of it upon the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. -- Service pipe, a pipe connecting mains with a dwelling, as in gas pipes, and the like. Tomlinson. -- To accept service. (Law) See under Accept. -- To see service (Mil.), to do duty in the presence of the enemy, or in actual war.

Serv"ice*a*ble (?), a. 1. Doing service; promoting happiness, interest, advantage, or any good; useful to any end; adapted to any good end use; beneficial; advantageous. "Serviceable to religion and learning". Atterbury. "Serviceable tools." Macaulay.

I know thee well, a serviceable villain.
Shak.

2. Prepared for rendering service; capable of, or fit for, the performance of duty; hence, active; diligent.

Courteous he was, lowly, and servysable.
Chaucer.

Bright-hearnessed angels sit in order serviceable.
Milton.

Seeing her so sweet and serviceable.
Tennnyson.

-- Serv"ice*a*ble*ness, n. -- Serv"ice*a*bly, adv.

Serv"ice*age (?), n. Servitude. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. serviens, -entis, p. pr. See Serve.] Subordinate. [Obs. except in law.] Dyer.

Servient tenement or estate (Law), that on which the burden of a servitude or an easement is imposed. Cf. Dominant estate, under Dominant. Gale & Whately.

||Ser`viette" (?), n. [F.] A table napkin.

Serv"ile (?), a. [L. servile, fr. servus a servant or slave: cf. F. servile. See Serve.] 1. Of or pertaining to a servant or slave; befitting a servant or a slave; proceeding from dependence; hence, meanly submissive; slavish; mean; cringing; fawning; as, servile flattery; servile fear; servile obedience.

She must bend the servile knee.
Thomson.

Fearing dying pays death servile breath.
Shak.

2. Held in subjection; dependent; enslaved.

Even fortune rules no more, O servile land!
Pope.

3. (Gram.) (a) Not belonging to the original root; as, a servile letter. (b) Not itself sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceeding vowel, as e in tune.

Serv"ile, n. (Gram.) An element which forms no part of the original root; -- opposed to radical.

Serv"ile*ly, adv. In a servile manner; slavishly.

Serv"ile*ness, n. Quality of being servile; servility.

Ser*vil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. servilité.] The quality or state of being servile; servileness.

To be a queen in bondage is more vile
Than is a slave in base servility.
Shak.

Serv"ing, a. & n. from Serve.

Serving board (Naut.), a flat piece of wood used in serving ropes. -- Serving maid, a female servant; a maidservant. -- Serving mallet (Naut.), a wooden instrument shaped like a mallet, used in serving ropes. -- Serving man, a male servant, or attendant; a manservant. -- Serving stuff (Naut.), small lines for serving ropes.

Serv"ite (?), n. [It. servita.] (R.C.Ch.) One of the order of the Religious Servants of the Holy Virgin, founded in Florence in 1223.

Serv"i*tor (?), n. [L., fr. servire to serve: cf. F. serviteur.] 1. One who serves; a servant; an attendant; one who acts under another; a follower or adherent.

Your trusty and most valiant servitor.
Shak.

2. (Univ. of Oxford, Eng.) An undergraduate, partly supported by the college funds, whose duty it formerly was to wait at table. A servitor corresponded to a sizar in Cambridge and Dublin universities.

Serv"i*tor*ship, n. The office, rank, or condition of a servitor. Boswell.

Serv"i*tude (?), n. [L. servitudo: cf. F. servitude.] 1. The state of voluntary or compulsory subjection to a master; the condition of being bound to service; the condition of a slave; slavery; bondage; hence, a state of slavish dependence.

You would have sold your king to slaughter,
His princes and his peers to servitude.
Shak.

A splendid servitude; . . . for he that rises up early, and goe&?; to bed late, only to receive addresses, is really as much abridged in his freedom as he that waits to present one.
South.

2. Servants, collectively. [Obs.]

After him a cumbrous train
Of herds and flocks, and numerous servitude.
Milton.

3. (Law) A right whereby one thing is subject to another thing or person for use or convenience, contrary to the common right.

&fist; The object of a servitude is either to suffer something to be done by another, or to omit to do something, with respect to a thing. The easements of the English correspond in some respects with the servitudes of the Roman law. Both terms are used by common law writers, and often indiscriminately. The former, however, rather indicates the right enjoyed, and the latter the burden imposed. Ayliffe. Erskine. E. Washburn.

Penal servitude. See under Penal. -- Personal servitude (Law), that which arises when the use of a thing is granted as a real right to a particular individual other than the proprietor. -- Predial servitude (Law), that which one estate owes to another estate. When it related to lands, vineyards, gardens, or the like, it is called rural; when it related to houses and buildings, it is called urban.

Serv"i*ture (?), n. Servants, collectively. [Obs.]

Serv"i*tute (?), n. [L. servitus.] Servitude. [Obs.]

Se"rye (?), n. A series. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ses"a*me (?), n. [L. sesamum, sesama, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;: cf. F. sésame.] (Bot.) Either of two annual herbaceous plants of the genus Sesamum (S. Indicum, and S. orientale), from the seeds of which an oil is expressed; also, the small obovate, flattish seeds of these plants, sometimes used as food. See Benne.

Open Sesame, the magical command which opened the door of the robber's den in the Arabian Nights' tale of "The Forty Thieves;" hence, a magical password. -- Sesame grass. (Bot.) Same as Gama grass.

Ses"a*moid (?), a. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?; like sesame; &?;&?;&?;&?;&?; sesame + &?;&?;&?; form: cf. F. sésamoïde.] 1. Resembling in shape the seeds of sesame.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the sesamoid bones or cartilages; sesamoidal.

Sesamoid bones, Sesamoid cartilages (Anat.), small bones or cartilages formed in tendons, like the patella and pisiform in man.

Ses"a*moid, n. (Anat.) A sesamoid bone or cartilage.

Ses`a*moid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Sesamoid.

Ses"ban (?), n. [F., fr. Ar. saisabān, seisebān, a kind of tree, fr. Per. sīsabān seed of cinquefoil.] (Bot.) A leguminous shrub (Sesbania aculeata) which furnishes a fiber used for making ropes.

&fist; The name is applied also to the similar plant, Sesbania Ægyptiaca, and other species of the same genus.

||Ses`qui- (?). [L., one half more, one and a half.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting that three atoms or equivalents of the substance to the name of which it is prefixed are combined with two of some other element or radical; as, sesquibromide, sesquicarbonate, sesquichloride, sesquioxide.

&fist; Sesquidupli- is sometimes, but rarely, used in the same manner to denote the proportions of two and a half to one, or rather of five to two.

Ses`qui*al"ter (?), a. Sesquialteral.

{ Ses`qui*al"ter (?), Ses`qui*al"ter*a (?), } n. [NL. sesquialtera.] (Mus.) A stop on the organ, containing several ranks of pipes which reënforce some of the high harmonics of the ground tone, and make the sound more brilliant.

{ Ses`qui*al"ter*al (?), Ses`qui*al"ter*ate (?), } a. [L. sesquialter once and a half; sesqui- + alter other: cf. F. sesquialtére.] Once and a half times as great as another; having the ratio of one and a half to one.

Sesquialteral ratio (Math.), the ratio of one and a half to one; thus, 9 and 6 are in a sesquialteral ratio.

Ses`qui*al"ter*ous (?), a. Sesquialteral.

Ses`qui*ba"sic (?), a. [Sesqui- + basic.] (Chem.) Containing, or acting as, a base in the proportions of a sesqui compound.

Ses`qui*du"pli*cate (?), a. [Sesqui- + duplicate.] Twice and a half as great (as another thing); having the ratio of two and a half to one.

Sesquiduplicate ratio (Math.), the ratio of two and a half to one, or one in which the greater term contains the lesser twice and a half, as that of 50 to 20.

Ses`qui*ox"ide (?), n. [Sesqui- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing three atoms of oxygen with two atoms (or radicals) of some other substance; thus, alumina, Al2O3 is a sesquioxide.

{ Ses*quip"e*dal (?), Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an (?), } a. [Sesqui- + pedal: cf. F. sesquipédal, L. sesquipedalis.] Measuring or containing a foot and a half; as, a sesquipedalian pygmy; -- sometimes humorously applied to long words.

{ Ses`qui*pe*da"li*an*ism (?), Ses*quip"e*dal*ism (?), } n. Sesquipedality.

Ses`qui*pe*dal"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality or condition of being sesquipedal. Sterne.

2. The use of sesquipedalian words; style characterized by the use of long words; sesquipedalism.

Ses*quip"li*cate (?), a. [Sesqui- + plicate.] (Math.) Subduplicate of the triplicate; -- a term applied to ratios; thus, a and a′ are in the sesquiplicate ratio of b and b′, when a is to a′ as the square root of the cube of b is to the square root of the cube of b′, or a:a′::√b3:√b′3.

The periodic times of the planets are in the sesquiplicate ratio of their mean distances.
Sir I. Newton.

Ses"qui*salt (?), n. [Sesqui- + salt.] (Chem.) A salt derived from a sesquioxide base, or made up on the proportions of a sesqui compound.

Ses`qui*sul"phide (?), n. [Sesqui- + sulphide.] (Chem.) A sulphide, analogous to a sesquioxide, containing three atoms of sulphur to two of the other ingredient; -- formerly called also sesquisulphuret; as, orpiment, As2S3 is arsenic sesquisulphide.

Ses`qui*ter"tial (?), a. Sesquitertian.

{ Ses`qui*ter"tian (?), Ses`qui*ter"tian*al (?), } a. [Sesqui- + L. tertianus belonging to the third. Cf. Tertian.] (Math.) Having the ratio of one and one third to one (as 4 : 3).

Ses"qui*tone (?), n. [Sesqui- + tone.] (Mus.) A minor third, or interval of three semitones.

Sess (?), v. t. [Aphetic form of assess. See Assess, Cess.] To lay a tax upon; to assess. [Obs.]

Sess, n. A tax; an assessment. See Cess. [Obs.]

Ses"sa (?), interj. Hurry; run. [Obs.] Shak.

Ses"sile (?), a. [L. sessilis low, dwarf, from sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. sessile.] 1. Attached without any sensible projecting support.

2. (Bot.) Resting directly upon the main stem or branch, without a petiole or footstalk; as, a sessile leaf or blossom.

3. (Zoöl.) Permanently attached; - - said of the gonophores of certain hydroids which never became detached.

Ses"sile-eyed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having eyes which are not elevated on a stalk; -- opposed to stalk-eyed.

Sessile-eyed Crustacea, the Arthrostraca.

Ses"sion (?), n. [L. sessio, fr. sedere, sessum, to sit: cf. F. session. See Sit.] 1. The act of sitting, or the state of being seated. [Archaic]

So much his ascension into heaven and his session at the right hand of God do import.
Hooker.

But Viven, gathering somewhat of his mood, . . .
Leaped from her session on his lap, and stood.
Tennyson.

2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legislature, etc., or the actual assembly of the members of such a body, for the transaction of business.

It's fit this royal session do proceed.
Shak.

3. Hence, also, the time, period, or term during which a court, council, legislature, etc., meets daily for business; or, the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment; thus, a session of Parliaments is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorogation. The session of a judicial court is called a term.

It was resolved that the convocation should meet at the beginning of the next session of Parliament.
Macaulay.

&fist; Sessions, in some of the States, is particularly used as a title for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to innkeepers, etc., and for laying out highways, and the like; it is also the title of several courts of criminal jurisdiction in England and the United States.

Church session, the lowest court in the Presbyterian Church, composed of the pastor and a body of elders elected by the members of a particular church, and having the care of matters pertaining to the religious interests of that church, as the admission and dismission of members, discipline, etc. -- Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. -- Quarter sessions. (Eng.Law) See under Quarter. -- Sessions of the peace, sittings held by justices of the peace. [Eng.]

Ses"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a session or sessions.

Sess"pool` (?), n. [Prov. E. suss hogwash, soss a dirty mess, a puddle + E. pool a puddle; cf. Gael. ses a coarse mess.] Same as Cesspool.

Ses"terce (?), n. [L. sestertius (sc. nummus), fr. sestertius two and a half; semis half + tertius third: cf. F. sesterce.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin or denomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally containing two asses and a half, afterward four asses, -- equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents.

&fist; The sestertium was equivalent to one thousand sesterces, equal to £8 17s 1d. sterling, or about $43, before the reign of Augustus. After his reign its value was about £7 16s. 3d. sterling. The sesterce was originally coined only in silver, but later both in silver and brass.

Ses*tet" (?), n. [It. sestetto, fr. sesto sixth, L. sextus, fr. sex six.] 1. (Mus.) A piece of music composed for six voices or six instruments; a sextet; -- called also sestuor. [Written also sestett, sestette.]

2. (Poet.) The last six lines of a sonnet.

||Ses*tet"to (?), n.[It.] (Mus.) A sestet.

Ses"tine (?), n. See Sextain.

Ses"tu*or (?), n. [F.] A sestet.

Set (s&ebreve;t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Set; p. pr. & vb. n. Setting.] [OE. setten, AS. setton; akin to OS. settian, OFries. setta, D. zetten, OHG. sezzen, G. setzen, Icel. setja, Sw. sätta, Dan. s&?;tte, Goth. satjan; causative from the root of E. sit. √154. See Sit, and cf. Seize.] 1. To cause to sit; to make to assume a specified position or attitude; to give site or place to; to place; to put; to fix; as, to set a house on a stone foundation; to set a book on a shelf; to set a dish on a table; to set a chest or trunk on its bottom or on end.

I do set my bow in the cloud.
Gen. ix. 13.

2. Hence, to attach or affix (something) to something else, or in or upon a certain place.

Set your affection on things above.
Col. iii. 2.

The Lord set a mark upon Cain.
Gen. iv. 15.

3. To make to assume specified place, condition, or occupation; to put in a certain condition or state (described by the accompanying words); to cause to be.

The Lord thy God will set thee on high.
Deut. xxviii. 1.

I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother.
Matt. x. 35.

Every incident sets him thinking.
Coleridge.

4. To fix firmly; to make fast, permanent, or stable; to render motionless; to give an unchanging place, form, or condition to. Specifically: --

(a) To cause to stop or stick; to obstruct; to fasten to a spot; hence, to occasion difficulty to; to embarrass; as, to set a coach in the mud.

They show how hard they are set in this particular.
Addison.

(b) To fix beforehand; to determine; hence, to make unyielding or obstinate; to render stiff, unpliant, or rigid; as, to set one's countenance.

His eyes were set by reason of his age.
1 Kings xiv. 4.

On these three objects his heart was set.
Macaulay.

Make my heart as a millstone, set my face as a flint.
Tennyson.

(c) To fix in the ground, as a post or a tree; to plant; as, to set pear trees in an orchard.

(d) To fix, as a precious stone, in a border of metal; to place in a setting; hence, to place in or amid something which serves as a setting; as, to set glass in a sash.

And him too rich a jewel to be set
In vulgar metal for a vulgar use.
Dryden.

(e) To render stiff or solid; especially, to convert into curd; to curdle; as, to set milk for cheese.

5. To put into a desired position or condition; to adjust; to regulate; to adapt. Specifically: --

(a) To put in order in a particular manner; to prepare; as, to set (that is, to hone) a razor; to set a saw.

Tables for to sette, and beddes make.
Chaucer.

(b) To extend and bring into position; to spread; as, to set the sails of a ship.

(c) To give a pitch to, as a tune; to start by fixing the keynote; as, to set a psalm. Fielding.

(d) To reduce from a dislocated or fractured state; to replace; as, to set a broken bone.

(e) To make to agree with some standard; as, to set a watch or a clock.

(f) (Masonry) To lower into place and fix solidly, as the blocks of cut stone in a structure.

6. To stake at play; to wager; to risk.

I have set my life upon a cast,
And I will stand the hazard of the die.
Shak.

7. To fit with music; to adapt, as words to notes; to prepare for singing.

Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute.
Dryden.

8. To determine; to appoint; to assign; to fix; as, to set a time for a meeting; to set a price on a horse.

9. To adorn with something infixed or affixed; to stud; to variegate with objects placed here and there.

High on their heads, with jewels richly set,
Each lady wore a radiant coronet.
Dryden.

Pastoral dales thin set with modern farms.
Wordsworth.

10. To value; to rate; -- with at.

Be you contented, wearing now the garland,
To have a son set your decrees at naught.
Shak.

I do not set my life at a pin's fee.
Shak.

11. To point out the seat or position of, as birds, or other game; -- said of hunting dogs.

12. To establish as a rule; to furnish; to prescribe; to assign; as, to set an example; to set lessons to be learned.

13. To suit; to become; as, it sets him ill. [Scot.]

14. (Print.) To compose; to arrange in words, lines, etc.; as, to set type; to set a page.

To set abroach. See Abroach. [Obs.] Shak. -- To set against, to oppose; to set in comparison with, or to oppose to, as an equivalent in exchange; as, to set one thing against another. -- To set agoing, to cause to move. -- To set apart, to separate to a particular use; to separate from the rest; to reserve. -- To set a saw, to bend each tooth a little, every alternate one being bent to one side, and the intermediate ones to the other side, so that the opening made by the saw may be a little wider than the thickness of the back, to prevent the saw from sticking. -- To set aside. (a) To leave out of account; to pass by; to omit; to neglect; to reject; to annul.

Setting aside all other considerations, I will endeavor to know the truth, and yield to that.
Tillotson.

(b) To set apart; to reserve; as, to set aside part of one's income. (c) (Law) See under Aside. -- To set at defiance, to defy. -- To set at ease, to quiet; to tranquilize; as, to set the heart at ease. -- To set at naught, to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. "Ye have set at naught all my counsel." Prov. i. 25. -- To set a trap, snare, or gin, to put it in a proper condition or position to catch prey; hence, to lay a plan to deceive and draw another into one's power. -- To set at work, or To set to work. (a) To cause to enter on work or action, or to direct how tu enter on work. (b) To apply one's self; -- used reflexively. -- To set before. (a) To bring out to view before; to exhibit. (b) To propose for choice to; to offer to. -- To set by. (a) To set apart or on one side; to reject. (b) To attach the value of (anything) to. "I set not a straw by thy dreamings." Chaucer. -- To set by the compass, to observe and note the bearing or situation of by the compass. -- To set case, to suppose; to assume. Cf. Put case, under Put, v. t. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To set down. (a) To enter in writing; to register.

Some rules were to be set down for the government of the army.
Clarendon.

(b) To fix; to establish; to ordain.

This law we may name eternal, being that order which God . . . hath set down with himself, for himself to do all things by.
Hooker.

(c) To humiliate. -- To set eyes on, to see; to behold; to fasten the eyes on. -- To set fire to, or To set on fire, to communicate fire to; fig., to inflame; to enkindle the passions of; to irritate. -- To set flying (Naut.), to hook to halyards, sheets, etc., instead of extending with rings or the like on a stay; -- said of a sail. -- To set forth. (a) To manifest; to offer or present to view; to exhibt; to display. (b) To publish; to promulgate; to make appear. Waller. (c) To send out; to prepare and send. [Obs.]

The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set forth by the Venetians.
Knolles.

-- To set forward. (a) To cause to advance. (b) To promote. -- To set free, to release from confinement, imprisonment, or bondage; to liberate; to emancipate. -- To set in, to put in the way; to begin; to give a start to. [Obs.]

If you please to assist and set me in, I will recollect myself.
Collier.

-- To set in order, to adjust or arrange; to reduce to method. "The rest will I set in order when I come." 1 Cor. xi. 34. -- To set milk. (a) To expose it in open dishes in order that the cream may rise to the surface. (b) To cause it to become curdled as by the action of rennet. See 4 (e). -- To set much, or little, by, to care much, or little, for. -- To set of, to value; to set by. [Obs.] "I set not an haw of his proverbs." Chaucer. -- To set off. (a) To separate from a whole; to assign to a particular purpose; to portion off; as, to set off a portion of an estate. (b) To adorn; to decorate; to embellish.

They . . . set off the worst faces with the best airs.
Addison.

(c) To give a flattering description of. - - To set off against, to place against as an equivalent; as, to set off one man's services against another's. -- To set on or upon. (a) To incite; to instigate. "Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this." Shak. (b) To employ, as in a task. " Set on thy wife to observe." Shak. (c) To fix upon; to attach strongly to; as, to set one's heart or affections on some object. See definition 2, above. -- To set one's cap for. See under Cap, n. -- To set one's self against, to place one's self in a state of enmity or opposition to. -- To set one's teeth, to press them together tightly. -- To set on foot, to set going; to put in motion; to start. -- To set out. (a) To assign; to allot; to mark off; to limit; as, to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow's thirds. (b) To publish, as a proclamation. [Obs.] (c) To adorn; to embellish.

An ugly woman, in rich habit set out with jewels, nothing can become.
Dryden.

(d) To raise, equip, and send forth; to furnish. [R.]

The Venetians pretend they could set out, in case of great necessity, thirty men-of-war.
Addison.

(e) To show; to display; to recommend; to set off.

I could set out that best side of Luther.
Atterbury.

(f) To show; to prove. [R.] "Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was." Atterbury. (g) (Law) To recite; to state at large. -- To set over. (a) To appoint or constitute as supervisor, inspector, ruler, or commander. (b) To assign; to transfer; to convey. -- To set right, to correct; to put in order. -- To set sail. (Naut.) See under Sail, n. -- To set store by, to consider valuable. -- To set the fashion, to determine what shall be the fashion; to establish the mode. -- To set the teeth on edge, to affect the teeth with a disagreeable sensation, as when acids are brought in contact with them. -- To set the watch (Naut.), to place the starboard or port watch on duty. -- To set to, to attach to; to affix to. "He . . . hath set to his seal that God is true." John iii. 33. -- To set up. (a) To erect; to raise; to elevate; as, to set up a building, or a machine; to set up a post, a wall, a pillar. (b) Hence, to exalt; to put in power. "I will . . . set up the throne of David over Israel." 2 Sam. iii. 10. (c) To begin, as a new institution; to institute; to establish; to found; as, to set up a manufactory; to set up a school. (d) To enable to commence a new business; as, to set up a son in trade. (e) To place in view; as, to set up a mark. (f) To raise; to utter loudly; as, to set up the voice.

I'll set up such a note as she shall hear.
Dryden.

(g) To advance; to propose as truth or for reception; as, to set up a new opinion or doctrine. T. Burnet. (h) To raise from depression, or to a sufficient fortune; as, this good fortune quite set him up. (i) To intoxicate. [Slang] (j) (Print.) To put in type; as, to set up copy; to arrange in words, lines, etc., ready for printing; as, to set up type. -- To set up the rigging (Naut.), to make it taut by means of tackles. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Syn. -- See Put.

Set (s&ebreve;t), v. i. 1. To pass below the horizon; to go down; to decline; to sink out of sight; to come to an end.

Ere the weary sun set in the west.
Shak.

Thus this century sets with little mirth, and the next is likely to arise with more mourning.
Fuller.

2. To fit music to words. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant. "To sow dry, and set wet." Old Proverb.

4. To be fixed for growth; to strike root; to begin to germinate or form; as, cuttings set well; the fruit has set well (i. e., not blasted in the blossom).

5. To become fixed or rigid; to be fastened.

A gathering and serring of the spirits together to resist, maketh the teeth to set hard one against another.
Bacon.

6. To congeal; to concrete; to solidify.

That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set.
Boyle.

7. To have a certain direction in motion; to flow; to move on; to tend; as, the current sets to the north; the tide sets to the windward.

8. To begin to move; to go out or forth; to start; -- now followed by out.

The king is set from London.
Shak.

9. To indicate the position of game; -- said of a dog; as, the dog sets well; also, to hunt game by the aid of a setter.

10. To apply one's self; to undertake earnestly; -- now followed by out.

If he sets industriously and sincerely to perform the commands of Christ, he can have no ground of doubting but it shall prove successful to him.
Hammond.

11. To fit or suit one; to sit; as, the coat sets well. [Colloquially used, but improperly, for sit.]

&fist; The use of the verb set for sit in such expressions as, the hen is setting on thirteen eggs; a setting hen, etc., although colloquially common, and sometimes tolerated in serious writing, is not to be approved.

To set about, to commence; to begin. -- To set forward, to move or march; to begin to march; to advance. -- To set forth, to begin a journey. -- To set in. (a) To begin; to enter upon a particular state; as, winter set in early. (b) To settle one's self; to become established. "When the weather was set in to be very bad." Addison. (c) To flow toward the shore; -- said of the tide. -- To set off. (a) To enter upon a journey; to start. (b) (Typog.) To deface or soil the next sheet; -- said of the ink on a freshly printed sheet, when another sheet comes in contact with it before it has had time to dry. -- To set on or upon. (a) To begin, as a journey or enterprise; to set about.

He that would seriously set upon the search of truth.
Locke.

(b) To assault; to make an attack. Bacon.

Cassio hath here been set on in the dark.
Shak.

-- To set out, to begin a journey or course; as, to set out for London, or from London; to set out in business;to set out in life or the world. -- To set to, to apply one's self to. -- To set up. (a) To begin business or a scheme of life; as, to set up in trade; to set up for one's self. (b) To profess openly; to make pretensions.

Those men who set up for mortality without regard to religion, are generally but virtuous in part.
Swift.

Set (?), a. 1. Fixed in position; immovable; rigid; as, a set line; a set countenance.

2. Firm; unchanging; obstinate; as, set opinions or prejudices.

3. Regular; uniform; formal; as, a set discourse; a set battle. "The set phrase of peace." Shak.

4. Established; prescribed; as, set forms of prayer.

5. Adjusted; arranged; formed; adapted.

Set hammer. (a) A hammer the head of which is not tightly fastened upon the handle, but may be reversed. Knight. (b) A hammer with a concave face which forms a die for shaping anything, as the end of a bolt, rivet, etc. -- Set line, a line to which a number of baited hooks are attached, and which, supported by floats and properly secured, may be left unguarded during the absence of the fisherman. -- Set nut, a jam nut or lock nut. See under Nut. -- Set screw (Mach.), a screw, sometimes cupped or printed at one end, and screwed through one part, as of a machine, tightly upon another part, to prevent the one from slipping upon the other. -- Set speech, a speech carefully prepared before it is delivered in public; a formal or methodical speech.

Set, n. 1. The act of setting, as of the sun or other heavenly body; descent; hence, the close; termination. "Locking at the set of day." Tennyson.

The weary sun hath made a golden set.
Shak.

2. That which is set, placed, or fixed. Specifically: -- (a) A young plant for growth; as, a set of white thorn. (b) That which is staked; a wager; a venture; a stake; hence, a game at venture. [Obs. or R.]

We will in France, by God's grace, play a set
Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard.
Shak.

That was but civil war, an equal set.
Dryden.

(c) (Mech.) Permanent change of figure in consequence of excessive strain, as from compression, tension, bending, twisting, etc.; as, the set of a spring.

(d) A kind of punch used for bending, indenting, or giving shape to, metal; as, a saw set.

(e) (Pile Driving) A piece placed temporarily upon the head of a pile when the latter cannot be reached by the weight, or hammer, except by means of such an intervening piece. [Often incorrectly written sett.]

(f) (Carp.) A short steel spike used for driving the head of a nail below the surface.

3. [Perhaps due to confusion with sect, sept.] A number of things of the same kind, ordinarily used or classed together; a collection of articles which naturally complement each other, and usually go together; an assortment; a suit; as, a set of chairs, of china, of surgical or mathematical instruments, of books, etc. [In this sense, sometimes incorrectly written sett.]

4. A number of persons associated by custom, office, common opinion, quality, or the like; a division; a group; a clique. "Others of our set." Tennyson.

This falls into different divisions, or sets, of nations connected under particular religions.
R. P. Ward.

5. Direction or course; as, the set of the wind, or of a current.

6. In dancing, the number of persons necessary to execute a quadrille; also, the series of figures or movements executed.

7. The deflection of a tooth, or of the teeth, of a saw, which causes the the saw to cut a kerf, or make an opening, wider than the blade.

8. (a) A young oyster when first attached. (b) Collectively, the crop of young oysters in any locality.

9. (Tennis) A series of as many games as may be necessary to enable one side to win six. If at the end of the tenth game the score is a tie, the set is usually called a deuce set, and decided by an application of the rules for playing off deuce in a game. See Deuce.

10. (Type Founding) That dimension of the body of a type called by printers the width.

Dead set. (a) The act of a setter dog when it discovers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out. (b) A fixed or stationary condition arising from obstacle or hindrance; a deadlock; as, to be at a dead set. (c) A concerted scheme to defraud by gaming; a determined onset. -- To make a dead set, to make a determined onset, literally or figuratively.

Syn. -- Collection; series; group. See Pair.

||Se"ta (?), n.; pl. Setæ. [L. seta, saeta, a bristle.] 1. (Biol.) Any slender, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ or part; as the hairs of a caterpillar, the slender spines of a crustacean, the hairlike processes of a protozoan, the bristles or stiff hairs on the leaves of some plants, or the pedicel of the capsule of a moss.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) One of the movable chitinous spines or hooks of an annelid. They usually arise in clusters from muscular capsules, and are used in locomotion and for defense. They are very diverse in form. (b) One of the spinelike feathers at the base of the bill of certain birds.

Se*ta"ceous (?), a. [L. seta a bristle: cf. F. sétacé.] 1. Set with, or consisting of, bristles; bristly; as, a stiff, setaceous tail.

2. Bristelike in form or texture; as, a setaceous feather; a setaceous leaf.

Set"back` (?), n. 1. (Arch.) Offset, n., 4.

2. A backset; a countercurrent; an eddy. [U. S.]

3. A backset; a check; a repulse; a reverse; a relapse. [Colloq. U.S.]

Set"bolt` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) 1. An iron pin, or bolt, for fitting planks closely together. Craig.

2. A bolt used for forcing another bolt out of its hole.

Set"down` (?), n. The humbling of a person by act or words, especially by a retort or a reproof; the retort or the reproof which has such effect.

Set*ee" (?), n. (Naut.) See 2d Settee.

Set"en (?), obs. imp. pl. of Sit. Sat. Chaucer.

Set"e*wale (?), n. See Cetewale. [Obs.]

Set"-fair` (?), n. In plastering, a particularly good troweled surface. Knight.

Set"foil` (?), n. See Septfoil.

Seth"en (?), adv. & conj. See Since. [Obs.]

Seth"ic (?), a. See Sothic.

Se*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. seta a bristle + -ferous.] Producing, or having one or more, bristles.

Se"ti*form (?), a. [Seta + - form: cf. F. sétiforme.] Having the form or structure of setæ.

Se"ti*ger (?), n. [NL. See Setigerous.] (Zoöl.) An annelid having setæ; a chætopod.

Se*tig"er*ous (?), a. [Seta + -gerous.] Covered with bristles; having or bearing a seta or setæ; setiferous; as, setigerous glands; a setigerous segment of an annelid; specifically (Bot.), tipped with a bristle.

Se"tim (?), n. See Shittim.

Se*tip"a*rous (?), a. [Seta + L. papere to produce.] (Zoöl.) Producing setæ; -- said of the organs from which the setæ of annelids arise.

Se"ti*reme (?), n. [Seta + L. remus an oar.] (Zoöl.) A swimming leg (of an insect) having a fringe of hairs on the margin.

Set"ness (?), n. The quality or state of being set; formality; obstinacy. "The starched setness of a sententious writer." R. Masters.

Set"-off` (?), n. [Set + off.] 1. That which is set off against another thing; an offset.

I do not contemplate such a heroine as a set-off to the many sins imputed to me as committed against woman.
D. Jerrold.

2. That which is used to improve the appearance of anything; a decoration; an ornament.

3. (Law) A counterclaim; a cross debt or demand; a distinct claim filed or set up by the defendant against the plaintiff's demand.

&fist; Set-off differs from recoupment, as the latter generally grows out of the same matter or contract with the plaintiff's claim, while the former grows out of distinct matter, and does not of itself deny the justice of the plaintiff's demand. Offset is sometimes improperly used for the legal term set- off. See Recoupment.

4. (Arch.) Same as Offset, n., 4.

5. (Print.) See Offset, 7.

Syn. -- Set-off, Offset. -- Offset originally denoted that which branches off or projects, as a shoot from a tree, but the term has long been used in America in the sense of set-off. This use is beginning to obtain in England; though Macaulay uses set-off, and so, perhaps, do a majority of English writers.

Se"ton (?), n. [F. séton (cf. It. setone), from L. seta a thick, stiff hair, a bristle.] (Med. & Far.) A few silk threads or horsehairs, or a strip of linen or the like, introduced beneath the skin by a knife or needle, so as to form an issue; also, the issue so formed.

{ Se*tose" (?), Se"tous (?), } a. [L. setosus, saetosus, from seta, saeta, bristle: cf. F. séteux.] Thickly set with bristles or bristly hairs.

Set"out` (?), n. A display, as of plate, equipage, etc.; that which is displayed. [Coloq.] Dickens.

Set"-stitched` (?), a. Stitched according to a formal pattern. "An old set-stiched chair, valanced, and fringed with party-colored worsted bobs." Sterne.

Sett (?), n. See Set, n., 2 (e) and 3.

Set*tee" (?), n. [From Set; cf. Settle a seat.] A long seat with a back, -- made to accommodate several persons at once.

Set*tee", n. [F. scétie, scitie.] (Naut.) A vessel with a very long, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails, -- used in the Mediterranean. [Written also setee.]

Set"ter (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sets; -- used mostly in composition with a noun, as typesetter; or in combination with an adverb, as a setter on (or inciter), a setter up, a setter forth.

2. (Zoöl.) A hunting dog of a special breed originally derived from a cross between the spaniel and the pointer. Modern setters are usually trained to indicate the position of game birds by standing in a fixed position, but originally they indicated it by sitting or crouching.

&fist; There are several distinct varieties of setters; as, the Irish, or red, setter; the Gordon setter, which is usually red or tan varied with black; and the English setter, which is variously colored, but usually white and tawny red, with or without black.

3. One who hunts victims for sharpers. Shak.

4. One who adapts words to music in composition.

5. An adornment; a decoration; -- with off. [Obs.]

They come as . . . setters off of thy graces.
Whitlock.

6. (Pottery) A shallow seggar for porcelain. Ure.

Set"ter, v. t. To cut the dewlap (of a cow or an ox), and to insert a seton, so as to cause an issue. [Prov. Eng.]

Set"ter*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The bear's-foot (Helleborus fœtidus); -- so called because the root was used in settering, or inserting setons into the dewlaps of cattle. Called also pegroots. Dr. Prior.

Set"ting (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, sets; as, the setting of type, or of gems; the setting of the sun; the setting (hardening) of moist plaster of Paris; the setting (set) of a current.

2. The act of marking the position of game, as a setter does; also, hunting with a setter. Boyle.

3. Something set in, or inserted.

Thou shalt set in it settings of stones.
Ex. xxviii. 17.

4. That in which something, as a gem, is set; as, the gold setting of a jeweled pin.

Setting coat (Arch.), the finishing or last coat of plastering on walls or ceilings. -- Setting dog, a setter. See Setter, n., 2. -- Setting pole, a pole, often iron- pointed, used for pushing boats along in shallow water. -- Setting rule. (Print.) A composing rule.

Set"tle (?), n. [OE. setel, setil, a seat, AS. setl: akin to OHG. sezzal, G. sessel, Goth. sitls, and E. sit. √154. See Sit.] 1. A seat of any kind. [Obs.] "Upon the settle of his majesty" Hampole.

2. A bench; especially, a bench with a high back.

3. A place made lower than the rest; a wide step or platform lower than some other part.

And from the bottom upon the ground, even to the lower settle, shall be two cubits, and the breadth one cubit.
Ezek. xliii. 14.

Settle bed, a bed convertible into a seat. [Eng.]

Set"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Settled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Settling (?).] [OE. setlen, AS. setlan. √154. See Settle, n. In senses 7, 8, and 9 perhaps confused with OE. sahtlen to reconcile, AS. sahtlian, fr. saht reconciliation, sacon to contend, dispute. Cf. Sake.] 1. To place in a fixed or permanent condition; to make firm, steady, or stable; to establish; to fix; esp., to establish in life; to fix in business, in a home, or the like.

And he settled his countenance steadfastly upon him, until he was ashamed.
2 Kings viii. 11. (Rev. Ver.)

The father thought the time drew on
Of setting in the world his only son.
Dryden.

2. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain or install as pastor or rector of a church, society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. [U. S.]

3. To cause to be no longer in a disturbed condition; to render quiet; to still; to calm; to compose.

God settled then the huge whale-bearing lake.
Chapman.

Hoping that sleep might settle his brains.
Bunyan.

4. To clear of dregs and impurities by causing them to sink; to render pure or clear; -- said of a liquid; as, to settle coffee, or the grounds of coffee.

5. To restore or bring to a smooth, dry, or passable condition; -- said of the ground, of roads, and the like; as, clear weather settles the roads.

6. To cause to sink; to lower; to depress; hence, also, to render close or compact; as, to settle the contents of a barrel or bag by shaking it.

7. To determine, as something which is exposed to doubt or question; to free from unscertainty or wavering; to make sure, firm, or constant; to establish; to compose; to quiet; as, to settle the mind when agitated; to settle questions of law; to settle the succession to a throne; to settle an allowance.

It will settle the wavering, and confirm the doubtful.
Swift.

8. To adjust, as something in discussion; to make up; to compose; to pacify; as, to settle a quarrel.

9. To adjust, as accounts; to liquidate; to balance; as, to settle an account.

10. Hence, to pay; as, to settle a bill. [Colloq.] Abbott.

11. To plant with inhabitants; to colonize; to people; as, the French first settled Canada; the Puritans settled New England; Plymouth was settled in 1620.

To settle on or upon, to confer upon by permanent grant; to assure to. "I . . . have settled upon him a good annuity." Addison. -- To settle the land (Naut.), to cause it to sink, or appear lower, by receding from it.

Syn. -- To fix; establish; regulate; arrange; compose; adjust; determine; decide.

Set"tle, v. i. 1. To become fixed or permanent; to become stationary; to establish one's self or itself; to assume a lasting form, condition, direction, or the like, in place of a temporary or changing state.

The wind came about and settled in the west.
Bacon.

Chyle . . . runs through all the intermediate colors until it settles in an intense red.
Arbuthnot.

2. To fix one's residence; to establish a dwelling place or home; as, the Saxons who settled in Britain.

3. To enter into the married state, or the state of a householder.

As people marry now and settle.
Prior.

4. To be established in an employment or profession; as, to settle in the practice of law.

5. To become firm, dry, and hard, as the ground after the effects of rain or frost have disappeared; as, the roads settled late in the spring.

6. To become clear after being turbid or obscure; to clarify by depositing matter held in suspension; as, the weather settled; wine settles by standing.

A government, on such occasions, is always thick before it settles.
Addison.

7. To sink to the bottom; to fall to the bottom, as dregs of a liquid, or the sediment of a reserveir.

8. To sink gradually to a lower level; to subside, as the foundation of a house, etc.

9. To become calm; to cease from agitation.

Till the fury of his highness settle,
Come not before him.
Shak.

10. To adjust differences or accounts; to come to an agreement; as, he has settled with his creditors.

11. To make a jointure for a wife.

He sighs with most success that settles well.
Garth.

Set"tled*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being settled; confirmed state. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Set"tle*ment (?), n. 1. The act of setting, or the state of being settled. Specifically: --

(a) Establishment in life, in business, condition, etc.; ordination or installation as pastor.

Every man living has a design in his head upon wealth power, or settlement in the world.
L'Estrange.

(b) The act of peopling, or state of being peopled; act of planting, as a colony; colonization; occupation by settlers; as, the settlement of a new country.

(c) The act or process of adjusting or determining; composure of doubts or differences; pacification; liquidation of accounts; arrangement; adjustment; as, settlement of a controversy, of accounts, etc.

(d) Bestowal, or giving possession, under legal sanction; the act of giving or conferring anything in a formal and permanent manner.

My flocks, my fields, my woods, my pastures take,
With settlement as good as law can make.
Dryden.

(e) (Law) A disposition of property for the benefit of some person or persons, usually through the medium of trustees, and for the benefit of a wife, children, or other relatives; jointure granted to a wife, or the act of granting it.

2. That which settles, or is settled, established, or fixed. Specifically: --

(a) Matter that subsides; settlings; sediment; lees; dregs. [Obs.]

Fuller's earth left a thick settlement.
Mortimer.

(b) A colony newly established; a place or region newly settled; as, settlement in the West.

(c) That which is bestowed formally and permanently; the sum secured to a person; especially, a jointure made to a woman at her marriage; also, in the United States, a sum of money or other property formerly granted to a pastor in additional to his salary.

3. (Arch.) (a) The gradual sinking of a building, whether by the yielding of the ground under the foundation, or by the compression of the joints or the material. (b) pl. Fractures or dislocations caused by settlement.

4. (Law) A settled place of abode; residence; a right growing out of residence; legal residence or establishment of a person in a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Blackstone. Bouvier.

Act of settlement (Eng. Hist.), the statute of 12 and 13 William III, by which the crown was limited to the present reigning house (the house of Hanover). Blackstone.

Set"tler (?), n. 1. One who settles, becomes fixed, established, etc.

2. Especially, one who establishes himself in a new region or a colony; a colonist; a planter; as, the first settlers of New England.

3. That which settles or finishes; hence, a blow, etc., which settles or decides a contest. [Colloq.]

4. A vessel, as a tub, in which something, as pulverized ore suspended in a liquid, is allowed to settle.

Set"tling (?), n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, settles; the act of establishing one's self, of colonizing, subsiding, adjusting, etc.

2. pl. That which settles at the bottom of a liquid; lees; dregs; sediment. Milton.

Settling day, a day for settling accounts, as in the stock market.

Set"-to` (?), n. A contest in boxing, in an argument, or the like. [Colloq.] Halliwell.

||Set"u*la (?), n.; pl. Setulæ (#). [L. setula, saetula, dim. of seta, saeta, bristle.] A small, short hair or bristle; a small seta.

Set"ule (?), n. [See Setula.] A setula.

Set"u*lose` (?), a. Having small bristles or setæ.

Set"wall` (?), n. [CF. Cetewale.] (Bot.) A plant formerly valued for its restorative qualities (Valeriana officinalis, or V. Pyrenaica). [Obs.] [Written also setwal.] Chaucer.

Sev"en (?), a. [OE. seven, seoven, seofen, AS. seofon, seofan, seofen; akin to D. zeven, OS., Goth., & OHG. sibun, G. sieben, Icel. sjau, sjö, Sw. sju, Dan. syv, Lith. septyni, Russ. seme, W. saith, Gael. seachd, Ir. seacht, L. septem, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. saptan. √305. Cf. Hebdomad, Heptagon, September.] One more than six; six and one added; as, seven days make one week.

Seven sciences. See the Note under Science, n., 4. -- Seven stars (Astron.), the Pleiades. -- Seven wonders of the world. See under Wonders. -- Seven-year apple (Bot.), a rubiaceous shrub (Genipa clusiifolia) growing in the West Indies; also, its edible fruit. -- Seven-year vine (Bot.), a tropical climbing plant (Ipomœa tuberosa) related to the morning- glory.

Sev"en, n. 1. The number greater by one than six; seven units or objects.

Of every beast, and bird, and insect small,
Game sevens and pairs.
Milton.

2. A symbol representing seven units, as 7, or vii.

Sev"en*fold` (?), a. Repeated seven times; having seven thicknesses; increased to seven times the size or amount. "Sevenfold rage." Milton.

Sev"en*fold`, adv. Seven times as much or as often.

Whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold.
Gen. iv. 15.

Seven"night (?), n. A week; any period of seven consecutive days and nights. See Sennight.

Sev"en*score` (?), n. & a. Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred and forty.

The old Countess of Desmond . . . lived sevenscore years.
Bacon.

Sev"en-shoot`er (?), n. A firearm, esp. a pistol, with seven barrels or chambers for cartridges, or one capable of firing seven shots without reloading. [Colloq.]

Sev"en*teen` (?), a. [OE. seventene, AS. seofont&ymacr;ne, i. e., seven- ten. Cf. Seventy.] One more than sixteen; ten and seven added; as, seventeen years.

Sev"en*teen`, n. 1. The number greater by one than sixteen; the sum of ten and seven; seventeen units or objects.

2. A symbol denoting seventeen units, as 17, or xvii.

Sev"en*teenth` (?), a. [From Seventeen: cf. AS. seofonteóða, seofonteogeða.] 1. Next in order after the sixteenth; coming after sixteen others.

In . . . the seventeenth day of the month . . . were all the fountains of the great deep broken up.
Gen. vii. 11.

2. Constituting or being one of seventeen equal parts into which anything is divided.

Sev"en*teenth` (?), n. 1. The next in order after the sixteenth; one coming after sixteen others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventeen; one of seventeen equal parts or divisions of one whole.

3. (Mus.) An interval of two octaves and a third.

Sev"enth (?), a. [From Seven: cf. AS. seofoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixth;; coming after six others.

On the seventh day, God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made.
Gen. ii. 2.

2. Constituting or being one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided; as, the seventh part.

Seventh day, the seventh day of the week; Saturday. -- Seventh-day Baptists. See under Baptist.

Sev"enth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixth; one coming after six others.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seven; one of seven equal parts into which anything is divided.

3. (Mus.) (a) An interval embracing seven diatonic degrees of the scale. (b) A chord which includes the interval of a seventh whether major, minor, or diminished.

Sev`en-thir"ties (?), n. pl. A name given to three several issues of United States Treasury notes, made during the Civil War, in denominations of $50 and over, bearing interest at the rate of seven and three tenths (thirty hundredths) per cent annually. Within a few years they were all redeemed or funded.

Sev"enth*ly (?), adv. In the seventh place.

Sev"en*ti*eth (?), a. [AS. hund- seofontigoða.] 1. Next in order after the sixty-ninth; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age.

2. Constituting or being one of seventy equal parts.

Sev"en*ti*eth, n. 1. One next in order after the sixty-ninth.

2. The quotient of a unit divided by seventy; one of seventy equal parts or fractions.

Sev"en*ty (?), a. [AS. hund- seofontig. See Seven, and Ten, and cf. Seventeen, Sixty.] Seven times ten; one more than sixty-nine.

Sev"en*ty, n.; pl. Seventies (&?;). 1. The sum of seven times ten; seventy units or objects.

2. A symbol representing seventy units, as 70, or lxx.

The Seventy, the translators of the Greek version of the Old Testament called the Septuagint. See Septuagint.

Sev`en*ty-four" (?), n. (Naut.) A naval vessel carrying seventy-four guns.

Sev"en-up`, n. The game of cards called also all fours, and old sledge. [U. S.]

Sev"er (?), v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Severed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Severing.] [OF. sevrer, severer, to separate, F. sevrer to wean, fr. L. separare. See Separate, and cf. Several.] 1. To separate, as one from another; to cut off from something; to divide; to part in any way, especially by violence, as by cutting, rending, etc.; as, to sever the head from the body.

The angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just.
Matt. xiii. 49.

2. To cut or break open or apart; to divide into parts; to cut through; to disjoin; as, to sever the arm or leg.

Our state can not be severed; we are one.
Milton.

3. To keep distinct or apart; to except; to exempt.

I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarms of flies shall be there.
Ex. viii. 22.

4. (Law) To disunite; to disconnect; to terminate; as, to sever an estate in joint tenancy. Blackstone.

Sev"er, v. i. 1. To suffer disjunction; to be parted, or rent asunder; to be separated; to part; to separate. Shak.

2. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish.

The Lord shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt.
Ex. ix. 4.

They claimed the right of severing in their challenge.
Macaulay.

Sev"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being severed. Encyc. Dict.

Sev"er*al (?), a. [OF., fr. LL. separalis, fr. L. separ separate, different. See Sever, Separate.] 1. Separate; distinct; particular; single.

Each several ship a victory did gain.
Dryden.

Each might his several province well command,
Would all but stoop to what they understand.
Pope.

2. Diverse; different; various. Spenser.

Habits and faculties, several, and to be distinguished.
Bacon.

Four several armies to the field are led.
Dryden.

3. Consisting of a number more than two, but not very many; divers; sundry; as, several persons were present when the event took place.

Sev"er*al, adv. By itself; severally. [Obs.]

Every kind of thing is laid up several in barns or storehoudses.
Robynson (More's Utopia).

Sev"er*al, n. 1. Each particular taken singly; an item; a detail; an individual. [Obs.]

There was not time enough to hear . . .
The severals.
Shak.

2. Persons oe objects, more than two, but not very many.

Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them.
Addison.

3. An inclosed or separate place; inclosure. [Obs.]

They had their several for heathen nations, their several for the people of their own nation.
Hooker.

In several, in a state of separation. [R.] "Where pastures in several be." Tusser.

Sev`er*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severalities (&?;). Each particular taken singly; distinction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sev"er*al*ize (?), v. t. To distinguish. [Obs.]

Sev"er*al*ly, adv. Separately; distinctly; apart from others; individually.

There must be an auditor to check and revise each severally by itself.
De Quincey.

Sev"er*al*ty (?), n. A state of separation from the rest, or from all others; a holding by individual right.

Forests which had never been owned in severalty.
Bancroft.

Estate in severalty (Law), an estate which the tenant holds in his own right, without being joined in interest with any other person; -- distinguished from joint tenancy, coparcenary, and common. Blackstone.

Sev"er*ance (?), n. 1. The act of severing, or the state of being severed; partition; separation. Milman.

2. (Law) The act of dividing; the singling or severing of two or more that join, or are joined, in one writ; the putting in several or separate pleas or answers by two or more disjointly; the destruction of the unity of interest in a joint estate. Bouvier.

Se*vere" (?), a. [Compar. Severer (?); superl. Severest.] [L. severus; perhaps akin to Gr. &?;&?;&?; awe, &?;&?;&?; revered, holy, solemn, Goth. swikns innocent, chaste: cf. F. sévère. Cf. Asseverate, Persevere.] 1. Serious in feeeling or manner; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful.

Your looks alter, as your subject does,
From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe.
Waller.

2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; harsh; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; as, severe criticism; severe punishment. "Custody severe." Milton.

Come! you are too severe a moraler.
Shak.

Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be always more severe against thyself than against others.
Jer. Taylor.

3. Rigidly methodical, or adherent to rule or principle; exactly conformed to a standard; not allowing or employing unneccessary ornament, amplification, etc.; strict; -- said of style, argument, etc. "Restrained by reason and severe principles." Jer. Taylor.

The Latin, a most severe and compendious language.
Dryden.

4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, fortune; severe cold.

5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test.

Syn. -- Strict; grave; austere; stern; morose; rigid; exact; rigorous; hard; rough; harsh; censorious; tart; acrimonious; sarcastic; satirical; cutting; biting; keen; bitter; cruel. See Strict.

-- Se*vere"ly, adv. -- Se*vere"ness, n.

Se*ver"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Severities (#). [L. severitas: cf. F. sévérité.] The quality or state of being severe. Specifically: --

(a) Gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigor; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or a reproof; severity of discipline or government; severity of penalties. "Strict age, and sour severity." Milton.

(b) The quality or power of distressing or paining; extreme degree; extremity; intensity; inclemency; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat; the severity of the winter.

(c) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war.

(d) Exactness; rigorousness; strictness; as, the severity of a test.

Confining myself to the severity of truth.
Dryden.

Sev"er*y (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. ciborium. Oxf. Gloss.] (Arch.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling. [Written also civery.]

Sev`o*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sevocare, sevocatum, to call aside.] A calling aside. [Obs.]

Sè"vres blue` (?). A very light blue.

Sè"vres ware` (?). Porcelain manufactured at Sèvres, France, ecpecially in the national factory situated there.

Sew (?), n.[OE. See Sewer household officer.] Juice; gravy; a seasoned dish; a delicacy. [Obs.] Gower.

I will not tell of their strange sewes.
Chaucer.

Sew, v. t. [See Sue to follow.] To follow; to pursue; to sue. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sew (?), v. t. [imp. Sewed (?); p. p. Sewed, rarely Sewn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sewing.] [OE. sewen, sowen, AS. siówian, sīwian; akin to OHG. siuwan, Icel. s&?;ja, Sw. sy, Dan. sye, Goth. siujan, Lith. siuti, Russ, shite, L. ssuere, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, Skr. siv. √156. Cf. Seam a suture, Suture.] 1. To unite or fasten together by stitches, as with a needle and thread.

No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment.
Mark ii. 21.

2. To close or stop by ssewing; -- often with up; as, to sew up a rip.

3. To inclose by sewing; -- sometimes with up; as, to sew money in a bag.

Sew, v. i. To practice sewing; to work with needle and thread.

Sew (?), v. t. [√151 b. See Sewer a drain.] To drain, as a pond, for taking the fish. [Obs.] Tusser.

Sew"age (?), n. 1. The contents of a sewer or drain; refuse liquids or matter carried off by sewers

2. Sewerage, 2.

Sewe (?), v. i. To perform the duties of a sewer. See 3d Sewer. [Obs.]

Sew"el (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A scarecrow, generally made of feathers tied to a string, hung up to prevent deer from breaking into a place. Halliwell.

Se*wel"lel (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar gregarious burrowing rodent (Haplodon rufus), native of the coast region of the Northwestern United States. It somewhat resembles a muskrat or marmot, but has only a rudimentary tail. Its head is broad, its eyes are small and its fur is brownish above, gray beneath. It constitutes the family Haplodontidæ. Called also boomer, showt'l, and mountain beaver.

Sew"en (?), n. (Zoöl.) A British trout usually regarded as a variety (var. Cambricus) of the salmon trout.

Sew"er (?), n. 1. One who sews, or stitches.

2. (Zoöl.) A small tortricid moth whose larva sews together the edges of a leaf by means of silk; as, the apple-leaf sewer (Phoxopteris nubeculana)

Sew"er (?), n. [OF. sewiere, seuwiere, ultimately fr. L. ex out + a derivative of aqua water; cf. OF. essevour a drain, essever, esseuwer, essiaver, to cause to flow, to drain, to flow, LL. exaquatorium a channel through which water runs off. Cf. Ewer, Aquarium.] A drain or passage to carry off water and filth under ground; a subterraneous channel, particularly in cities.

Sew"er, n. [Cf. OE. assewer, and asseour, OF. asseour, F. asseoir to seat, to set, L. assidere to sit by; ad + sedere to sit (cf. Sit); or cf. OE. sew pottage, sauce, boiled meat, AS. seáw juice, Skr. su to press out.] Formerly, an upper servant, or household officer, who set on and removed the dishes at a feast, and who also brought water for the hands of the guests.

Then the sewer
Poured water from a great and golden ewer,
That from their hands to a silver caldron ran.
Chapman.

Sew"er*age (?), n. 1. The construction of a sewer or sewers.

2. The system of sewers in a city, town, etc.; the general drainage of a city or town by means of sewers.

3. The material collected in, and discharged by, sewers. [In this sense sewage is preferable and common.]

Sew"in (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sewen.

Sew"ing (?), n. 1. The act or occupation of one who sews.

2. That which is sewed with the needle.

Sewing horse (Harness making), a clamp, operated by the foot, for holding pieces of leather while being sewed. -- Sewing machine, a machine for sewing or stitching. -- Sewing press, or Sewing table (Bookbinding), a fixture or table having a frame in which are held the cords to which the back edges of folded sheets are sewed to form a book.

Sew"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sex- (?). [L. sex six. See Six.] A combining form meaning six; as, sexdigitism; sexennial.

Sex, n. [L. sexus: cf. F. sexe.] 1. The distinguishing peculiarity of male or female in both animals and plants; the physical difference between male and female; the assemblage of properties or qualities by which male is distinguished from female.

2. One of the two divisions of organic beings formed on the distinction of male and female.

3. (Bot.) (a) The capability in plants of fertilizing or of being fertilized; as, staminate and pistillate flowers are of opposite sexes. (b) One of the groups founded on this distinction.

The sex, the female sex; women, in general.

Sex`a*ge*na"ri*an (?), n. [See Sexagenary.] A person who is sixty years old.

Sex*ag"e*na*ry (?), a. [L. sexagenarius, fr. sexageni sixty each, akin to sexaginta sixty, sex six: cf. sexagénaire. See Six.] Pertaining to, or designating, the number sixty; poceeding by sixties; sixty years old.

Sexagenary arithmetic. See under Sexagesimal. -- Sexagenary, or Sexagesimal, scale (Math.), a scale of numbers in which the modulus is sixty. It is used in treating the divisions of the circle.

Sex*ag"e*na*ry, n. 1. Something composed of sixty parts or divisions.

2. A sexagenarian. Sir W. Scott.

||Sex`a*ges"i*ma (?), n. [L., fem. of sexagesimus sixtieth, fr. sexaginta sixty.] (Eccl.) The second Sunday before Lent; -- so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Sex`a*ges"i*mal (?), a. [Cf. F. sexagésimal.] Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty.

Sexagesimal fractions or numbers (Arith. & Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power of sixty; as, &frac1x60;, &frac1x3600;, &frac1x216000;; -- called also astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. -- Sexagesimal, or Sexagenary, arithmetic, the method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by sixties. -- Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.

Sex`a*ges"i*mal, n. A sexagesimal fraction.

Sex"an`gle (?), n. [L. sexangulus sexangular; sex six + angulus angle: cf. F. sexangle. Cf. Hexangular.] (Geom.) A hexagon. [R.] Hutton.

{ Sex"an`gled (?), Sex*an"gu*lar (?) } a. [Cf. F. sexangulaire.] Having six angles; hexagonal. [R.] Dryden.

Sex*an"gu*lar*ly, adv. Hexagonally. [R.]

Sex*av"a*lent (?), a. See Sexivalent. [R.]

Sex*dig"it*ism (?), n. [Sex- + digit.] The state of having six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sex*dig"it*ist, n. One who has six fingers on a hand, or six toes on a foot.

Sexed (?), a. Belonging to sex; having sex; distinctively male of female; as, the sexed condition.

Sex"e*na*ry (?), a. Proceeding by sixes; sextuple; -- applied especially to a system of arithmetical computation in which the base is six.

Sex*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. sexennium a period of six years, sexennis of six years; sex six + annus a year. See Six, and Annual.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. -- n. A sexennial event.

Sex*en"ni*al*ly, adv. Once in six years.

{ Sex"fid (?), Sex"i*fid (?), } a. [Sex- + root of L. findere to split: cf. F. sexfide.] (Bot.) Six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary.

Sex`i*syl*lab"ic (?), a. [Sex- + syllabic.] Having six syllables. Emerson.

Sex"i*syl`la*ble (?), n. [Sex- + syllable.] A word of six syllables.

Sex*iv"a*lent (?), a. [Sex- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (hem.) Hexavalent. [R.]

Sex"less (?), a. Having no sex.

Sex`loc"u*lar (?), a. [Sex- + locular: cf. F. sexloculaire.] (Bot.) Having six cells for seeds; six-celled; as, a sexlocular pericarp.

Sex"ly (?), a. Pertaining to sex. [R.]

Should I ascribe any of these things unto myself or my sexly weakness, I were not worthy to live.
Queen Elizabeth.

Sex*ra"di*ate (?), a. [Sex- + radiate.] (Zoöl.) Having six rays; -- said of certain sponge spicules. See Illust. of Spicule.

Sext (?), n. [L. sexta, fem. of sextus sixtt, fr. sex six: cf. F. sexte.] (R.C.Ch.) (a) The office for the sixth canonical hour, being a part of the Breviary. (b) The sixth book of the decretals, added by Pope Boniface VIII.

Sex"tain, n. [L. sextus sixth, fr. sex six: cf. It. sestina.] (Pros.) A stanza of six lines; a sestine.

||Sex"tans (?), n. [L. See Sextant.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A Roman coin, the sixth part of an as.

2. (Astron.) A constellation on the equator south of Leo; the Sextant.

Sex"tant (?), n. [L. sextans, -antis, the sixth part of an as, fr. sextus sixth, sex six. See Six.] 1. (Math.) The sixth part of a circle.

2. An instrument for measuring angular distances between objects, -- used esp. at sea, for ascertaining the latitude and longitude. It is constructed on the same optical principle as Hadley's quadrant, but usually of metal, with a nicer graduation, telescopic sight, and its arc the sixth, and sometimes the third, part of a circle. See Quadrant.

3. (Astron.) The constellation Sextans.

Box sextant, a small sextant inclosed in a cylindrical case to make it more portable.

Sex"ta*ry (?), n.; pl. Sextaries (#). [L. sextarius the sixth part of a measure, weight, etc., fr. sextus sixth, sex six.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ancient Roman liquid and dry measure, about equal to an English pint.

Sex"ta*ry (?), n. [For sextonry.] A sacristy. [Obs.]

{ Sex*tet" (?), Sex*tet"to (?), } n. (Mus.) See Sestet.

Sex"teyn (?), n. A sacristan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sex"tic (?), a. [L. sextus sixth.] (Math.) Of the sixth degree or order. -- n. (Alg.) A quantic of the sixth degree.

Sex"tile (?), a. [F. sextil, fr. L. sextus the sixth, from sex six. See Six.] (Astrol.) Measured by sixty degrees; fixed or indicated by a distance of sixty degrees. Glanvill.

Sex"tile, n. [Cf. F. aspect sextil.] (Astrol.) The aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other sixty degrees, or two signs. This position is marked thus: &8star;. Hutton.

Sex*til"lion (?), n. [Formed (in imitation of million) fr. L. sextus sixth, sex six: cf. F. sextilion.] According to the method of numeration (which is followed also in the United States), the number expressed by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. According to the English method, a million raised to the sixth power, or the number expressed by a unit with thirty-six ciphers annexed. See Numeration.

Sex"to (?), n.; pl. Sextos (#). [L. sextus sixth.] A book consisting of sheets each of which is folded into six leaves.

Sex`to*dec"i*mo (?), a. [L. sextus- decimus the sixteenth; sextus the sixth (fr. sex six) + decimus the tenth, from decem ten. See - mo.] Having sixteen leaves to a sheet; of, or equal to, the size of one fold of a sheet of printing paper when folded so as to make sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages; as, a sextodecimo volume.

Sex`to*dec"imo, n.; pl. Sextodecimos (&?;). A book composed of sheets each of which is folded into sixteen leaves; hence, indicating, more or less definitely, a size of a book; -- usually written 16mo, or 16°.

Sex"to*let (?), n. (Mus.) A double triplet; a group of six equal notes played in the time of four.

Sex"ton (?), n. [OE. sextein, contr. fr. sacristan.] An under officer of a church, whose business is to take care of the church building and the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church, to attend on the officiating clergyman, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, such as to dig graves, ring the bell, etc.

Sexton beetle (Zoöl.), a burying beetle.

Sex"ton*ess, n. A female sexton; a sexton's wife.

Sex"ton*ry (?), n. Sextonship. [Obs.] Ld. Bernes.

Sex"ton*ship, n. The office of a sexton. Swift.

Sex"try (?), n. See Sacristy. [Obs.]

Sex"tu*ple (?), a. [Formed (in imitation of quadruple) fr. L. sextus sixth: cf. F. sextuple.] 1. Six times as much; sixfold.

2. (Mus.) Divisible by six; having six beats; as, sixtuple measure.

Sex"u*al (?), a. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F. sexuel.] Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex; peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female; relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes; proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce; sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation.

Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies which have two kinds of females. -- Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed by Linnæus, founded mainly on difference in number and position of the stamens and pistils of plants. -- Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection which results from certain individuals of one sex having more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.; applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results from such sexual preferences. Darwin.

In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems to have acted independently of sexual selection.
A. R. Wallace.

Sex"u*al*ist, n. (Bot.) One who classifies plants by the sexual method of Linnæus.

Sex`u*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being distinguished by sex. Lindley.

Sex"u*al*ize (?), v. t. To attribute sex to.

Sex"u*al*ly, adv. In a sexual manner or relation.

{ Sey (?), Seyh (?) }, obs. imp. sing. & 2d pers. pl. of See. Chaucer.

{ Seye (?), Seyen (?) }, obs. imp. pl. & p. p. of See.

Seynd (?), obs. p. p. of Senge, to singe. Chaucer.

Seynt (?), n. A gridle. See 1st Seint. [Obs.]

{ ||Sfor*zan"do (?), ||Sfor*za"to (?), } a. [It. sforzando, p. pr., and sforzato, p. p. of sforzare to force.] (Mus.) Forcing or forced; -- a direction placed over a note, to signify that it must be executed with peculiar emphasis and force; -- marked fz (an abbreviation of forzando), sf, sfz, or &?;.

||Sfu*ma"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Having vague outlines, and colors and shades so mingled as to give a misty appearance; -- said of a painting.

||Sgraf*fi"to (?), a. [It.] (Paint.) Scratched; -- said of decorative painting of a certain style, in which a white overland surface is cut or scratched through, so as to form the design from a dark ground underneath.

Shab (?), n. [OE. shabbe, AS. sc&?;b. See Scab.] The itch in animals; also, a scab. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shabbing.] [See Scab, 3.] To play mean tricks; to act shabbily. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shab, v. t. To scratch; to rub. [Obs.] Farquhar.

Shab"bed (?), a. Shabby. [Obs.] Wood.

Shab"bi*ly (?), adv. In a shabby manner.

Shab"bi*ness, n. The quality or state of being sghabby.

{ Shab"ble (?), Shab"ble }, n.[Cf. D. sabel, and G. säbel.] A kind of crooked sword or hanger. [Scot.]

Shab"by (?), a. [Compar. Shabbier (?); superl. Shabbiest.] [See Shab, n., Scabby, and Scab.] 1. Torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged.

Wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts.
Macaulay.

2. Clothed with ragged, much worn, or soiled garments. "The dean was so shabby." Swift.

3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, shabby treatment. "Very shabby fellows." Clarendon.

||Shab"rack (?), n. [Turk. tshāprāk, whence F. chabraque, G. shabracke.] (Mil.) The saddlecloth or housing of a cavalry horse.

Shack (?), v. t. [Prov. E., to shake, to shed. See Shake.] 1. To shed or fall, as corn or grain at harvest. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

2. To feed in stubble, or upon waste corn. [Prov. Eng.]

3. To wander as a vagabond or a tramp. [Prev.Eng.]

Shack, n. [Cf. Scot. shag refuse of barley or oats.] 1. The grain left after harvest or gleaning; also, nuts which have fallen to the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

2. Liberty of winter pasturage. [Prov. Eng.]

3. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a vagabond; a tramp. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

All the poor old shacks about the town found a friend in Deacon Marble.
H. W. Beecher.

Common of shack (Eng.Law), the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field to turn out their cattle to range in it after harvest. Cowell.

Shack"a*to*ry (?), n. A hound. [Obs.]

Shac"kle (?), n. Stubble. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Shac"kle, n. [Generally used in the plural.] [OE. schakkyll, schakle, AS. scacul, sceacul, a shackle, fr. scacan to shake; cf. D. schakel a link of a chain, a mesh, Icel. skökull the pole of a cart. See Shake.] 1. Something which confines the legs or arms so as to prevent their free motion; specifically, a ring or band inclosing the ankle or wrist, and fastened to a similar shackle on the other leg or arm, or to something else, by a chain or a strap; a gyve; a fetter.

His shackles empty left; himself escaped clean.
Spenser.

2. Hence, that which checks or prevents free action.

His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles.
South.

3. A fetterlike band worn as an ornament.

Most of the men and women . . . had all earrings made of gold, and gold shackles about their legs and arms.
Dampier.

4. A link or loop, as in a chain, fitted with a movable bolt, so that the parts can be separated, or the loop removed; a clevis.

5. A link for connecting railroad cars; -- called also drawlink, draglink, etc.

6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock, by which it is hung to the staple. Knight.

Shackle joint (Anat.), a joint formed by a bony ring passing through a hole in a bone, as at the bases of spines in some fishes.

Shac"kle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shackled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shackling.] 1. To tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion; to bind with shackles; to fetter; to chain.

To lead him shackled, and exposed to scorn
Of gathering crowds, the Britons' boasted chief.
J. Philips.

2. Figuratively: To bind or confine so as to prevent or embarrass action; to impede; to cumber.

Shackled by her devotion to the king, she seldom could pursue that object.
Walpole.

3. To join by a link or chain, as railroad cars. [U. S.]

Shackle bar, the coupling between a locomotive and its tender. [U.S.] -- Shackle bolt, a shackle. Sir W. Scott.

Shack"lock` (?), n. A sort of shackle. [Obs.]

Shack"ly, a. Shaky; rickety. [Colloq. U. S.]

Shad (shăd), n. sing. & pl. [AS. sceadda a kind of fish, akin to Prov. G. schade; cf. Ir. & Gael. sgadan a herring, W. ysgadan herrings; all perhaps akin to E. skate a fish.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of food fishes of the Herring family. The American species (Clupea sapidissima), which is abundant on the Atlantic coast and ascends the larger rivers in spring to spawn, is an important market fish. The European allice shad, or alose (C. alosa), and the twaite shad. (C. finta), are less important species. [Written also chad.]

&fist; The name is loosely applied, also, to several other fishes, as the gizzard shad (see under Gizzard), called also mud shad, white-eyed shad, and winter shad.

Hardboaded, or Yellow-tailed, shad, the menhaden. -- Hickory, or Tailor, shad, the mattowacca. -- Long-boned shad, one of several species of important food fishes of the Bermudas and the West Indies, of the genus Gerres. -- Shad bush (Bot.), a name given to the North American shrubs or small trees of the rosaceous genus Amelanchier (A. Canadensis, and A. alnifolia) Their white racemose blossoms open in April or May, when the shad appear, and the edible berries (pomes) ripen in June or July, whence they are called Juneberries. The plant is also called service tree, and Juneberry. -- Shad frog, an American spotted frog (Rana halecina); - - so called because it usually appears at the time when the shad begin to run in the rivers. -- Trout shad, the squeteague. -- White shad, the common shad.

Shad"bird` (shăd"b&etilde;rd), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The American, or Wilson's, snipe. See under Snipe. So called because it appears at the same time as the shad. (b) The common European sandpiper. [Prov. Eng.]

Shadd (shăd), n. (Mining.) Rounded stones containing tin ore, lying at the surface of the ground, and indicating a vein. Raymond.

Shad"de (?), obs. imp. of Shed. Chaucer.

Shad"dock (?), n. [Said to be so called from a Captain Shaddock, who first brought this fruit from the East Indies.] (Bot.) A tree (Citrus decumana) and its fruit, which is a large species of orange; -- called also forbidden fruit, and pompelmous.

Shade (shād), n. [OE. shade, shadewe, schadewe, AS. sceadu, scead; akin to OS. skado, D. schaduw, OHG. scato, (gen. scatewes), G. schatten, Goth. skadus, Ir. & Gael. sgath, and probably to Gr. sko`tos darkness. √162. Cf. Shadow, Shed a hat.] 1. Comparative obscurity owing to interception or interruption of the rays of light; partial darkness caused by the intervention of something between the space contemplated and the source of light.

&fist; Shade differs from shadow as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. When we speak of the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its form and extent.

2. Darkness; obscurity; -- often in the plural.

The shades of night were falling fast.
Longfellow.

3. An obscure place; a spot not exposed to light; hence, a secluded retreat.

Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there
Weep our sad bosoms empty.
Shak.

4. That which intercepts, or shelters from, light or the direct rays of the sun; hence, also, that which protects from heat or currents of air; a screen; protection; shelter; cover; as, a lamp shade.

The Lord is thy shade upon thy right hand.
Ps. cxxi. 5.

Sleep under a fresh tree's shade.
Shak.

Let the arched knife well sharpened now assail the spreading shades of vegetables.
J. Philips.

5. Shadow. [Poetic.]

Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue.
Pope.

6. The soul after its separation from the body; -- so called because the ancients it to be perceptible to the sight, though not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes.

Swift as thought the flitting shade
Thro' air his momentary journey made.
Dryden.

7. (Painting, Drawing, etc.) The darker portion of a picture; a less illuminated part. See Def. 1, above.

8. Degree or variation of color, as darker or lighter, stronger or paler; as, a delicate shade of pink.

White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green only in by the eyes.
Locke.

9. A minute difference or variation, as of thought, belief, expression, etc.; also, the quality or degree of anything which is distinguished from others similar by slight differences; as, the shades of meaning in synonyms.

New shades and combinations of thought.
De Quincey.

Every shade of religious and political opinion has its own headquarters.
Macaulay.

The Shades, the Nether World; the supposed abode of souls after leaving the body.

Shade (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shading.] 1. To shelter or screen by intercepting the rays of light; to keep off illumination from. Milton.

I went to crop the sylvan scenes,
And shade our altars with their leafy greens.
Dryden.

2. To shelter; to cover from injury; to protect; to screen; to hide; as, to shade one's eyes.

Ere in our own house I do shade my head.
Shak.

3. To obscure; to dim the brightness of.

Thou shad'st
The full blaze of thy beams.
Milton.

4. To pain in obscure colors; to darken.

5. To mark with gradations of light or color.

6. To present a shadow or image of; to shadow forth; to represent. [Obs.]

[The goddess] in her person cunningly did shade
That part of Justice which is Equity.
Spenser.

Shade"ful (?), a. Full of shade; shady.

Shade"less, a. Being without shade; not shaded.

Shad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shades.

Shad"i*ly (?), adv. In a shady manner.

Shad"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being shady.

Shad"ing, n. 1. Act or process of making a shade.

2. That filling up which represents the effect of more or less darkness, expressing rotundity, projection, etc., in a picture or a drawing.

||Sha*doof" (sh&adot;*d&oomac;f"), n. [Ar. shādūf.] A machine, resembling a well sweep, used in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for irrigation.

Shad"ow (shăd"&osl;), n. [Originally the same word as shade. √162. See Shade.] 1. Shade within defined limits; obscurity or deprivation of light, apparent on a surface, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or of a tower. See the Note under Shade, n., 1.

2. Darkness; shade; obscurity.

Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise.
Denham.

3. A shaded place; shelter; protection; security.

In secret shadow from the sunny ray,
On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid.
Spenser.

4. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water. Shak.

5. That which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow; an inseparable companion; hence, an obsequious follower.

Sin and her shadow Death.
Milton.

6. A spirit; a ghost; a shade; a phantom. "Hence, horrible shadow!" Shak.

7. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; indistinct image; dim bodying forth; hence, mystical representation; type.

The law having a shadow of good things to come.
Heb. x. 1.

[Types] and shadows of that destined seed.
Milton.

8. A small degree; a shade. "No variableness, neither shadow of turning." James i. 17.

9. An uninvited guest coming with one who is invited. [A Latinism] Nares.

I must not have my board pastered with shadows
That under other men's protection break in
Without invitement.
Massinger.

Shadow of death, darkness or gloom like that caused by the presence or the impending of death. Ps. xxiii. 4.

Shad"ow, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shadowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shadowing.] [OE. shadowen, AS. sceadwian. See adow, n.] 1. To cut off light from; to put in shade; to shade; to throw a shadow upon; to overspead with obscurity.

The warlike elf much wondered at this tree,
So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground.
Spenser.

2. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [R.]

Let every soldier hew him down a bough.
And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow
The numbers of our host.
Shak.

3. To protect; to shelter from danger; to shroud.

Shadowing their right under your wings of war.
Shak.

4. To mark with gradations of light or color; to shade.

5. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to adumbrate; hence, to represent typically.

Augustus is shadowed in the person of Æneas.
Dryden.

6. To cloud; to darken; to cast a gloom over.

The shadowed livery of the burnished sun.
Shak.

Why sad?
I must not see the face O love thus shadowed.
Beau. & Fl.

7. To attend as closely as a shadow; to follow and watch closely, especially in a secret or unobserved manner; as, a detective shadows a criminal.

Shad"ow*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shadowy.

Shad"ow*ing, n. 1. Shade, or gradation of light and color; shading. Feltham.

2. A faint representation; an adumbration.

There are . . . in savage theology shadowings, quaint or majestic, of the conception of a Supreme Deity.
Tylor.

Shad"ow*ish, a. Shadowy; vague. [Obs.] Hooker.

Shad"ow*less, a. Having no shadow.

Shad"ow*y (?), a. 1. Full of shade or shadows; causing shade or shadow. "Shadowy verdure." Fenton.

This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods.
Shak.

2. Hence, dark; obscure; gloomy; dim. "The shadowy past." Longfellow.

3. Not brightly luminous; faintly light.

The moon . . . with more pleasing light,
Shadowy sets off the face things.
Milton.

4. Faintly representative; hence, typical.

From shadowy types to truth, from flesh to spirit.
Milton.

5. Unsubstantial; unreal; as, shadowy honor.

Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy
and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death.
Addison.

Sha"drach (?), n. (Metal.) A mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect; -- so called from Shadrach, one of the three Hebrews who came forth unharmed from the fiery furnace of Nebuchadnezzar. (See Dan. iii. 26, 27.)

Shad"-spir`it (?), n. See Shadbird (a)

Shad"-wait`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A lake whitefish; the roundfish. See Roundfish.

Shad"y (?), a. [Compar. Shadier (?); superl. Shadiest.] 1. Abounding in shade or shades; overspread with shade; causing shade.

The shady trees cover him with their shadow.
Job. xl. 22.

And Amaryllis fills the shady groves.
Dryden.

2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat.

Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter.
Bacon.

3. Of or pertaining to shade or darkness; hence, unfit to be seen or known; equivocal; dubious or corrupt. [Colloq.] "A shady business." London Sat. Rev.

Shady characters, disreputable, criminal.
London Spectator.

On the shady side of, on the thither side of; as, on the shady side of fifty; that is, more than fifty. [Colloq.] -- To keep shady, to stay in concealment; also, to be reticent. [Slang]

Shaf"fle (?), v. i. [See Shuffle.] To hobble or limp; to shuffle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shaf"fler (?), n. A hobbler; one who limps; a shuffer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sha"fi*ite (?), n. A member of one of the four sects of the Sunnites, or Orthodox Mohammedans; -- so called from its founder, Mohammed al-Shafeï.

Shaft (?), n. [OE. shaft, schaft, AS. sceaft; akin to D. schacht, OHG. scaft, G. schaft, Dan. & Sw. skaft handle, haft, Icel. skapt, and probably to L. scapus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;&?;, a staff. Probably originally, a shaven or smoothed rod. Cf. Scape, Scepter, Shave.] 1. The slender, smooth stem of an arrow; hence, an arrow.

His sleep, his meat, his drink, is him bereft,
That lean he wax, and dry as is a shaft.
Chaucer.

A shaft hath three principal parts, the stele [stale], the feathers, and the head.
Ascham.

2. The long handle of a spear or similar weapon; hence, the weapon itself; (Fig.) anything regarded as a shaft to be thrown or darted; as, shafts of light.

And the thunder,
Winged with red lightning and impetuous rage,
Perhaps hath spent his shafts.
Milton.

Some kinds of literary pursuits . . . have been attacked with all the shafts of ridicule.
V. Knox.

3. That which resembles in some degree the stem or handle of an arrow or a spear; a long, slender part, especially when cylindrical. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The trunk, stem, or stalk of a plant. (b) (Zoöl.) The stem or midrib of a feather. See Illust. of Feather. (c) The pole, or tongue, of a vehicle; also, a thill. (d) The part of a candlestick which supports its branches.

Thou shalt make a candlestick of pure gold . . . his shaft, and his branches, his bowls, his knops, and his flowers, shall be of the same.
Ex. xxv. 31.

(e) The handle or helve of certain tools, instruments, etc., as a hammer, a whip, etc. (f) A pole, especially a Maypole. [Obs.] Stow. (g) (Arch.) The body of a column; the cylindrical pillar between the capital and base (see Illust. of Column). Also, the part of a chimney above the roof. Also, the spire of a steeple. [Obs. or R.] Gwilt. (h) A column, an obelisk, or other spire-shaped or columnar monument.

Bid time and nature gently spare
The shaft we raise to thee.
Emerson.

(i) (Weaving) A rod at the end of a heddle. (j) (Mach.) A solid or hollow cylinder or bar, having one or more journals on which it rests and revolves, and intended to carry one or more wheels or other revolving parts and to transmit power or motion; as, the shaft of a steam engine. See Illust. of Countershaft.

4. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Thaumastura cora) having two of the tail feathers next to the middle ones very long in the male; -- called also cora humming bird.

5. [Cf. G. schacht.] (Mining) A well-like excavation in the earth, perpendicular or nearly so, made for reaching and raising ore, for raising water, etc.

6. A long passage for the admission or outlet of air; an air shaft.

7. The chamber of a blast furnace.

Line shaft (Mach.), a main shaft of considerable length, in a shop or factory, usually bearing a number of pulleys by which machines are driven, commonly by means of countershafts; -- called also line, or main line. - - Shaft alley (Naut.), a passage extending from the engine room to the stern, and containing the propeller shaft. -- Shaft furnace (Metal.), a furnace, in the form of a chimney, which is charged at the top and tapped at the bottom.

Shaft"ed, a. 1. Furnished with a shaft, or with shafts; as, a shafted arch.

2. (Her.) Having a shaft; -- applied to a spear when the head and the shaft are of different tinctures.

Shaft"ing, n. (Mach.) Shafts, collectivelly; a system of connected shafts for communicating motion.

{ Shaft"man (?), Shaft"ment (?), } n. [AS. sceaftmund.] A measure of about six inches. [Obs.]

Shag (?), n. [AS. sceacga a bush of hair; akin to Icel. skegg the beard, Sw. skägg, Dan. skj&?;g. Cf. Schock of hair.] 1. Coarse hair or nap; rough, woolly hair.

True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn.
Gay.

2. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap.

3. (Com.) A kind of prepared tobacco cut fine.

4. (Zoöl.) Any species of cormorant.

Shag, a. Hairy; shaggy. Shak.

Shag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shagging.] To make hairy or shaggy; hence, to make rough.

Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies.
J. Barlow.

Shag"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A rough-barked species of hickory (Carya alba), its nut. Called also shellbark. See Hickory. (b) The West Indian Pithecolobium micradenium, a legiminous tree with a red coiled-up pod.

Shage"bush` (?), n. A sackbut. [Obs.]

Shag"ged (?), a. Shaggy; rough. Milton. -- Shag"ged*ness, n. Dr. H. More.

Shag"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shaggy; roughness; shaggedness.

Shag"gy (?), a. [Compar. Shaggier (?); superl. Shaggiest.] [From Shag, n.] Rough with long hair or wool.

About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin.
Dryden.

2. Rough; rugged; jaggy. Milton.

[A rill] that winds unseen beneath the shaggy fell.
Keble.

Shag"-haired` (?), a. Having shaggy hair. Shak.

Shag"-rag` (?), n. The unkempt and ragged part of the community. [Colloq. or Slang.] R. Browning.

Sha*green" (?), v. t. To chagrin. [Obs.]

Sha*green", n. [F. chagrin, It. zigrino, fr. Turk. saghri the back of a horse or other beast of burden, shagreen. Cf. Chagrin.] 1. A kind of untanned leather prepared in Russia and the East, from the skins of horses, asses, and camels, and grained so as to be covered with small round granulations. This characteristic surface is produced by pressing small seeds into the grain or hair side when moist, and afterward, when dry, scraping off the roughness left between them, and then, by soaking, causing the portions of the skin which had been compressed or indented by the seeds to swell up into relief. It is used for covering small cases and boxes.

2. The skin of various small sharks and other fishes when having small, rough, bony scales. The dogfishes of the genus Scyllium furnish a large part of that used in the arts.

{ Sha*green" (?), Sha*greened" (?) } a. 1. Made or covered with the leather called shagreen. "A shagreen case of lancets." T. Hook.

2. (Zoöl.) Covered with rough scales or points like those on shagreen.

Shah (shä), n. [Per. shāh a king, sovereign, prince. Cf. Checkmate, Chess, Pasha.] The title of the supreme ruler in certain Eastern countries, especially Persia. [Written also schah.]

Shah Nameh. [Per., Book of Kings.] A celebrated historical poem written by Firdousi, being the most ancient in the modern Persian language. Brande & C.

||Sha*hin" (?), n. [Ar. shāhīn.] (Zoöl.) A large and swift Asiatic falcon (Falco pregrinator) highly valued in falconry.

Shaik (?), n. See Sheik.

Shail (?), v. i. [Cf. AS. sceolh squinting, Icel. skjāgr wry, oblique, Dan. skele to squint.] To walk sidewise. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Shake (?), obs. p. p. of Shake. Chaucer.

Shake, v. t. [imp. Shook (?); p. p. Shaken (?), (Shook, obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaking.] [OE. shaken, schaken, AS. scacan, sceacan; akin to Icel. & Sw. skaka, OS. skakan, to depart, to flee. √161. Cf. Shock, v.] 1. To cause to move with quick or violent vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to make to tremble or shiver; to agitate.

As a fig tree casteth her untimely figs, when she is shaken of a mighty wind.
Rev. vi. 13.

Ascend my chariot; guide the rapid wheels
That shake heaven's basis.
Milton.

2. Fig.: To move from firmness; to weaken the stability of; to cause to waver; to impair the resolution of.

When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation.
Atterbury.

Thy equal fear that my firm faith and love
Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced.
Milton.

3. (Mus.) To give a tremulous tone to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music.

4. To move or remove by agitating; to throw off by a jolting or vibrating motion; to rid one's self of; -- generally with an adverb, as off, out, etc.; as, to shake fruit down from a tree.

Shake off the golden slumber of repose.
Shak.

'Tis our fast intent
To shake all cares and business from our age.
Shak.

I could scarcely shake him out of my company.
Bunyan.

To shake a cask (Naut.), to knock a cask to pieces and pack the staves. -- To shake hands, to perform the customary act of civility by clasping and moving hands, as an expression of greeting, farewell, good will, agreement, etc. -- To shake out a reef (Naut.), to untile the reef points and spread more canvas. -- To shake the bells. See under Bell. -- To shake the sails (Naut.), to luff up in the wind, causing the sails to shiver. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shake, v. i. To be agitated with a waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to shiver; to quake; to totter.

Under his burning wheels
The steadfast empyrean shook throughout,
All but the throne itself of God.
Milton.

What danger? Who 's that that shakes behind there?
Beau. & Fl.

Shaking piece, a name given by butchers to the piece of beef cut from the under side of the neck. See Illust. of Beef.

Shake (?), n. 1. The act or result of shaking; a vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and other; a trembling, quaking, or shivering; agitation.

The great soldier's honor was composed
Of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake.
Herbert.

Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand.
Addison.

2. A fissure or crack in timber, caused by its being dried too suddenly. Gwilt.

3. A fissure in rock or earth.

4. (Mus.) A rapid alternation of a principal tone with another represented on the next degree of the staff above or below it; a trill.

5. (Naut.) One of the staves of a hogshead or barrel taken apart. Totten.

6. A shook of staves and headings. Knight.

7. (Zoöl.) The redshank; -- so called from the nodding of its head while on the ground. [Prov. Eng.]

No great shakes, of no great importance. [Slang] Byron. -- The shakes, the fever and ague. [Colloq. U.S.]

Shake"down` (?), n. A temporary substitute for a bed, as one made on the floor or on chairs; -- perhaps originally from the shaking down of straw for this purpose. Sir W. Scott.

Shake"fork` (?), n. A fork for shaking hay; a pitchfork. [Obs.]

Shak"en (?), a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated; as, a shaken bough.

2. Cracked or checked; split. See Shake, n., 2.

Nor is the wood shaken or twisted.
Barroe.

3. Impaired, as by a shock.

Shak"er (?), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes, or by means of which something is shaken.

2. One of a religious sect who do not marry, popularly so called from the movements of the members in dancing, which forms a part of their worship.

&fist; The sect originated in England in 1747, and came to the United States in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Ann Lee. The Shakers are sometimes nicknamed Shaking Quakers, but they differ from the Quakers in doctrine and practice. They style themselves the "United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing." The sect is now confined in the United States.

3. (Zoöl.) A variety of pigeon. P. J. Selby.

Shak"er*ess, n. A female Shaker.

Shak"er*ism (?), n. Doctrines of the Shakers.

Shake*spear"e*an (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or in the style of, Shakespeare or his works. [Written also Shakespearian, Shakspearean, Shakspearian, Shaksperean, Shaksperian.etc.]

Shak"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being shaky.

Shak"ings (?), n. pl. (Naut.) Deck sweepings, refuse of cordage, canvas, etc. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Shak"o (?), n. [Hung. csákó: cf. F. shako, schako.] A kind of military cap or headdress.

Shak"y (?), a. [Compar. Shakier (?); superl. Shakiest.] 1. Shaking or trembling; as, a shaky spot in a marsh; a shaky hand. Thackeray.

2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked; as, shaky timber. Gwilt.

3. Easily shaken; tottering; unsound; as, a shaky constitution; shaky business credit. [Colloq.]

Shale (?), n. [AS. scealy, scalu. See Scalme, and cf. Shell.] 1. A shell or husk; a cod or pod. "The green shales of a bean." Chapman.

2. [G. shale.] (Geol.) A fine- grained sedimentary rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure.

Bituminous shale. See under Bituminous.

Shale, v. t. To take off the shell or coat of; to shell.

Life, in its upper grades, was bursting its shell, or was shaling off its husk.
I. Taylor.

Shall (?), v. i. & auxiliary. [imp. Should (?).] [OE. shal, schal, imp. sholde, scholde, AS. scal, sceal, I am obliged, imp. scolde, sceolde, inf. sculan; akin to OS. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skolda, D. zullen, pres. zal, imp. zoude, zou, OHG. solan, scolan, pres. scal, sol. imp. scolta, solta, G. sollen, pres. soll, imp. sollte, Icel. skulu, pres. skal, imp. skyldi, SW. skola, pres. skall, imp. skulle, Dan. skulle, pres. skal, imp. skulde, Goth. skulan, pres. skal, imp. skulda, and to AS. scyld guilt, G. schuld guilt, fault, debt, and perhaps to L. scelus crime.] [Shall is defective, having no infinitive, imperative, or participle.] 1. To owe; to be under obligation for. [Obs.] "By the faith I shall to God" Court of Love.

2. To be obliged; must. [Obs.] "Me athinketh [I am sorry] that I shall rehearse it her." Chaucer.

3. As an auxiliary, shall indicates a duty or necessity whose obligation is derived from the person speaking; as, you shall go; he shall go; that is, I order or promise your going. It thus ordinarily expresses, in the second and third persons, a command, a threat, or a promise. If the auxillary be emphasized, the command is made more imperative, the promise or that more positive and sure. It is also employed in the language of prophecy; as, "the day shall come when . . . , " since a promise or threat and an authoritative prophecy nearly coincide in significance. In shall with the first person, the necessity of the action is sometimes implied as residing elsewhere than in the speaker; as, I shall suffer; we shall see; and there is always a less distinct and positive assertion of his volition than is indicated by will. "I shall go" implies nearly a simple futurity; more exactly, a foretelling or an expectation of my going, in which, naturally enough, a certain degree of plan or intention may be included; emphasize the shall, and the event is described as certain to occur, and the expression approximates in meaning to our emphatic "I will go." In a question, the relation of speaker and source of obligation is of course transferred to the person addressed; as, "Shall you go?" (answer, "I shall go"); "Shall he go?" i. e., "Do you require or promise his going?" (answer, "He shall go".) The same relation is transferred to either second or third person in such phrases as "You say, or think, you shall go;" "He says, or thinks, he shall go." After a conditional conjunction (as if, whether) shall is used in all persons to express futurity simply; as, if I, you, or he shall say they are right. Should is everywhere used in the same connection and the same senses as shall, as its imperfect. It also expresses duty or moral obligation; as, he should do it whether he will or not. In the early English, and hence in our English Bible, shall is the auxiliary mainly used, in all the persons, to express simple futurity. (Cf. Will, v. t.) Shall may be used elliptically; thus, with an adverb or other word expressive of motion go may be omitted. "He to England shall along with you." Shak.

&fist; Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers and writers. Say: I shall be glad to see you. Shall I do this? Shall I help you? (not Will I do this?) See Will.

Shal"li (?), n. See Challis.

Shal"lon (?), n. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Gaultheria Shallon) of Northwest America; also, its fruit. See Salal-berry.

Shal*loon" (?), n. [F. chalon, from Châlons, in France, where it was first made.] A thin, loosely woven, twilled worsted stuff.

In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad.
Swift.

Shal"lop (?), n. [F. chaloupe, probably from D. sloep. Cf. Sloop.] (Naut.) A boat.

[She] thrust the shallop from the floating strand.
Spenser.

&fist; The term shallop is applied to boats of all sizes, from a light canoe up to a large boat with masts and sails.

Shal*lot" (?), n. [OF. eschalote (for escalone), F. échalote. See Scallion, and cf. Eschalot.] (Bot.) A small kind of onion (Allium Ascalonicum) growing in clusters, and ready for gathering in spring; a scallion, or eschalot.

Shal"low (?), a. [Compar. Shallower (?); superl. Shallowest.] [OE. schalowe, probably originally, sloping or shelving; cf. Icel. skjālgr wry, squinting, AS. sceolh, D. & G. scheel, OHG. schelah. Cf. Shelve to slope, Shoal shallow.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; shoal. "Shallow brooks, and rivers wide." Milton.

2. Not deep in tone. [R.]

The sound perfecter and not so shallow and jarring.
Bacon.

3. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply; simple; not wise or knowing; ignorant; superficial; as, a shallow mind; shallow learning.

The king was neither so shallow, nor so ill advertised, as not to perceive the intention of the French king.
Bacon.

Deep versed in books, and shallow in himself.
Milton.

Shal"low, n. 1. A place in a body of water where the water is not deep; a shoal; a flat; a shelf.

A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel.
Bacon.

Dashed on the shallows of the moving sand.
Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) The rudd. [Prov. Eng.]

Shal"low, v. t. To make shallow. Sir T. Browne.

Shal"low, v. i. To become shallow, as water.

Shal"low-bod`ied (?), a. (Naut.) Having a moderate depth of hold; -- said of a vessel.

Shal"low-brained` (?), a. Weak in intellect; foolish; empty-headed. South.

Shal"low-heart`ed (?), a. Incapable of deep feeling. Tennyson.

Shal"low*ly, adv. In a shallow manner.

Shal"low*ness, n. Quality or state of being shallow.

Shal"low-pat`ed (?), a. Shallow- brained.

Shal"low-waist`ed (?), a. (Naut.) Having a flush deck, or with only a moderate depression amidships; -- said of a vessel.

Shalm (?), n. See Shawm. [Obs.] Knolles.

Shalt (?), 2d per. sing. of Shall.

Shal"y (?), a. Resembling shale in structure.

Sham (?), n. [Originally the same word as shame, hence, a disgrace, a trick. See Shame, n.] 1. That which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoint; a make-believe; delusion; imposture, humbug. "A mere sham." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Believe who will the solemn sham, not I.
Addison.

2. A false front, or removable ornamental covering.

Pillow sham, a covering to be laid on a pillow.

Sham, a. False; counterfeit; pretended; feigned; unreal; as, a sham fight.

They scorned the sham independence proffered to them by the Athenians.
Jowett (Thucyd)

Sham, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shamming.] 1. To trick; to cheat; to deceive or delude with false pretenses.

Fooled and shammed into a conviction.
L'Estrange.

2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. [R.]

We must have a care that we do not . . . sham fallacies upon the world for current reason.
L'Estrange.

3. To assume the manner and character of; to imitate; to ape; to feign.

To sham Abram or Abraham, to feign sickness; to malinger. Hence a malingerer is called, in sailors' cant, Sham Abram, or Sham Abraham.

Sham, v. i. To make false pretenses; to deceive; to feign; to impose.

Wondering . . . whether those who lectured him were such fools as they professed to be, or were only shamming.
Macaulay.

||Sha"ma (?), n. [Hind. shāmā.] (Zoöl.) A saxicoline singing bird (Kittacincla macroura) of India, noted for the sweetness and power of its song. In confinement it imitates the notes of other birds and various animals with accuracy. Its head, neck, back, breast, and tail are glossy black, the rump white, the under parts chestnut.

Sha"man (?), n. [From the native name.] A priest of Shamanism; a wizard among the Shamanists.

Sha*man"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Shamanism.

Sha"man*ism (?), n. The type of religion which once prevalied among all the Ural-Altaic peoples (Tungusic, Mongol, and Turkish), and which still survives in various parts of Northern Asia. The Shaman, or wizard priest, deals with good as well as with evil spirits, especially the good spirits of ancestors. Encyc. Brit.

Sha"man*ist, n. An adherent of Shamanism.

Sham"ble (?), n. [OE. schamel a bench, stool, AS. scamel, sceamol, a bench, form, stool, fr. L. scamellum, dim. of scamnum a bench, stool.] 1. (Mining) One of a succession of niches or platforms, one above another, to hold ore which is thrown successively from platform to platform, and thus raised to a higher level.

2. pl. A place where butcher's meat is sold.

As summer flies are in the shambles.
Shak.

3. pl. A place for slaughtering animals for meat.

To make a shambles of the parliament house.
Shak.

Sham"ble, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shambling (?).] [Cf. OD. schampelen to slip, schampen to slip away, escape. Cf. Scamble, Scamper.] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak; to shuffle along.

Sham"bling (?), a. Characterized by an awkward, irregular pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs.

Sham"bling, n. An awkward, irregular gait.

Shame (?), n. [OE. shame, schame, AS. scamu, sceamu; akin to OS. & OHG. scama, G. scham, Icel. skömm, shkamm, Sw. & Dan. skam, D. & G. schande, Goth. skanda shame, skaman sik to be ashamed; perhaps from a root skam meaning to cover, and akin to the root (kam) of G. hemd shirt, E. chemise. Cf. Sham.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of having done something which injures reputation, or of the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal.

HIde, for shame,
Romans, your grandsires' images,
That blush at their degenerate progeny.
Dryden.

Have you no modesty, no maiden shame?
Shak.

2. Reproach incurred or suffered; dishonor; ignominy; derision; contempt.

Ye have borne the shame of the heathen.
Ezek. xxxvi. 6.

Honor and shame from no condition rise.
Pope.

And every woe a tear can claim
Except an erring sister's shame.
Byron.

3. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach, and degrades a person in the estimation of others; disgrace.

O C&?;sar, what a wounding shame is this!
Shak.

Guides who are the shame of religion.
Shak.

4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered; the private parts. Isa. xlvii. 3.

For shame! you should be ashamed; shame on you! -- To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to humiliate; to disgrace. "Let them be driven backward and put to shame that wish me evil." Ps. xl. 14.

Shame, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaming.] 1. To make ashamed; to excite in (a person) a comsciousness of guilt or impropriety, or of conduct derogatory to reputation; to put to shame.

Were there but one righteous in the world, he would . . . shame the world, and not the world him.
South.

2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to dishonor; to disgrace.

And with foul cowardice his carcass shame.
Spenser.

3. To mock at; to deride. [Obs. or R.]

Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor.
Ps. xiv. 6.

Shame, v. i. [AS. scamian, sceamian. See Shame, n.] To be ashamed; to feel shame. [R.]

I do shame
To think of what a noble strain you are.
Shak.

Shame"faced` (?), a. [For shamefast; AS. scamfæst. See Shame, n., and Fast firm.] Easily confused or put out of countenance; diffident; bashful; modest.

Your shamefaced virtue shunned the people's prise.
Dryden.

&fist; Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to its present orthography. Trench.

-- Shame"faced, adv. -- Shame"faced`ness, n.

Shame"fast (?), a. [AS. scamfæst.] Modest; shamefaced. -- Shame"fast*ly, adv. -- Shame"fast*ness, n. [Archaic] See Shamefaced.

Shamefast she was in maiden shamefastness.
Chaucer.

[Conscience] is a blushing shamefast spirit.
Shak.

Modest apparel with shamefastness.
1 Tim. ii. 9 (Rev. Ver.).

Shame"ful (?), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; injurious to reputation; disgraceful.

His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat.
Arbuthnot.

2. Exciting the feeling of shame in others; indecent; as, a shameful picture; a shameful sight. Spenser.

Syn. -- Disgraceful; reproachful; indecent; unbecoming; degrading; scandalous; ignominious; infamous.

-- Shame"ful*ly, adv. -- Shame"ful*ness, n.

Shame"less, a. [AS. scamleás.] 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; brazen-faced; insensible to disgrace. "Such shameless bards we have." Pope.

Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless.
Shak.

2. Indicating want of modesty, or sensibility to disgrace; indecent; as, a shameless picture or poem.

Syn. -- Impudent; unblushing; audacious; immodest; indecent; indelicate.

-- Shame"less*ly, adv. -- Shame"less*ness, n.

Shame"-proof` (?), n. Shameless. Shak.

Sham"er (?), n. One who, or that which, disgraces, or makes ashamed. Beau. & Fl.

Sham"mer (?), n. One who shams; an impostor. Johnson.

Sham"my (?), n. [F. chamious a chamois, shammy leather. See Chamois.] 1. (Zoöl.) The chamois.

2. A soft, pliant leather, prepared originally from the skin of the chamois, but now made also from the skin of the sheep, goat, kid, deer, and calf. See Shamoying. [Written also chamois, shamoy, and shamois.]

{ Sham"ois, Sham"oy } (?), n. See Shammy.

Sha*moy"ing (?), n. [See Shammy.] A process used in preparing certain kinds of leather, which consists in frizzing the skin, and working oil into it to supply the place of the astringent (tannin, alum, or the like) ordinarily used in tanning.

Sham*poo" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shampooed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shampooing.] [Hind. chāmpnā to press, to squeeze.] [Writing also champoo.] 1. To press or knead the whole surface of the body of (a person), and at the same time to stretch the limbs and joints, in connection with the hot bath.

2. To wash throughly and rub the head of (a person), with the fingers, using either soap, or a soapy preparation, for the more thorough cleansing.

Sham*poo", n. The act of shampooing.

Sham*poo"er (?), n. One who shampoos.

Sham"rock (?), n. [L. seamrog, seamar, trefoil, white clover, white honeysuckle; akin to Gael. seamrag.] (Bot.) A trifoliate plant used as a national emblem by the Irish. The legend is that St. Patrick once plucked a leaf of it for use in illustrating the doctrine of the trinity.

&fist; The original plant was probably a kind of wood sorrel (Oxalis Acetocella); but now the name is given to the white clover (Trifolium repens), and the black medic (Medicago lupulina).

Shan"dry*dan (?), n. A jocosely depreciative name for a vehicle. [Ireland]

Shan"dy*gaff (&?;), n. A mixture of strong beer and ginger beer. [Eng.]

Shang`hai" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shanghaied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shanghaiing.] To intoxicate and ship (a person) as a sailor while in this condition. [Written also shanghae.] [Slang, U.S.]

Shang`hai" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large and tall breed of domestic fowl.

Shank (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Chank.

Shank, n. [OE. shanke, schanke, schonke, AS. scanca, sceanca, sconca, sceonca; akin to D. schonk a bone, G. schenkel thigh, shank, schinken ham, OHG. scincha shank, Dan. & Sw. skank. √161. Cf. Skink, v.] 1. The part of the leg from the knee to the foot; the shin; the shin bone; also, the whole leg.

His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank.
Shak.

2. Hence, that part of an instrument, tool, or other thing, which connects the acting part with a handle or other part, by which it is held or moved. Specifically: (a) That part of a key which is between the bow and the part which enters the wards of the lock. (b) The middle part of an anchor, or that part which is between the ring and the arms. See Illustr. of Anchor. (c) That part of a hoe, rake, knife, or the like, by which it is secured to a handle. (d) A loop forming an eye to a button.

3. (Arch.) The space between two channels of the Doric triglyph. Gwilt.

4. (Founding) A large ladle for molten metal, fitted with long bars for handling it.

5. (Print.) The body of a type.

6. (Shoemaking) The part of the sole beneath the instep connecting the broader front part with the heel.

7. (Zoöl.) A wading bird with long legs; as, the green-legged shank, or knot; the yellow shank, or tattler; -- called also shanks.

8. pl. Flat-nosed pliers, used by opticians for nipping off the edges of pieces of glass to make them round.

Shank painter (Naut.), a short rope or chain which holds the shank of an anchor against the side of a vessel when it is secured for a voyage. -- To ride shank's mare, to go on foot; to walk.

Shank, v. i. To fall off, as a leaf, flower, or capsule, on account of disease affecting the supporting footstalk; -- usually followed by off. Darwin.

Shank"beer` (?), n. See Schenkbeer.

Shanked (?), a. Having a shank.

Shank"er (?), n. (Med.) See Chancre.

Shan"ny (?), n.; pl. Shannies (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European smooth blenny (Blennius pholis). It is olive-green with irregular black spots, and without appendages on the head.

Shan't (?). A contraction of shall not. [Colloq.]

Shan"ty (?), a. Jaunty; showy. [Prov. Eng.]

Shan"ty, n.;pl. Shanties (#). [Said to be fr. Ir. sean old + tig. a house.] A small, mean dwelling; a rough, slight building for temporary use; a hut.

Shan"ty, v. i. To inhabit a shanty. S. H. Hammond.

Shap"a*ble (?), a. 1. That may be shaped.

2. Shapely. [R.] "Round and shapable." De Foe.

Shape (shāp), v. t. [imp. Shaped (shāpt); p. p. Shaped or Shapen (shāp"'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaping.] [OE. shapen, schapen, AS. sceapian. The p. p. shapen is from the strong verb, AS. scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, p. p. sceapen. See Shape, n.] 1. To form or create; especially, to mold or make into a particular form; to give proper form or figure to.

I was shapen in iniquity.
Ps. li. 5.

Grace shaped her limbs, and beauty decked her face.
Prior.

2. To adapt to a purpose; to regulate; to adjust; to direct; as, to shape the course of a vessel.

To the stream, when neither friends, nor force,
Nor speed nor art avail, he shapes his course.
Denham.

Charmed by their eyes, their manners I acquire,
And shape my foolishness to their desire.
Prior.

3. To image; to conceive; to body forth.

Oft my jealousy
Shapes faults that are not.
Shak.

4. To design; to prepare; to plan; to arrange.

When shapen was all this conspiracy,
From point to point.
Chaucer.

Shaping machine. (Mach.) Same as Shaper. -- To shape one's self, to prepare; to make ready. [Obs.]

I will early shape me therefor.
Chaucer.

Shape (shāp), v. i. To suit; to be adjusted or conformable. [R.] Shak.

Shape, n. [OE. shap, schap, AS. sceap in gesceap creation, creature, fr. the root of scieppan, scyppan, sceppan, to shape, to do, to effect; akin to OS. giskeppian, OFries. skeppa, D. scheppen, G. schaffen, OHG. scaffan, scepfen, skeffen, Icer. skapa, skepja, Dan. skabe, skaffe, Sw. skapa, skaffa, Goth. gaskapjan, and perhaps to E. shave, v. Cf. -ship.] 1. Character or construction of a thing as determining its external appearance; outward aspect; make; figure; form; guise; as, the shape of a tree; the shape of the head; an elegant shape.

He beat me grievously, in the shape of a woman.
Shak.

2. That which has form or figure; a figure; an appearance; a being.

Before the gates three sat,
On either side, a formidable shape.
Milton.

3. A model; a pattern; a mold.

4. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality. Milton.

5. Dress for disguise; guise. [Obs.]

Look better on this virgin, and consider
This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing
In a Greekish dress.
Messinger.

6. (Iron Manuf.) (a) A rolled or hammered piece, as a bar, beam, angle iron, etc., having a cross section different from merchant bar. (b) A piece which has been roughly forged nearly to the form it will receive when completely forged or fitted.

To take shape, to assume a definite form.

Shape"less, a. Destitute of shape or regular form; wanting symmetry of dimensions; misshapen; -- opposed to shapely. -- Shape"less*ness, n.

The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice.
Pope.

Shape"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shapely.

Shape"ly, a. [Compar. Shapelier (?); superl. Shapeliest.] 1. Well-formed; having a regular shape; comely; symmetrical. T. Warton.

Waste sandy valleys, once perplexed with thorn,
The spiry fir and shapely box adorn.
Pope.

Where the shapely column stood.
Couper.

2. Fit; suitable. [Obs.]

Shaply for to be an alderman.
Chaucer.

Shap"er (?), n. 1. One who shapes; as, the shaper of one's fortunes.

The secret of those old shapers died with them.
Lowell.

2. That which shapes; a machine for giving a particular form or outline to an object. Specifically; (a) (Metal Working) A kind of planer in which the tool, instead of the work, receives a reciprocating motion, usually from a crank. (b) (Wood Working) A machine with a vertically revolving cutter projecting above a flat table top, for cutting irregular outlines, moldings, etc.

Sha"poo (?), n. (Zoöl.) The oörial.

Shard (shärd), n. A plant; chard. [Obs.] Dryden.

Shard, n. [AS. sceard, properly a p. p. from the root of scearn to shear, to cut; akin to D. schaard a fragment, G. scharte a notch, Icel. skarð. See Shear, and cf. Sherd.] [Written also sheard, and sherd.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel, or a like brittle substance, as the shell of an egg or snail. Shak.

The precious dish
Broke into shards of beauty on the board.
E. Arnold.

2. (Zoöl.) The hard wing case of a beetle.

They are his shards, and he their beetle.
Shak.

3. A gap in a fence. [Obs.] Stanyhurst.

4. A boundary; a division. [Obs. & R.] Spenser.

Shard"-borne` (?), a. Borne on shards or scaly wing cases. "The shard-borne beetle." Shak.

Shard"ed, a. (Zoöl.) Having elytra, as a beetle.

Shard"y (?), a. Having, or consisting of, shards.

Share (?), n. [OE. schar, AS. scear; akin to OHG. scaro, G. schar, pflugshar, and E. shear, v. See Shear.] 1. The part (usually an iron or steel plate) of a plow which cuts the ground at the bottom of a furrow; a plowshare.

2. The part which opens the ground for the reception of the seed, in a machine for sowing seed. Knight.

Share, n. [OE. share, AS. scearu, scaru, fr. sceran to shear, cut. See Shear, v.] 1. A certain quantity; a portion; a part; a division; as, a small share of prudence.

2. Especially, the part allotted or belonging to one, of any property or interest owned by a number; a portion among others; an apportioned lot; an allotment; a dividend. "My share of fame." Dryden.

3. Hence, one of a certain number of equal portions into which any property or invested capital is divided; as, a ship owned in ten shares.

4. The pubes; the sharebone. [Obs.] Holland.

To go shares, to partake; to be equally concerned. -- Share and share alike, in equal shares.

Share, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharing.] 1. To part among two or more; to distribute in portions; to divide.

Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children and a stranger.
Swift.

2. To partake of, use, or experience, with others; to have a portion of; to take and possess in common; as, to share a shelter with another.

While avarice and rapine share the land.
Milton.

3. To cut; to shear; to cleave; to divide. [Obs.]

The shared visage hangs on equal sides.
Dryden.

Share (?), v. i. To have part; to receive a portion; to partake, enjoy, or suffer with others.

A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the goods of his father.
Locke.

Share"beam` (?), n. The part of the plow to which the share is attached.

Share"bone` (?), n. (Anat.) The public bone.

Share"bro`ker (?), n. A broker who deals in railway or other shares and securities.

Share"hold`er (?), n. One who holds or owns a share or shares in a joint fund or property.

Shar"er (?), n. One who shares; a participator; a partaker; also, a divider; a distributer.

Share"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A composite plant (Aster Tripolium) growing along the seacoast of Europe.

Shark (?), n. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps through OF. fr. carcharus a kind of dogfish, Gr. karchari`as, so called from its sharp teeth, fr. ka`rcharos having sharp or jagged teeth; or perhaps named from its rapacity (cf. Shark, v. t. & i.); cf. Corn. scarceas.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of elasmobranch fishes of the order Plagiostomi, found in all seas.

&fist; Some sharks, as the basking shark and the whale shark, grow to an enormous size, the former becoming forty feet or more, and the latter sixty feet or more, in length. Most of them are harmless to man, but some are exceedingly voracious. The man-eating sharks mostly belong to the genera Carcharhinus, Carcharodon, and related genera. They have several rows of large sharp teeth with serrated edges, as the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, or Rondeleti) of tropical seas, and the great blue shark (Carcharhinus glaucus) of all tropical and temperate seas. The former sometimes becomes thirty-six feet long, and is the most voracious and dangerous species known. The rare man-eating shark of the United States coast (Charcarodon Atwoodi) is thought by some to be a variety, or the young, of C. carcharias. The dusky shark (Carcharhinus obscurus), and the smaller blue shark (C. caudatus), both common species on the coast of the United States, are of moderate size and not dangerous. They feed on shellfish and bottom fishes.

2. A rapacious, artful person; a sharper. [Colloq.]

3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine; as, to live upon the shark. [Obs.] South.

Baskin shark, Liver shark, Nurse shark, Oil shark, Sand shark, Tiger shark, etc. See under Basking, Liver, etc. See also Dogfish, Houndfish, Notidanian, and Tope. -- Gray shark, the sand shark. -- Hammer-headed shark. See Hammerhead. -- Port Jackson shark. See Cestraciont. -- Shark barrow, the eggcase of a shark; a sea purse. -- Shark ray. Same as Angel fish (a), under Angel. -- Thrasher shark, or Thresher shark, a large, voracious shark. See Thrasher. -- Whale shark, a huge harmless shark (Rhinodon typicus) of the Indian Ocean. It becomes sixty feet or more in length, but has very small teeth.

Shark, v. t. [Of uncertain origin; perhaps fr. shark, n., or perhaps related to E. shear (as hearken to hear), and originally meaning, to clip off. Cf. Shirk.] To pick or gather indiscriminately or covertly. [Obs.] Shak.

Shark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sharked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharking.] 1. To play the petty thief; to practice fraud or trickery; to swindle.

Neither sharks for a cup or a reckoning.
Bp. Earle.

2. To live by shifts and stratagems. Beau. & Fl.

Shark"er (?), n. One who lives by sharking.

Shark"ing, n. Petty rapine; trick; also, seeking a livelihood by shifts and dishonest devices.

Shar"ock (?), n. An East Indian coin of the value of 12½ pence sterling, or about 25 cents.

Sharp (?), a. [Compar. Sharper (?); superl. Sharpest.] [OE. sharp, scharp, scarp, AS. scearp; akin to OS. skarp, LG. scharp, D. scherp, G. scharf, Dan. & Sw. skarp, Icel. skarpr. Cf. Escarp, Scrape, Scorpion.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; of a nature to cut or pierce easily; not blunt or dull; keen.

He dies upon my scimeter's sharp point.
Shak.

2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse or rounded; somewhat pointed or edged; peaked or ridged; as, a sharp hill; sharp features.

3. Affecting the sense as if pointed or cutting, keen, penetrating, acute: to the taste or smell, pungent, acid, sour, as ammonia has a sharp taste and odor; to the hearing, piercing, shrill, as a sharp sound or voice; to the eye, instantaneously brilliant, dazzling, as a sharp flash.

4. (Mus.) (a) High in pitch; acute; as, a sharp note or tone. (b) Raised a semitone in pitch; as, C sharp (C♯), which is a half step, or semitone, higher than C. (c) So high as to be out of tune, or above true pitch; as, the tone is sharp; that instrument is sharp. Opposed in all these senses to flat.

5. Very trying to the feelings; piercing; keen; severe; painful; distressing; as, sharp pain, weather; a sharp and frosty air.

Sharp misery had worn him to the bones.
Shak.

The morning sharp and clear.
Cowper.

In sharpest perils faithful proved.
Keble.

6. Cutting in language or import; biting; sarcastic; cruel; harsh; rigorous; severe; as, a sharp rebuke. "That sharp look." Tennyson.

To that place the sharp Athenian law
Can not pursue us.
Shak.

Be thy words severe,
Sharp as merits but the sword forbear.
Dryden.

7. Of keen perception; quick to discern or distinguish; having nice discrimination; acute; penetrating; sagacious; clever; as, a sharp eye; sharp sight, hearing, or judgment.

Nothing makes men sharper . . . than want.
Addison.

Many other things belong to the material world, wherein the sharpest philosophers have never ye&?; arrived at clear and distinct ideas.
L. Watts.

8. Eager in pursuit; keen in quest; impatient for gratification; keen; as, a sharp appetite.

9. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous. "In sharp contest of battle." Milton.

A sharp assault already is begun.
Dryden.

10. Keenly or unduly attentive to one's own interest; close and exact in dealing; shrewd; as, a sharp dealer; a sharp customer.

The necessity of being so sharp and exacting.
Swift.

11. Composed of hard, angular grains; gritty; as, sharp sand. Moxon.

12. Steep; precipitous; abrupt; as, a sharp ascent or descent; a sharp turn or curve.

13. (Phonetics) Uttered in a whisper, or with the breath alone, without voice, as certain consonants, such as p, k, t, f; surd; nonvocal; aspirated.

&fist; Sharp is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sharp-cornered, sharp-edged, sharp-pointed, sharp-tasted, sharp-visaged, etc.

Sharp practice, the getting of an advantage, or the attempt to do so, by a tricky expedient. -- To brace sharp, or To sharp up (Naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible, that the ship may lie well up to the wind.

Syn. -- Keen; acute; piercing; penetrating; quick; sagacious; discerning; shrewd; witty; ingenious; sour; acid; tart; pungent; acrid; severe; poignant; biting; acrimonious; sarcastic; cutting; bitter; painful; afflictive; violent; harsh; fierce; ardent; fiery.

Sharp (?), adv. 1. To a point or edge; piercingly; eagerly; sharply. M. Arnold.

The head [of a spear] full sharp yground.
Chaucer.

You bite so sharp at reasons.
Shak.

2. Precisely; exactly; as, we shall start at ten o'clock sharp. [Colloq.]

Look sharp, attend; be alert. [Colloq.]

Sharp, n. 1. A sharp tool or weapon. [Obs.]

If butchers had but the manners to go to sharps, gentlemen would be contented with a rubber at cuffs.
Collier.

2. (Mus.) (a) The character [♯] used to indicate that the note before which it is placed is to be raised a half step, or semitone, in pitch. (b) A sharp tone or note. Shak.

3. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. [Prov. Eng.] C. Kingsley.

4. A sewing needle having a very slender point; a needle of the most pointed of the three grades, blunts, betweens, and sharps.

5. pl. Same as Middlings, 1.

6. An expert. [Slang]

Sharp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sharped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharping.] 1. To sharpen. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. (Mus.) To raise above the proper pitch; to elevate the tone of; especially, to raise a half step, or semitone, above the natural tone.

Sharp, v. i. 1. To play tricks in bargaining; to act the sharper. L'Estrange.

2. (Mus.) To sing above the proper pitch.

Sharp-cut` (?), a. Cut sharply or definitely, or so as to make a clear, well-defined impression, as the lines of an engraved plate, and the like; clear-cut; hence, having great distinctness; well-defined; clear.

Sharp"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sarpened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sharpening.] [See Sharp, a.] To make sharp. Specifically: (a) To give a keen edge or fine point to; to make sharper; as, to sharpen an ax, or the teeth of a saw. (b) To render more quick or acute in perception; to make more ready or ingenious.

The air . . . sharpened his visual ray
To objects distant far.
Milton.

He that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our skill.
Burke.

(c) To make more eager; as, to sharpen men's desires.

Epicurean cooks
Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite.
Shak.

(d) To make more pungent and intense; as, to sharpen a pain or disease. (e) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. "Sharpen each word." E. Smith. (f) To render more shrill or piercing.

Inclosures not only preserve sound, but increase and sharpen it.
Bacon.

(g) To make more tart or acid; to make sour; as, the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar. (h) (Mus.) To raise, as a sound, by means of a sharp; to apply a sharp to.

Sharp"en, v. i. To grow or become sharp.

Sharp"er (?), n. A person who bargains closely, especially, one who cheats in bargains; a swinder; also, a cheating gamester.

Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind.
L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Swindler; cheat; deceiver; trickster; rogue. See Swindler.

Sharp"ie (?), n. (Naut.) A long, sharp, flat-bottomed boat, with one or two masts carrying a triangular sail. They are often called Fair Haven sharpies, after the place on the coast of Connecticut where they originated. [Local, U.S.]

Sharp"ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) A stickleback. [Prov. Eng.]

Sharp"ly, adv. In a sharp manner,; keenly; acutely.

They are more sharply to be chastised and reformed than the rude Irish.
Spenser.

The soldiers were sharply assailed with wants.
Hayward.

You contract your eye when you would see sharply.
Bacon.

Sharp"ness, n. [AS. scearpness.] The quality or condition of being sharp; keenness; acuteness.

Sharp"saw` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The great titmouse; -- so called from its harsh call notes. [Prov. Eng.]

Sharp"-set` (?), a. Eager in appetite or desire of gratification; affected by keen hunger; ravenous; as, an eagle or a lion sharp-set.

The town is sharp-set on new plays.
Pope.

Sharp"shoot`er (?), n. One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; a good marksman.

Sharp"shoot`ing, n. A shooting with great precision and effect; hence, a keen contest of wit or argument.

Sharp"-sight`ed (?), a. Having quick or acute sight; -- used literally and figuratively. -- Sharp`-sight`ed*ness, n.

Sharp"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The pintail duck. (b) The pintail grouse, or prairie chicken.

Sharp"-wit`ted (?), a. Having an acute or nicely discerning mind.

Shash (?), n. [See Sash.] 1. The scarf of a turban. [Obs.] Fuller.

2. A sash. [Obs.]

{ ||Shas"ter (?), ||Shas"tra (?), } n. [Skr. cāstra an order or command, a sacred book, fr. cās to order, instruct, govern. Cf. Sastra.] A treatise for authoritative instruction among the Hindoos; a book of institutes; especially, a treatise explaining the Vedas. [Written also sastra.]

Shath"mont (&?;), n. A shaftment. [Scot.]

Shat"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shattered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shattering.] [OE. schateren, scateren, to scatter, to dash, AS. scateran; cf. D. schateren to crack, to make a great noise, OD. schetteren to scatter, to burst, to crack. Cf. Scatter.] 1. To break at once into many pieces; to dash, burst, or part violently into fragments; to rend into splinters; as, an explosion shatters a rock or a bomb; too much steam shatters a boiler; an oak is shattered by lightning.

A monarchy was shattered to pieces, and divided amongst revolted subjects.
Locke.

2. To disorder; to derange; to render unsound; as, to be shattered in intellect; his constitution was shattered; his hopes were shattered.

A man of a loose, volatile, and shattered humor.
Norris.

3. To scatter about. [Obs.]

Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.
Milton.

Shat"ter, v. i. To be broken into fragments; to fall or crumble to pieces by any force applied.

Some fragile bodies break but where the force is; some shatter and fly in many places.
Bacon.

Shat"ter, n. A fragment of anything shattered; -- used chiefly or soley in the phrase into shatters; as, to break a glass into shatters. Swift.

{ Shat"ter-brained` (?), Shat"ter-pat`ed (?), } a. Disordered or wandering in intellect; hence, heedless; wild. J. Goodman.

Shat"ter*y (?), a. Easily breaking into pieces; not compact; loose of texture; brittle; as, shattery spar.

Shave (?), obs. p. p. of Shave. Chaucer.

His beard was shave as nigh as ever he can.
Chaucer.

Shave, v. t. [imp. Shaved (?);p. p. Shaved or Shaven (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shaving.] [OE. shaven, schaven, AS. scafan, sceafan; akin to D. schaven, G. schaben, Icel. skafa, Sw. skafva, Dan. skave, Goth. scaban, Russ. kopate to dig, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;, and probably to L. scabere to scratch, to scrape. Cf. Scab, Shaft, Shape.] 1. To cut or pare off from the surface of a body with a razor or other edged instrument; to cut off closely, as with a razor; as, to shave the beard.

2. To make bare or smooth by cutting off closely the surface, or surface covering, of; especially, to remove the hair from with a razor or other sharp instrument; to take off the beard or hair of; as, to shave the face or the crown of the head; he shaved himself.

I'll shave your crown for this.
Shak.

The laborer with the bending scythe is seen
Shaving the surface of the waving green.
Gay.

3. To cut off thin slices from; to cut in thin slices.

Plants bruised or shaven in leaf or root.
Bacon.

4. To skim along or near the surface of; to pass close to, or touch lightly, in passing.

Now shaves with level wing the deep.
Milton.

5. To strip; to plunder; to fleece. [Colloq.]

To shave a note, to buy it at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest, or to deduct in discounting it more than the legal rate allows. [Cant, U.S.]

Shave (?), v. i. To use a razor for removing the beard; to cut closely; hence, to be hard and severe in a bargain; to practice extortion; to cheat.

Shave (?), n. [AS. scafa, sceafa, a sort of knife. See Shave, v. t.] 1. A thin slice; a shaving. Wright.

2. A cutting of the beard; the operation of shaving.

3. (a) An exorbitant discount on a note. [Cant, U.S.] (b) A premium paid for an extension of the time of delivery or payment, or for the right to vary a stock contract in any particular. [Cant, U.S.] N. Biddle.

4. A hand tool consisting of a sharp blade with a handle at each end; a drawing knife; a spokeshave.

5. The act of passing very near to, so as almost to graze; as, the bullet missed by a close shave. [Colloq.]

Shave grass (Bot.), the scouring rush. See the Note under Equisetum. -- Shave hook, a tool for scraping metals, consisting of a sharp- edged triangular steel plate attached to a shank and handle.

Shave"ling (?), n. A man shaved; hence, a monk, or other religious; -- used in contempt.

I am no longer a shaveling than while my frock is on my back.
Sir W. Scott.

Shav"er (?), n. 1. One who shaves; one whose occupation is to shave.

2. One who is close in bargains; a sharper. Swift.

3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a plunderer.

By these shavers the Turks were stripped.
Knolles.

4. A boy; a lad; a little fellow. [Colloq.] "These unlucky little shavers." Salmagundi.

As I have mentioned at the door to this young shaver, I am on a chase in the name of the king.
Dickens.

5. (Mech.) A tool or machine for shaving.

A note shaver, a person who buys notes at a discount greater than the legal rate of interest. [Cant, U.S.]

Shav"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shaves; specifically, the act of cutting off the beard with a razor.

2. That which is shaved off; a thin slice or strip pared off with a shave, a knife, a plane, or other cutting instrument. "Shaving of silver." Chaucer.

Shaving brush, a brush used in lathering the face preparatory to shaving it.

Shaw (sh&add;), n. [OE. schawe, scha&yogh;e, thicket, grove, AS. scaga; akin to Dan. skov, Sw. skog, Icel. skōgr.] 1. A thicket; a small wood or grove. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

Gaillard he was as goldfinch in the shaw.
Chaucer.

The green shaws, the merry green woods.
Howitt.

2. pl. The leaves and tops of vegetables, as of potatoes, turnips, etc. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Shaw"fowl`, n. [Scot. schaw, shaw, show + fowl.] The representation or image of a fowl made by fowlers to shoot at. Johnson.

Shawl (?), n. [Per. & Hind. shāl: cf. F. châle.] A square or oblong cloth of wool, cotton, silk, or other textile or netted fabric, used, especially by women, as a loose covering for the neck and shoulders.

India shawl, a kind of rich shawl made in India from the wool of the Cashmere goat. It is woven in pieces, which are sewed together. -- Shawl goat (Zoöl.), the Cashmere goat.

Shawl, v. t. To wrap in a shawl. Thackeray.

Shawm (?), n. [OE. shalmie, OF. chalemie; cf. F. chalumeau shawm, chaume haulm, stalk; all fr. L. calamus a reed, reed pipe. See Haulm, and cf. Calumet.] (Mus.) A wind instrument of music, formerly in use, supposed to have resembled either the clarinet or the hautboy in form. [Written also shalm, shaum.] Otway.

Even from the shrillest shaum unto the cornamute.
Drayton.

Shaw`nees" (?), n. pl.; sing. Shawnee (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians who occupied Western New York and part of Ohio, but were driven away and widely dispersed by the Iroquois.

Shay (?), n. A chaise. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

She (?), pron. [sing. nom. She; poss. Her. (&?;) or Hers (&?;); obj. Her; pl. nom. They (?); poss. Their (?) or Theirs (&?;); obj. Them (?).] [OE. she, sche, scheo, scho, AS. seó, fem. of the definite article, originally a demonstrative pronoun; cf. OS. siu, D. zij, G. sie, OHG. siu, sī, si, Icel. sū, sjā, Goth. si she, sō, fem. article, Russ. siia, fem., this, Gr. &?;, fem. article, Skr. sā, syā. The possessive her or hers, and the objective her, are from a different root. See Her.] 1. This or that female; the woman understood or referred to; the animal of the female sex, or object personified as feminine, which was spoken of.

She loved her children best in every wise.
Chaucer.

Then Sarah denied, . . . for she was afraid.
Gen. xviii. 15.

2. A woman; a female; -- used substantively. [R.]

Lady, you are the cruelest she alive.
Shak.

&fist; She is used in composition with nouns of common gender, for female, to denote an animal of the female sex; as, a she-bear; a she-cat.

Shead"ing (?), n. [From AS. scādan, sceádan, to separate, divide. See Shed, v. t.] A tithing, or division, in the Isle of Man, in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. The island is divided into six sheadings.

Sheaf (?), n. (Mech.) A sheave. [R.]

Sheaf, n.; pl. Sheaves (#). [OE. sheef, shef, schef, AS. sceáf; akin to D. schoof, OHG. scoub, G. schaub, Icel. skauf a fox's brush, and E. shove. See Shove.] 1. A quantity of the stalks and ears of wheat, rye, or other grain, bound together; a bundle of grain or straw.

The reaper fills his greedy hands,
And binds the golden sheaves in brittle bands.
Dryden.

2. Any collection of things bound together; a bundle; specifically, a bundle of arrows sufficient to fill a quiver, or the allowance of each archer, -- usually twenty-four.

The sheaf of arrows shook and rattled in the case.
Dryden.

Sheaf, v. t. To gather and bind into a sheaf; to make into sheaves; as, to sheaf wheat.

Sheaf (?), v. i. To collect and bind cut grain, or the like; to make sheaves.

They that reap must sheaf and bind.
Shak.

Sheaf"y (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a sheaf or sheaves; resembling a sheaf.

Sheal (?), n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

Sheal, v. t. To put under a sheal or shelter. [Scot.]

Sheal, v. t. [See Shell.] To take the husks or pods off from; to shell; to empty of its contents, as a husk or a pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Jamieson.

That's a shealed peascod.
Shak.

Sheal, n. A shell or pod. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Sheal"ing, n. The outer husk, pod, or shell, as of oats, pease, etc.; sheal; shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sheal"ing, n. Same as Sheeling. [Scot.]

Shear (?), v. t. [imp. Sheared (?) or Shore (&?;);p. p. Sheared or Shorn (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shearing.] [OE. sheren, scheren, to shear, cut, shave, AS. sceran, scieran, scyran; akin to D. & G. scheren, Icel. skera, Dan. ski&?;re, Gr. &?;&?;&?;. Cf. Jeer, Score, Shard, Share, Sheer to turn aside.] 1. To cut, clip, or sever anything from with shears or a like instrument; as, to shear sheep; to shear cloth.

&fist; It is especially applied to the cutting of wool from sheep or their skins, and the nap from cloth.

2. To separate or sever with shears or a similar instrument; to cut off; to clip (something) from a surface; as, to shear a fleece.

Before the golden tresses . . . were shorn away.
Shak.

3. To reap, as grain. [Scot.] Jamieson.

4. Fig.: To deprive of property; to fleece.

5. (Mech.) To produce a change of shape in by a shear. See Shear, n., 4.

Shear, n. [AS. sceara. See Shear, v. t.] 1. A pair of shears; -- now always used in the plural, but formerly also in the singular. See Shears.

On his head came razor none, nor shear.
Chaucer.

Short of the wool, and naked from the shear.
Dryden.

2. A shearing; -- used in designating the age of sheep.

After the second shearing, he is a two-shear ram; . . . at the expiration of another year, he is a three- shear ram; the name always taking its date from the time of shearing.
Youatt.

3. (Engin.) An action, resulting from applied forces, which tends to cause two contiguous parts of a body to slide relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact; -- also called shearing stress, and tangential stress.

4. (Mech.) A strain, or change of shape, of an elastic body, consisting of an extension in one direction, an equal compression in a perpendicular direction, with an unchanged magnitude in the third direction.

Shear blade, one of the blades of shears or a shearing machine. -- Shear hulk. See under Hulk. -- Shear steel, a steel suitable for shears, scythes, and other cutting instruments, prepared from fagots of blistered steel by repeated heating, rolling, and tilting, to increase its malleability and fineness of texture.

Shear, v. i. 1. To deviate. See Sheer.

2. (Engin.) To become more or less completely divided, as a body under the action of forces, by the sliding of two contiguous parts relatively to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact.

Shear"bill`, n. (Zoöl.) The black skimmer. See Skimmer.

Sheard (?), n. See Shard. [Obs.]

Shear"er (?), n. 1. One who shears.

Like a lamb dumb before his shearer.
Acts viii. 32.

2. A reaper. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Shear"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine, as the wool from sheep, or the nap from cloth.

2. The product of the act or operation of clipping with shears or a shearing machine; as, the whole shearing of a flock; the shearings from cloth.

3. Same as Shearling. Youatt.

4. The act or operation of reaping. [Scot.]

5. The act or operation of dividing with shears; as, the shearing of metal plates.

6. The process of preparing shear steel; tilting.

7. (Mining) The process of making a vertical side cutting in working into a face of coal.

Shearing machine. (a) A machine with blades, or rotary disks, for dividing plates or bars of metal. (b) A machine for shearing cloth.

Shear"ling (?), n. A sheep but once sheared.

Shear"man (?), n.; pl. Shearmen (&?;). One whose occupation is to shear cloth.

Shearn (?), n. [AS. scearn. Cf. Scarn.] Dung; excrement. [Obs.] [Written also shern.] Holland.

Shears (?), n. pl. [Formerly used also in the singular. See Shear, n., 1.] 1. A cutting instrument. Specifically: (a) An instrument consisting of two blades, commonly with bevel edges, connected by a pivot, and working on both sides of the material to be cut, -- used for cutting cloth and other substances.

Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain.
Pope.

(b) A similar instrument the blades of which are extensions of a curved spring, -- used for shearing sheep or skins. (c) A shearing machine; a blade, or a set of blades, working against a resisting edge.

2. Anything in the form of shears. Specifically: (a) A pair of wings. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) An apparatus for raising heavy weights, and especially for stepping and unstepping the lower masts of ships. It consists of two or more spars or pieces of timber, fastened together near the top, steadied by a guy or guys, and furnished with the necessary tackle. [Written also sheers.]

3. (Mach.) The bedpiece of a machine tool, upon which a table or slide rest is secured; as, the shears of a lathe or planer. See Illust. under Lathe.

Rotary shears. See under Rotary.

Shear"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common tern. (b) Any one of several species of humming birds of the genus Thaumastura having a long forked tail.

Shear"wa`ter (?), n. [Shear + water; cf. G. wassersherer; -- so called from its running lightly along the surface of the water.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged oceanic birds of the genus Puffinus and related genera. They are allied to the petrels, but are larger. The Manx shearwater (P. Anglorum), the dusky shearwater (P. obscurus), and the greater shearwater (P. major), are well-known species of the North Atlantic. See Hagdon.

Sheat"fish` (?), n. [Cf. dial. G. scheid, schaid, schaiden.] (Zoöl.) A European siluroid fish (Silurus glanis) allied to the cat-fishes. It is the largest fresh-water fish of Europe, sometimes becoming six feet or more in length. See Siluroid.

Sheath (?), n. [OE. schethe, AS. sc&aemacr;ð, sceáð, scēð; akin to OS. skēðia, D. scheede, G. scheide, OHG. sceida, Sw. skida, Dan. skede, Icel. skeiðir, pl., and to E. shed, v.t., originally meaning, to separate, to part. See Shed.] 1. A case for the reception of a sword, hunting knife, or other long and slender instrument; a scabbard.

The dead knight's sword out of his sheath he drew.
Spenser.

2. Any sheathlike covering, organ, or part. Specifically: (a) (Bot.) The base of a leaf when sheathing or investing a stem or branch, as in grasses. (b) (Zoöl.) One of the elytra of an insect.

Medullary sheath. (Anat.) See under Medullary. -- Primitive sheath. (Anat.) See Neurilemma. -- Sheath knife, a knife with a fixed blade, carried in a sheath. -- Sheath of Schwann. (Anat.) See Schwann's sheath.

Sheath"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of birds composing the genus Chionis, and family Chionidæ, native of the islands of the Antarctic seas.

&fist; They are related to the gulls and the plovers, but more nearly to the latter. The base of the bill is covered with a saddle- shaped horny sheath, and the toes are only slightly webbed. The plumage of both species is white.

Sheathe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheating.] [Written also sheath.] 1. To put into a sheath, case, or scabbard; to inclose or cover with, or as with, a sheath or case.

The leopard . . . keeps the claws of his fore feet turned up from the ground, and sheathed in the skin of his toes.
Grew.

'T is in my breast she sheathes her dagger now.
Dryden.

2. To fit or furnish, as with a sheath. Shak.

3. To case or cover with something which protects, as thin boards, sheets of metal, and the like; as, to sheathe a ship with copper.

4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious substances, or sharp particles. [R.] Arbuthnot.

To sheathe the sword, to make peace.

Sheathed (?), a. 1. Povided with, or inclosed in, sheath.

2. (Bot.) Invested by a sheath, or cylindrical membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses; vaginate.

Sheath"er (?), n. One who sheathes.

Sheath"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheatfish.

Sheath"ing (?), p. pr. & a. from Sheathe. Inclosing with a sheath; as, the sheathing leaves of grasses; the sheathing stipules of many polygonaceous plants.

Sheath"ing, n. That which sheathes. Specifically: (a) The casing or covering of a ship's bottom and sides; the materials for such covering; as, copper sheathing. (b) (Arch.) The first covering of boards on the outside wall of a frame house or on a timber roof; also, the material used for covering; ceiling boards in general.

Sheath"less (?), a. Without a sheath or case for covering; unsheathed.

Sheath"-winged` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having elytra, or wing cases, as a beetle.

Sheath"y (?), a. Forming or resembling a sheath or case. Sir T. Browne.

She"a tree` (?). (Bot.) An African sapotaceous tree (Bassia, or Butyrospermum, Parkii), from the seeds of which a substance resembling butter is obtained; the African butter tree.

Sheave (?), n. [Akin to OD. schijve orb, disk, wheel, D. schiff, G. scheibe, Icel. skīfa a shaving, slice; cf. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a staff. Cf. Shift, v., Shive.] A wheel having a groove in the rim for a rope to work in, and set in a block, mast, or the like; the wheel of a pulley.

Sheave hole, a channel cut in a mast, yard, rail, or other timber, in which to fix a sheave.

Sheave, v. t. [See Sheaf of straw.] To gather and bind into a sheaf or sheaves; hence, to collect. Ashmole.

Sheaved (?), a. Made of straw. [Obs.] Shak.

Sheb"an*der (?), n. [Per. shāhbandar.] A harbor master, or ruler of a port, in the East Indies. [Written also shebunder.]

She*bang" (?), n. [Cf. Shebeen.] A jocosely depreciative name for a dwelling or shop. [Slang,U.S.]

She*been" (?), n. [Of Irish origin; cf. Ir. seapa a shop.] A low public house; especially, a place where spirits and other excisable liquors are illegally and privately sold. [Ireland]

She*chi"nah (?), n. See Shekinah.

Sheck"la*ton (?), n. [Cf. Ciclatoun.] A kind of gilt leather. See Checklaton. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shed (?), n. [The same word as shade. See Shade.] A slight or temporary structure built to shade or shelter something; a structure usually open in front; an outbuilding; a hut; as, a wagon shed; a wood shed.

The first Aletes born in lowly shed.
Fairfax.

Sheds of reeds which summer's heat repel.
Sandys.

Shed, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shed; p. pr. & vb. n. Shedding.] [OE. scheden, sch&?;den, to pour, to part, AS. scādan, sceádan, to pert, to separate; akin to OS. sk&?;&?;an, OFries. sk&?;tha, G. scheiden, OHG. sceidan, Goth. skaidan, and probably to Lith. skëdu I part, separate, L. scindere to cleave, to split, Gr. &?;&?;&?;, Skr. chid, and perch. also to L. caedere to cut. √159. Cf. Chisel, Concise, Schism, Sheading, Sheath, Shide.] 1. To separate; to divide. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Robert of Brunne.

2. To part with; to throw off or give forth from one's self; to emit; to diffuse; to cause to emanate or flow; to pour forth or out; to spill; as, the sun sheds light; she shed tears; the clouds shed rain.

Did Romeo's hand shed Tybalt's blood?
Shak.

Twice seven consenting years have shed
Their utmost bounty on thy head.
Wordsworth.

3. To let fall; to throw off, as a natural covering of hair, feathers, shell; to cast; as, fowls shed their feathers; serpents shed their skins; trees shed leaves.

4. To cause to flow off without penetrating; as, a tight roof, or covering of oiled cloth, sheeds water.

5. To sprinkle; to intersperse; to cover. [R.] "Her hair . . . is shed with gray." B. Jonson.

6. (Weaving) To divide, as the warp threads, so as to form a shed, or passageway, for the shuttle.

Shed, v. i. 1. To fall in drops; to pour. [Obs.]

Such a rain down from the welkin shadde.
Chaucer.

2. To let fall the parts, as seeds or fruit; to throw off a covering or envelope.

White oats are apt to shed most as they lie, and black as they stand.
Mortimer.

Shed, n. 1. A parting; a separation; a division. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

They say also that the manner of making the shed of newwedded wives' hair with the iron head of a javelin came up then likewise.
Sir T. North.

2. The act of shedding or spilling; -- used only in composition, as in bloodshed.

3. That which parts, divides, or sheds; -- used in composition, as in watershed.

4. (Weaving) The passageway between the threads of the warp through which the shuttle is thrown, having a sloping top and bottom made by raising and lowering the alternate threads.

Shed"der (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, sheds; as, a shedder of blood; a shedder of tears.

2. (Zoöl.) A crab in the act of casting its shell, or immediately afterwards while still soft; -- applied especially to the edible crabs, which are most prized while in this state.

Shed"ding (?), n. 1. The act of shedding, separating, or casting off or out; as, the shedding of blood.

2. That which is shed, or cast off. [R.] Wordsworth.

{ Sheel"fa (?), Shil"fa (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The chaffinch; -- so named from its call note. [Prov. Eng.]

Sheel"ing (?), n. [Icel. skjōl a shelter, a cover; akin to Dan. & Sw. skjul.] A hut or small cottage in an exposed or a retired place (as on a mountain or at the seaside) such as is used by shepherds, fishermen, sportsmen, etc.; a summer cottage; also, a shed. [Written also sheel, shealing, sheiling, etc.] [Scot.]

Sheel"y (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Sheelfa.

Sheen (?), a. [OE. sehene, AS. sciéne, sc&?;ne, sc&?;ne, splendid, beautiful; akin to OFries. sk&?;ne, sk&?;ne, OS. sc&?;ni, D. schoon, G. schön, OHG. sc&?;ni, Goth, skanus, and E. shew; the original meaning being probably, visible, worth seeing. It is not akin to E. shine. See Shew, v. t.] Bright; glittering; radiant; fair; showy; sheeny. [R., except in poetry.]

This holy maiden, that is so bright and sheen.
Chaucer.

Up rose each warrier bold and brave,
Glistening in filed steel and armor sheen.
Fairfax.

Sheen, v. i. To shine; to glisten. [Poetic]

This town,
That, sheening far, celestial seems to be.
Byron.

Sheen, n. Brightness; splendor; glitter. "Throned in celestial sheen." Milton.

Sheen""ly, adv. Brightly. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

Sheen"y (?), a. Bright; shining; radiant; sheen. "A sheeny summer morn." Tennyson.

Sheep (?), n. sing. & pl. [OE. shep, scheep, AS. sc&?;p, sceáp; akin to OFries. sk&?;p, LG. & D. schaap, G. schaf, OHG. scāf, Skr. chāga. √295. Cf. Sheepherd.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of ruminants of the genus Ovis, native of the higher mountains of both hemispheres, but most numerous in Asia.

&fist; The domestic sheep (Ovis aries) varies much in size, in the length and texture of its wool, the form and size of its horns, the length of its tail, etc. It was domesticated in prehistoric ages, and many distinct breeds have been produced; as the merinos, celebrated for their fine wool; the Cretan sheep, noted for their long horns; the fat-tailed, or Turkish, sheep, remarkable for the size and fatness of the tail, which often has to be supported on trucks; the Southdowns, in which the horns are lacking; and an Asiatic breed which always has four horns.

2. A weak, bashful, silly fellow. Ainsworth.

3. pl. Fig.: The people of God, as being under the government and protection of Christ, the great Shepherd.

Rocky mountain sheep.(Zoöl.) See Bighorn. -- Maned sheep. (Zoöl.) See Aoudad. -- Sheep bot (Zoöl.), the larva of the sheep botfly. See Estrus. -- Sheep dog (Zoöl.), a shepherd dog, or collie. -- Sheep laurel (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Kalmia angustifolia) with deep rose-colored flowers in corymbs. -- Sheep pest (Bot.), an Australian plant (Acæna ovina) related to the burnet. The fruit is covered with barbed spines, by which it adheres to the wool of sheep. -- Sheep run, an extensive tract of country where sheep range and graze. -- Sheep's beard (Bot.), a cichoraceous herb (Urospermum Dalechampii) of Southern Europe; -- so called from the conspicuous pappus of the achenes. -- Sheep's bit (Bot.), a European herb (Jasione montana) having much the appearance of scabious. -- Sheep pox (Med.), a contagious disease of sheep, characterixed by the development of vesicles or pocks upon the skin. -- Sheep scabious. (Bot.) Same as Sheep's bit. -- Sheep shears, shears in which the blades form the two ends of a steel bow, by the elasticity of which they open as often as pressed together by the hand in cutting; -- so called because used to cut off the wool of sheep. -- Sheep sorrel. (Bot.), a prerennial herb (Rumex Acetosella) growing naturally on poor, dry, gravelly soil. Its leaves have a pleasant acid taste like sorrel. -- Sheep's-wool (Zoöl.), the highest grade of Florida commercial sponges (Spongia equina, variety gossypina). -- Sheep tick (Zoöl.), a wingless parasitic insect (Melophagus ovinus) belonging to the Diptera. It fixes its proboscis in the skin of the sheep and sucks the blood, leaving a swelling. Called also sheep pest, and sheep louse. -- Sheep walk, a pasture for sheep; a sheep run. -- Wild sheep. (Zoöl.) See Argali, Mouflon, and Oörial.

Sheep"back` (?), n. (Geol.) A rounded knoll of rock resembling the back of a sheep. -- produced by glacial action. Called also roche moutonnée; -- usually in the plural.

Sheep"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The edible fruit of a small North American tree of the genus Viburnum (V. Lentago), having white flowers in flat cymes; also, the tree itself. Called also nannyberry.

Sheep"bite` (?), v. i. To bite or nibble like a sheep; hence, to practice petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.

Sheep"bit`er (?), n. One who practices petty thefts. [Obs.] Shak.

There are political sheepbiters as well as pastoral; betrayers of public trusts as well as of private.
L'Estrange.

{ Sheep"cot` (?), Sheep"cote` (?), } n. A small inclosure for sheep; a pen; a fold.

Sheep"-faced` (?), a. Over-bashful; sheepish.

Sheep"fold` (?), n. A fold or pen for sheep; a place where sheep are collected or confined.

Sheep"-head`ed (?), a. Silly; simple-minded; stupid. Taylor (1630)

Sheep"hook` (?), n. A hook fastened to pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs or necks of their sheep; a shepherd's crook. Dryden.

Sheep"ish, a. 1. Of or pertaining to sheep. [Obs.]

2. Like a sheep; bashful; over-modest; meanly or foolishly diffident; timorous to excess.

Wanting change of company, he will, when he comes abroad, be a sheepish or conceited creature.
Locke.

-- Sheep"ish*ly, adv. -- Sheep"ish*ness, n.

Sheep"mas`ter (?), n. A keeper or feeder of sheep; also, an owner of sheep. 2 Kings iii. 4.

Sheep"rack` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The starling.

Sheep's"-eye` (?), n. A modest, diffident look; a loving glance; -- commonly in the plural.

I saw her just now give him the languishing eye, as they call it; . . . of old called the sheep's-eye.
Wycherley.

Sheep's-foot` (?), n. A printer's tool consisting of a metal bar formed into a hammer head at one end and a claw at the other, -- used as a lever and hammer.

Sheep"shank` (?), n. (Naut.) A hitch by which a rope may be temporarily shortened.

Sheeps"head` (&?;), n. [So called because of the fancied resemblance of its head and front teeth to those of a sheep.] (Zoöl.) A large and valuable sparoid food fish (Archosargus, or Diplodus, probatocephalus) found on the Atlantic coast of the United States. It often weighs from ten to twelve pounds.

&fist; The name is also locally, in a loose way, applied to various other fishes, as the butterfish, the fresh-water drumfish, the parrot fish, the porgy, and the moonfish.

Sheep"-shear`er (?), n. One who shears, or cuts off the wool from, sheep.

Sheep"-shear`ing (?), n. 1. Act of shearing sheep.

2. A feast at the time of sheep- shearing. Shak.

Sheep"skin` (?), n. 1. The skin of a sheep; or, leather prepared from it.

2. A diploma; -- so called because usually written or printed on parchment prepared from the skin of the sheep. [College Cant]

Sheep"split` (?), n. A split of a sheepskin; one of the thin sections made by splitting a sheepskin with a cutting knife or machine.

Sheep"y (?), a. Resembling sheep; sheepish. Testament of Love.

Sheer (?), a. [OE. shere, skere, pure, bright, Icel. sk&?;rr; akin to skīrr, AS. scīr, OS. skīri, MHG. schīr, G. schier, Dan. sk&?;r, Sw. skär, Goth. skeirs clear, and E. shine. √157. See Shine, v. i.] 1. Bright; clear; pure; unmixed. "Sheer ale." Shak.

Thou sheer, immaculate, and silver fountain.
Shak.

2. Very thin or transparent; -- applied to fabrics; as, sheer muslin.

3. Being only what it seems to be; obvious; simple; mere; downright; as, sheer folly; sheer nonsense. "A sheer impossibility." De Quincey.

It is not a sheer advantage to have several strings to one's bow.
M. Arnold.

4. Stright up and down; vertical; prpendicular.

A sheer precipice of a thousand feet.
J. D. Hooker.

It was at least
Nine roods of sheer ascent.
Wordsworth.

Sheer, adv. Clean; quite; at once. [Obs.] Milton.

Sheer, v. t. [See Shear.] To shear. [Obs.] Dryden.

Sheer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sheered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheering.] [D. sheren to shear, cut, withdraw, warp. See Shear.] To decline or deviate from the line of the proper course; to turn aside; to swerve; as, a ship sheers from her course; a horse sheers at a bicycle.

To sheer off, to turn or move aside to a distance; to move away. -- To sheer up, to approach obliquely.

Sheer, n. 1. (Naut.) (a) The longitudinal upward curvature of the deck, gunwale, and lines of a vessel, as when viewed from the side. (b) The position of a vessel riding at single anchor and swinging clear of it.

2. A turn or change in a course.

Give the canoe a sheer and get nearer to the shore.
Cooper.

3. pl. Shears See Shear.

Sheer batten (Shipbuilding), a long strip of wood to guide the carpenters in following the sheer plan. -- Sheer boom, a boom slanting across a stream to direct floating logs to one side. -- Sheer hulk. See Shear hulk, under Hulk. -- Sheer plan, or Sheer draught (Shipbuilding), a projection of the lines of a vessel on a vertical longitudinal plane passing through the middle line of the vessel. -- Sheer pole (Naut.), an iron rod lashed to the shrouds just above the dead-eyes and parallel to the ratlines. -- Sheer strake (Shipbuilding), the strake under the gunwale on the top side. Totten. -- To break sheer (Naut.), to deviate from sheer, and risk fouling the anchor.

Sheer"ly (?), adv. At once; absolutely. [Obs.]

Sheer"wa`ter (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shearwater.

Sheet (?), n. [OE. shete, schete, AS. scēte, sc&ymacr;te, fr. sceát a projecting corner, a fold in a garment (akin to D. schoot sheet, bosom, lap, G. schoss bosom, lap, flap of a coat, Icel. skaut, Goth. skauts the hem of a garment); originally, that which shoots out, from the root of AS. sceótan to shoot. √159. See Shoot, v. t.] In general, a large, broad piece of anything thin, as paper, cloth, etc.; a broad, thin portion of any substance; an expanded superficies. Specifically: (a) A broad piece of cloth, usually linen or cotton, used for wrapping the body or for a covering; especially, one used as an article of bedding next to the body.

He fell into a trance, and saw heaven opened, and a certain vessel descending unto him, as it had been a great sheet knit at the four corners.
Acts x. 10, 11.

If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me
In one of those same sheets.
Shak.

(b) A broad piece of paper, whether folded or unfolded, whether blank or written or printed upon; hence, a letter; a newspaper, etc. (c) A single signature of a book or a pamphlet; in pl., the book itself.

To this the following sheets are intended for a full and distinct answer.
Waterland.

(d) A broad, thinly expanded portion of metal or other substance; as, a sheet of copper, of glass, or the like; a plate; a leaf. (e) A broad expanse of water, or the like. "The two beautiful sheets of water." Macaulay. (f) A sail. Dryden. (g) (Geol.) An extensive bed of an eruptive rock intruded between, or overlying, other strata.

2. [AS. sceáta. See the Etymology above.] (Naut.) (a) A rope or chain which regulates the angle of adjustment of a sail in relation in relation to the wind; -- usually attached to the lower corner of a sail, or to a yard or a boom. (b) pl. The space in the forward or the after part of a boat where there are no rowers; as, fore sheets; stern sheets.

&fist; Sheet is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote that the substance to the name of which it is prefixed is in the form of sheets, or thin plates or leaves; as, sheet brass, or sheet-brass; sheet glass, or sheet-glass; sheet gold, or sheet-gold; sheet iron, or sheet- iron, etc.

A sheet in the wind, half drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- Both sheets in the wind, very drunk. [Sailors' Slang] -- In sheets, lying flat or expanded; not folded, or folded but not bound; -- said especially of printed sheets. -- Sheet bend (Naut.), a bend or hitch used for temporarily fastening a rope to the bight of another rope or to an eye. -- Sheet lightning, Sheet piling, etc. See under Lightning, Piling, etc.

Sheet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Sheeting.] 1. To furnish with a sheet or sheets; to wrap in, or cover with, a sheet, or as with a sheet. "The sheeted dead." "When snow the pasture sheets." Shak.

2. To expand, as a sheet.

The star shot flew from the welkin blue,
As it fell from the sheeted sky.
J. R. Drake.

To sheet home (Naut.), to haul upon a sheet until the sail is as flat, and the clew as near the wind, as possible.

Sheet" an"chor (?). [OE. scheten to shoot, AS. sceótan; cf. OE. shoot anchor. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Naut.) A large anchor stowed on shores outside the waist of a vessel; -- called also waist anchor. See the Note under Anchor.

2. Anything regarded as a sure support or dependence in danger; the best hope or refuge.

Sheet" ca"ble (?). (Naut.) The cable belonging to the sheet anchor.

Sheet" chain" (?). (Naut.) A chain sheet cable.

Sheet"ful (?), n.; pl. Sheetfuls (&?;). Enough to fill a sheet; as much as a sheet can hold.

Sheet"ing, n. 1. Cotton or linen cloth suitable for bed sheets. It is sometimes made of double width.

2. (Hydraul. Engin.) A lining of planks or boards (rarely of metal) for protecting an embankment.

3. The act or process of forming into sheets, or flat pieces; also, material made into sheets.

||Sheik (?), n. [Ar. sheikh, shaykh, a venerable old man, a chief, fr. shākha to grow or be old.] The head of an Arab family, or of a clan or a tribe; also, the chief magistrate of an Arab village. The name is also applied to Mohammedan ecclesiastics of a high grade. [Written also scheik, shaik, sheikh.]

{ Sheil (shēl), Sheil"ing, } n. See Sheeling.

Shek"el (?), n. [Heb. shegel, fr. shāgal to weigh.] 1. An ancient weight and coin used by the Jews and by other nations of the same stock.

&fist; A common estimate makes the shekel equal in weight to about 130 grains for gold, 224 grains for silver, and 450 grains for copper, and the approximate values of the coins are (gold) $5.00, (silver) 60 cents, and (copper half shekel), one and one half cents.

2. pl. A jocose term for money.

She*ki"nah (?), n. [Heb Talmud shekīnāh, fr. shākan to inhabit.] The visible majesty of the Divine Presence, especially when resting or dwelling between the cherubim on the mercy seat, in the Tabernacle, or in the Temple of Solomon; -- a term used in the Targums and by the later Jews, and adopted by Christians. [Written also Shechinah.] Dr. W. Smith (Bib. Dict.)

Sheld (?), a. [OE., fr. sheld a shield, probably in allusion to the ornamentation of shields. See Shield.] Variegated; spotted; speckled; piebald. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Sheld"a*fle (?), Sheld"a*ple (?), } n. [Perhaps for sheld dapple. Cf. Sheldrake.] (Zoöl.) A chaffinch. [Written also sheldapple, and shellapple.]

Sheld"fowl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The common sheldrake. [Prov. Eng.]

Shel"drake` (?), n. [Sheld + drake.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large Old World ducks of the genus Tadorna and allied genera, especially the European and Asiatic species. (T. cornuta, or tadorna), which somewhat resembles a goose in form and habit, but breeds in burrows.

&fist; It has the head and neck greenish black, the breast, sides, and forward part of the back brown, the shoulders and middle of belly black, the speculum green, and the bill and frontal bright red. Called also shelduck, shellduck, sheldfowl, skeelduck, bergander, burrow duck, and links goose.

&fist; The Australian sheldrake (Tadorna radja) has the head, neck, breast, flanks, and wing coverts white, the upper part of the back and a band on the breast deep chestnut, and the back and tail black. The chestnut sheldrake of Australia (Casarca tadornoides) is varied with black and chestnut, and has a dark green head and neck. The ruddy sheldrake, or Braminy duck (C. rutila), and the white-winged sheldrake (C. leucoptera), are related Asiatic species.

2. Any one of the American mergansers.

&fist; The name is also loosely applied to other ducks, as the canvasback, and the shoveler.

Shel"duck` (?), n. [Sheld variegated + duck.] (Zoöl.) The sheldrake. [Written also shellduck.]

Shelf (?), n.; pl. Shelves (#). [OE. shelfe, schelfe, AS. scylfe; akin to G. schelfe, Icel. skjālf. In senses 2 & 3, perhaps a different word (cf. Shelve, v. i.).] 1. (Arch.) A flat tablet or ledge of any material set horizontally at a distance from the floor, to hold objects of use or ornament.

2. A sand bank in the sea, or a rock, or ledge of rocks, rendering the water shallow, and dangerous to ships.

On the tawny sands and shelves.
Milton.

On the secret shelves with fury cast.
Dryden.

3. (Mining) A stratum lying in a very even manner; a flat, projecting layer of rock.

4. (Naut.) A piece of timber running the whole length of a vessel inside the timberheads. D. Kemp.

To lay on the shelf, to lay aside as unnecessary or useless; to dismiss; to discard.

Shelf"y (?), a. 1. Abounding in shelves; full of dangerous shallows. "A shelfy coast." Dryden.

2. Full of strata of rock. [Obs.]

The tillable fields are in some places . . . so shelfy that the corn hath much ado to fasten its root.
Carew.

Shell (?), n. [OE. shelle, schelle, AS. scell, scyll; akin to D. shel, Icel. skel, Goth. skalja a tile, and E. skill. Cf. Scale of fishes, Shale, Skill.] 1. A hard outside covering, as of a fruit or an animal. Specifically: (a) The covering, or outside part, of a nut; as, a hazelnut shell. (b) A pod. (c) The hard covering of an egg.

Think him as a serpent's egg, . . .
And kill him in the shell.
Shak.

(d) (Zoöl.) The hard calcareous or chitinous external covering of mollusks, crustaceans, and some other invertebrates. In some mollusks, as the cuttlefishes, it is internal, or concealed by the mantle. Also, the hard covering of some vertebrates, as the armadillo, the tortoise, and the like. (e) (Zoöl.) Hence, by extension, any mollusks having such a covering.

2. (Mil.) A hollow projectile, of various shapes, adapted for a mortar or a cannon, and containing an explosive substance, ignited with a fuse or by percussion, by means of which the projectile is burst and its fragments scattered. See Bomb.

3. The case which holds the powder, or charge of powder and shot, used with breechloading small arms.

4. Any slight hollow structure; a framework, or exterior structure, regarded as not complete or filled in; as, the shell of a house.

5. A coarse kind of coffin; also, a thin interior coffin inclosed in a more substantial one. Knight.

6. An instrument of music, as a lyre, -- the first lyre having been made, it is said, by drawing strings over a tortoise shell.

When Jubal struck the chorded shell.
Dryden.

7. An engraved copper roller used in print works.

8. pl. The husks of cacao seeds, a decoction of which is often used as a substitute for chocolate, cocoa, etc.

9. (Naut.) The outer frame or case of a block within which the sheaves revolve.

10. A light boat the frame of which is covered with thin wood or with paper; as, a racing shell.

Message shell, a bombshell inside of which papers may be put, in order to convey messages. -- Shell bit, a tool shaped like a gouge, used with a brace in boring wood. See Bit, n., 3. -- Shell button. (a) A button made of shell. (b) A hollow button made of two pieces, as of metal, one for the front and the other for the back, -- often covered with cloth, silk, etc. -- Shell cameo, a cameo cut in shell instead of stone. -- Shell flower. (Bot.) Same as Turtlehead. -- Shell gland. (Zoöl.) (a) A glandular organ in which the rudimentary shell is formed in embryonic mollusks. (b) A glandular organ which secretes the eggshells of various worms, crustacea, mollusks, etc. -- Shell gun, a cannon suitable for throwing shells. -- Shell ibis (Zoöl.), the openbill of India. -- Shell jacket, an undress military jacket. -- Shell lime, lime made by burning the shells of shellfish. -- Shell marl (Min.), a kind of marl characterized by an abundance of shells, or fragments of shells. -- Shell meat, food consisting of shellfish, or testaceous mollusks. Fuller. -- Shell mound. See under Mound. -- Shell of a boiler, the exterior of a steam boiler, forming a case to contain the water and steam, often inclosing also flues and the furnace; the barrel of a cylindrical, or locomotive, boiler. -- Shell road, a road of which the surface or bed is made of shells, as oyster shells. -- Shell sand, minute fragments of shells constituting a considerable part of the seabeach in some places.

Shell, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelling.] 1. To strip or break off the shell of; to take out of the shell, pod, etc.; as, to shell nuts or pease; to shell oysters.

2. To separate the kernels of (an ear of Indian corn, wheat, oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk.

3. To throw shells or bombs upon or into; to bombard; as, to shell a town.

To shell out, to distribute freely; to bring out or pay, as money. [Colloq.]

Shell, v. i. 1. To fall off, as a shell, crust, etc.

2. To cast the shell, or exterior covering; to fall out of the pod or husk; as, nuts shell in falling.

3. To be disengaged from the ear or husk; as, wheat or rye shells in reaping.

{ Shell"-lac`, Shel"lac` } (?), n. [Shell + lac a resinous substance; cf. D. shellak, G. schellack.] See the Note under 2d Lac.

Shell"ap`ple, n. (Zoöl.) See Sheldafle.

Shell"bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A species of hickory (Carya alba) whose outer bark is loose and peeling; a shagbark; also, its nut.

Shelled (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a shell.

Shell"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shells; as, an oyster sheller; a corn sheller.

Shell"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any aquatic animal whose external covering consists of a shell, either testaceous, as in oysters, clams, and other mollusks, or crustaceous, as in lobsters and crabs.

Shell"ing, n. Groats; hulled oats. Simmonds.

Shell"-less, a. Having no shell. J. Burroughs.

Shell"proof` (?), a. Capable of resisting bombs or other shells; bombproof.

Shell"work` (?), n. Work composed of shells, or adorned with them. Cotgrave.

Shell"y (?), a. Abounding with shells; consisting of shells, or of a shell. "The shelly shore." Prior.

Shrinks backward in his shelly cave.
Shak.

Shel"ter (?), n. [Cf. OE. scheltrun, shiltroun, schelltrome, scheldtrome, a guard, squadron, AS. scildtruma a troop of men with shields; scild shield + truma a band of men. See Shield, n.] 1. That which covers or defends from injury or annoyance; a protection; a screen.

The sick and weak the healing plant shall aid,
From storms a shelter, and from heat a shade.
Pope.

2. One who protects; a guardian; a defender.

Thou [God] hast been a shelter for me.
Ps. lxi. 3.

3. The state of being covered and protected; protection; security.

Who into shelter takes their tender bloom.
Young.

Shelter tent,a small tent made of pieces of cotton duck arranged to button together. In field service the soldiers carry the pieces.

Syn. -- Asylum; refuge; retreat; covert; sanctuary; protection; defense; security.

Shel"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sheltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sheltering.] 1. To be a shelter for; to provide with a shelter; to cover from injury or annoyance; to shield; to protect.

Those ruins sheltered once his sacred head.
Dryden.

You have no convents . . . in which such persons may be received and sheltered.
Southey.

2. To screen or cover from notice; to disguise.

In vain I strove to cheek my growing flame,
Or shelter passion under friendship's name.
Prior.

3. To betake to cover, or to a safe place; -- used reflexively.

They sheltered themselves under a rock.
Abp. Abbot.

Shel"ter, v. i. To take shelter.

There oft the Indian herdsman, shunning heat,
Shelters in cool.
Milton.

Shel"ter*less, a. Destitute of shelter or protection.

Now sad and shelterless perhaps she lies.
Rowe.

Shel"ter*y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.]

{ Shel"tie (?), Shel"ty (?) }, n. A Shetland pony.

Shelve (?), v. t. 1. To furnish with shelves; as, to shelve a closet or a library.

2. To place on a shelf. Hence: To lay on the shelf; to put aside; to dismiss from service; to put off indefinitely; as, to shelve an officer; to shelve a claim.

Shelve, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shelved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shelving.] [Perhapss originally from the same source as shallow, but influenced by shelf a ledge, a platform.] To incline gradually; to be slopping; as, the bottom shelves from the shore.

Shelv"ing, a. Sloping gradually; inclining; as, a shelving shore. Shak. "Shelving arches." Addison.

Shelv"ing, n. 1. The act of fitting up shelves; as, the job of shelving a closet.

2. The act of laying on a shelf, or on the shelf; putting off or aside; as, the shelving of a claim.

3. Material for shelves; shelves, collectively.

Shelv"y (?), a. Sloping gradually; shelving.

The shore was shelving and shallow.
Shak.

Shem"ite (?), n. A descendant of Shem.

{ Shem*it"ic (?), Shem"i*tish (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Shem, the son of Noah, or his descendants. See Semitic.

Shem"i*tism (?), n. See Semitism.

Shend (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shent (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shending.] [AS. scendan to disgrace, bring to shame, from sceand, sceond, disgrace, dishonor, shame; akin to G. schande, Goth. skanda. See Shame, n.] 1. To injure, mar, spoil, or harm. [Obs.] "Loss of time shendeth us." Chaucer.

I fear my body will be shent.
Dryden.

2. To blame, reproach, or revile; to degrade, disgrace, or put to shame. [Archaic] R. Browning.

The famous name of knighthood foully shend.
Spenser.

She passed the rest as Cynthia doth shend
The lesser stars.
Spenser.

Shend"ful (?), a. Destructive; ruinous; disgraceful. [Obs.] -- Shend"ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Shend"ship, n. Harm; ruin; also, reproach; disgrace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shent (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Shend, for shendeth. Chaucer.

Shent, v. t. To shend. [Obs.] Chaucer.

She"ol (shē"ōl), n. [Heb. sh&ebreve;ōl.] The place of departed spirits; Hades; also, the grave.

For thou wilt not leave my soul to sheol.
Ps. xvi. 10. (Rev. Ver.)

Shep"en (?), n. A stable; a shippen. [Obs.]

The shepne brenning with the blacke smoke.
Chaucer.

Shep"herd (?), n. [OE. schepherde, schephirde, AS. sceáphyrde; sceáp sheep + hyrde, hirde, heorde, a herd, a guardian. See Sheep, and Herd.] 1. A man employed in tending, feeding, and guarding sheep, esp. a flock grazing at large.

2. The pastor of a church; one with the religious guidance of others.

Shepherd bird (Zoöl.), the crested screamer. See Screamer. -- Shepherd dog (Zoöl.), a breed of dogs used largely for the herding and care of sheep. There are several kinds, as the collie, or Scotch shepherd dog, and the English shepherd dog. Called also shepherd's dog. -- Shepherd dog, a name of Pan. Keats. -- Shepherd kings, the chiefs of a nomadic people who invaded Egypt from the East in the traditional period, and conquered it, at least in part. They were expelled after about five hundred years, and attempts have been made to connect their expulsion with narrative in the book of Exodus. -- Shepherd's club (Bot.), the common mullein. See Mullein. -- Shepherd's crook, a long staff having the end curved so as to form a large hook, -- used by shepherds. -- Shepherd's needle (Bot.), the lady's comb. -- Shepherd's plaid, a kind of woolen cloth of a checkered black and white pattern. -- Shephered spider (Zoöl.), a daddy longlegs, or harvestman. -- Shepherd's pouch, or Shepherd's purse (Bot.), an annual cruciferous plant (Capsella Bursapastoris) bearing small white flowers and pouchlike pods. See Illust. of Silicle. -- Shepherd's rod, or Shepherd's staff (Bot.), the small teasel.

Shep"herd, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shepherded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shepherding.] To tend as a shepherd; to guard, herd, lead, or drive, as a shepherd. [Poetic]

White, fleecy clouds . . .

Shepherded by the slow, unwilling wind.
Shelley.

Shep"herd*ess, n. A woman who tends sheep; hence, a rural lass.

She put herself into the garb of a shepherdess.
Sir P. Sidney.

Shep*her"di*a (?), n.; pl. Shepherdias (#). [NL. So called from John Shepherd, an English botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of shrubs having silvery scurfy leaves, and belonging to the same family as Elæagnus; also, any plant of this genus. See Buffalo berry, under Buffalo.

Shep"herd*ish (?), n. Resembling a shepherd; suiting a shepherd; pastoral. Sir T. Sidney.

Shep"herd*ism (?), n. Pastoral life or occupation.

Shep"herd*ling (?), n. A little shepherd.

Shep"herd*ly (?), a. Resembling, or becoming to, a shepherd; pastoral; rustic. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Shep"ster (?), n. A seamstress. [Obs.] Caxton.

Sher"bet (?), n. [Ar. sherbet, shorbet, sharbat, properly, one drink or sip, a draught, beverage, from shariba to drink. Cf. Sorbet, Sirup, Shrub a drink.] 1. A refreshing drink, common in the East, made of the juice of some fruit, diluted, sweetened, and flavored in various ways; as, orange sherbet; lemon sherbet; raspberry sherbet, etc.

2. A flavored water ice.

3. A preparation of bicarbonate of soda, tartaric acid, sugar, etc., variously flavored, for making an effervescing drink; -- called also sherbet powder.

Sherd (?), n. A fragment; -- now used only in composition, as in potsherd. See Shard.

The thigh . . . which all in sherds it drove.
Chapman.

{ ||Sher"eef (?), ||Sher"if (?), } n. [Ar. sherīf noble, holy, n., a prince.] A member of an Arab princely family descended from Mohammed through his son-in-law Ali and daughter Fatima. The Grand Shereef is the governor of Mecca.

||Sher"i*at (?), n. [Turk. sherī 'at] The sacred law of the Turkish empire.

Sher"iff, n. [OE. shereve, AS. scīr-ger&?;fa; scīr a shire + ger&?;fa a reeve. See Shire, and Reeve, and cf. Shrievalty.] The chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is intrusted the execution of the laws, the serving of judicial writs and processes, and the preservation of the peace.

&fist; In England, sheriffs are appointed by the king. In the United States, sheriffs are elected by the legislature or by the citizens, or appointed and commissioned by the executive of the State. The office of sheriff in England is judicial and ministerial. In the United States, it is mainly ministerial. The sheriff, by himself or his deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout the county, has charge of the jail and prisoners, attends courts, and keeps the peace. His judicial authority is generally confined to ascertaining damages on writs of inquiry and the like. Sheriff, in Scotland, called sheriff depute, is properly a judge, having also certain ministerial powers. Sheriff clerk is the clerk of the Sheriff's Court in Scotland. Sheriff's Court in London is a tribunal having cognizance of certain personal actions in that city. Wharton, Tomlins. Erskine.

{ Sher"iff*al*ty (?), Sher"iff*dom (?), Sher"iff*ry (?), Sher"iff*ship (?), Sher"iff*wick (?), n. } The office or jurisdiction of sheriff. See Shrievalty.

Shern (?), n. See Shearn. [Obs.]

Sher"ris (?), n. Sherry. [Obs.] Shak.

Sher"ry (?), n. [So called from Xeres, a Spanish town near Cadiz, x in Spanish having been formerly pronounced like sh in English.] A Spanish light-colored dry wine, made in Andalusia. As prepared for commerce it is colored a straw color or a deep amber by mixing with it cheap wine boiled down.

Sherry cobbler, a beverage prepared with sherry wine, water, lemon or orange, sugar, ice, etc., and usually imbided through a straw or a glass tube.

Sher"ry*val`lies (?), n. pl. [Cf. Sp. zaraquelles wide breeches or overalls.] Trousers or overalls of thick cloth or leather, buttoned on the outside of each leg, and generally worn to protect other trousers when riding on horseback. [Local, U.S.] Bartlett.

Shet (?), v. t. & i. [imp. Shet. (Obs. Shette (&?; or &?;)); p. pr. Shet; p. pr. & vb. n. Shetting.] To shut. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer.

Shete (?), v. t. & i. To shoot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sheth (?), n. The part of a plow which projects downward beneath the beam, for holding the share and other working parts; -- also called standard, or post.

Shet"land po"ny (?). One of a small, hardy breed of horses, with long mane and tail, which originated in the Shetland Islands; a sheltie.

Shew (?), v. t. & i. See Show.

Shew, n. Show. [Obs. except in shewbread.]

Shew"bread` (?). See Showbread.

Shew"el (?), n. A scarecrow. [Obs.] Trench.

Shew"er (?), n. One who shews. See Shower.

Shewn (?), p. p. of Shew.

Shi"ah (?), n. Same as Shiite.

Shib"bo*leth (?), n. [Heb. shibbōleth an ear of corn, or a stream, a flood.] 1. A word which was made the criterion by which to distinguish the Ephraimites from the Gileadites. The Ephraimites, not being able to pronounce sh, called the word sibboleth. See Judges xii.

Without reprieve, adjudged to death,
For want of well pronouncing shibboleth.
Milton.

Also in an extended sense.

The th, with its twofold value, is . . . the shibboleth of foreigners.
Earle.

2. Hence, the criterion, test, or watchword of a party; a party cry or pet phrase.

Shide (?), n. [OE. shide, schide, AS. scīde; akin to OHG. scīt, G. scheit, Icel. skīð, and E. shed, v.t.] A thin board; a billet of wood; a splinter. [Prov. Eng.]

Shie (?), v. t. See Shy, to throw.

Shied (?), imp. & p. p. of Shy.

Shiel, n. A sheeling. [Scot.] Burns.

Shield (?), n. [OE. sheld, scheld, AS. scield, scild, sceld, scyld; akin to OS. scild, OFries. skeld, D. & G. schild, OHG. scilt, Icel. skjöldr, Sw. sköld, Dan. skiold, Goth. skildus; of uncertain origin. Cf. Sheldrake.] 1. A broad piece of defensive armor, carried on the arm, -- formerly in general use in war, for the protection of the body. See Buckler.

Now put your shields before your hearts and fight,
With hearts more proof than shields.
Shak.

2. Anything which protects or defends; defense; shelter; protection. "My council is my shield." Shak.

3. Figuratively, one who protects or defends.

Fear not, Abram; I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward.
Gen. xv. 1.

4. (Bot.) In lichens, a Hardened cup or disk surrounded by a rim and containing the fructification, or asci.

5. (Her.) The escutcheon or field on which are placed the bearings in coats of arms. Cf. Lozenge. See Illust. of Escutcheon.

6. (Mining & Tunneling) A framework used to protect workmen in making an adit under ground, and capable of being pushed along as excavation progresses.

7. A spot resembling, or having the form of, a shield. "Bespotted as with shields of red and black." Spenser.

8. A coin, the old French crown, or écu, having on one side the figure of a shield. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shield fern (Bot.), any fern of the genus Aspidium, in which the fructifications are covered with shield-shaped indusia; -- called also wood fern. See Illust. of Indusium.

Shield (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shielded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shielding.] [AS. scidan, scyldan. See Shield, n.] 1. To cover with, or as with, a shield; to cover from danger; to defend; to protect from assault or injury.

Shouts of applause ran ringing through the field,
To see the son the vanquished father shield.
Dryden.

A woman's shape doth shield thee.
Shak.

2. To ward off; to keep off or out.

They brought with them their usual weeds, fit to shield the cold to which they had been inured.
Spenser.

3. To avert, as a misfortune; hence, as a supplicatory exclamation, forbid! [Obs.]

God shield that it should so befall.
Chaucer.

God shield I should disturb devotion!
Shak.

Shield"-bear`er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, carries a shield.

2. (Zoöl.) Any small moth of the genus Aspidisca, whose larva makes a shieldlike covering for itself out of bits of leaves.

Shield"drake` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sheldrake.

Shield"less, a. Destitute of a shield, or of protection. -- Shield"less*ly, adv. -- Shield"less*ness, n.

Shield"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of small burrowing snakes of the family Uropeltidæ, native of Ceylon and Southern Asia. They have a small mouth which can not be dilated.

Shiel"ing (?), n. A hut or shelter for shepherds of fishers. See Sheeling. [Scot.]

Shift (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shifting.] [OE. shiften, schiften, to divide, change, remove. AS. sciftan to divide; akin to LG. & D. schiften to divide, distinguish, part Icel. skipta to divide, to part, to shift, to change, Dan skifte, Sw. skifta, and probably to Icel. skīfa to cut into slices, as n., a slice, and to E. shive, sheave, n., shiver, n.] 1. To divide; to distribute; to apportion. [Obs.]

To which God of his bounty would shift
Crowns two of flowers well smelling.
Chaucer.

2. To change the place of; to move or remove from one place to another; as, to shift a burden from one shoulder to another; to shift the blame.

Hastily he schifte him[self].
Piers Plowman.

Pare saffron between the two St. Mary's days,
Or set or go shift it that knowest the ways.
Tusser.

3. To change the position of; to alter the bearings of; to turn; as, to shift the helm or sails.

Carrying the oar loose, [they] shift it hither and thither at pleasure.
Sir W. Raleigh.

4. To exchange for another of the same class; to remove and to put some similar thing in its place; to change; as, to shift the clothes; to shift the scenes.

I would advise you to shift a shirt.
Shak.

5. To change the clothing of; -- used reflexively. [Obs.]

As it were to ride day and night; and . . . not to have patience to shift me.
Shak.

6. To put off or out of the way by some expedient. "I shifted him away." Shak.

To shift off, to delay; to defer; to put off; to lay aside. -- To shift the scene, to change the locality or the surroundings, as in a play or a story.

Shift the scene for half an hour;
Time and place are in thy power.
Swift.

Shift, v. i. 1. To divide; to distribute. [Obs.]

Some this, some that, as that him liketh shift.
Chaucer.

2. To make a change or changes; to change position; to move; to veer; to substitute one thing for another; -- used in the various senses of the transitive verb.

The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered pantaloon.
Shak.

Here the Baillie shifted and fidgeted about in his seat.
Sir W. Scott.

3. To resort to expedients for accomplishing a purpose; to contrive; to manage.

Men in distress will look to themselves, and leave their companions to shift as well as they can.
L'Estrange.

4. To practice indirect or evasive methods.

All those schoolmen, though they were exceeding witty, yet better teach all their followers to shift, than to resolve by their distinctions.
Sir W. Raleigh.

5. (Naut.) To slip to one side of a ship, so as to destroy the equilibrum; -- said of ballast or cargo; as, the cargo shifted.

Shift (?), n. [Cf. Icel skipti. See Shift, v. t.] 1. The act of shifting. Specifically: (a) The act of putting one thing in the place of another, or of changing the place of a thing; change; substitution.

My going to Oxford was not merely for shift of air.
Sir H. Wotton.

(b) A turning from one thing to another; hence, an expedient tried in difficulty; often, an evasion; a trick; a fraud. "Reduced to pitiable shifts." Macaulay.

I 'll find a thousand shifts to get away.
Shak.

Little souls on little shifts rely.
Dryden.

2. Something frequently shifted; especially, a woman's under-garment; a chemise.

3. The change of one set of workmen for another; hence, a spell, or turn, of work; also, a set of workmen who work in turn with other sets; as, a night shift.

4. In building, the extent, or arrangement, of the overlapping of plank, brick, stones, etc., that are placed in courses so as to break joints.

5. (Mining) A breaking off and dislocation of a seam; a fault.

6. (Mus.) A change of the position of the hand on the finger board, in playing the violin.

To make shift, to contrive or manage in an exigency. "I shall make shift to go without him." Shak.

[They] made a shift to keep their own in Ireland.
Milton.

Shift"a*ble (?), a. Admitting of being shifted.

Shift"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, shifts; one who plays tricks or practices artifice; a cozener.

'T was such a shifter that, if truth were known,
Death was half glad when he had got him down.
Milton.

2. (Naut.) An assistant to the ship's cook in washing, steeping, and shifting the salt provisions.

3. (Mach.) (a) An arrangement for shifting a belt sidewise from one pulley to another. (b) (Knitting Mach.) A wire for changing a loop from one needle to another, as in narrowing, etc.

Shift"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being shifty.

Diplomatic shiftiness and political versatility.
J. A. Syminds.

Shift"ing, a. 1. Changing in place, position, or direction; varying; variable; fickle; as, shifting winds; shifting opinions or principles.

2. Adapted or used for shifting anything.

Shifting backstays (Naut.), temporary stays that have to be let go whenever the vessel tacks or jibes. -- Shifting ballast, ballast which may be moved from one side of a vessel to another as safety requires. -- Shifting center. See Metacenter. -- Shifting locomotive. See Switching engine, under Switch.

Shift"ing*ly, adv. In a shifting manner.

Shift"less, a. Destitute of expedients, or not using successful expedients; characterized by failure, especially by failure to provide for one's own support, through negligence or incapacity; hence, lazy; improvident; thriftless; as, a shiftless fellow; shiftless management. -- Shift"less*ly, adv. -- Shift"less*ness, n.

Shift"y (?), a. Full of, or ready with, shifts; fertile in expedients or contrivance. Wright.

Shifty and thrifty as old Greek or modern Scot, there were few things he could not invent, and perhaps nothing he could not endure.
C. Kingsley.

{ Shi"ite (?), Shi"ah (?) }, n. [Ar. shī'aīa follower of the sect of Ali, fr. shī'at, shī'ah, a multitude following one another in pursuit of the same object, the sect of Ali, fr. shā'a to follow.] A member of that branch of the Mohammedans to which the Persians belong. They reject the first three caliphs, and consider Ali as being the first and only rightful successor of Mohammed. They do not acknowledge the Sunna, or body of traditions respecting Mohammed, as any part of the law, and on these accounts are treated as heretics by the Sunnites, or orthodox Mohammedans.

{ Shi*ka"ree, ||Shi*ka"ri } (?) n. [Hind.] A sportsman; esp., a native hunter. [India]

Shilf (?), n. [CF. G. shilf sedge.] Straw. [Obs.]

Shill (?), v. t. To shell. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shill, v. t. [Cf. Sheal.] To put under cover; to sheal. [Prov.ng.] Brockett.

{ Shil*la"lah, Shil*le"lah } (?), n. An oaken sapling or cudgel; any cudgel; -- so called from Shillelagh, a place in Ireland of that name famous for its oaks. [Irish] [Written also shillaly, and shillely.]

Shil"ling (?), n. [OE. shilling, schilling, AS. scilling; akin to D. schelling, OS. & OHG. scilling, G. schilling, Sw. & Dan. skilling, Icel. skillingr, Goth. skilliggs, and perh. to OHG. scellan to sound, G. schallen.] 1. A silver coin, and money of account, of Great Britain and its dependencies, equal to twelve pence, or the twentieth part of a pound, equivalent to about twenty-four cents of the United States currency.

2. In the United States, a denomination of money, differing in value in different States. It is not now legally recognized.

&fist; Many of the States while colonies had issued bills of credit which had depreciated in different degrees in the different colonies. Thus, in New England currency (used also in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida), after the adoption of the decimal system, the pound in paper money was worth only $3.333, and the shilling 16&?; cts., or 6s. to $1; in New York currency (also in North Carolina, Ohio, and Michigan), the pound was worth $2.50, and the shilling 12½ cts., or 8s. to $1; in Pennsylvania currency (also in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland), the pound was worth $2.70, and the shilling 13½ cts., or 7s. 6d. to $1; and in Georgia currency (also in South Carolina), the pound was worth $4.29&?;, and the shilling 21&?; cts., or 4s 8d. to $1. In many parts of the country . . . the reckoning by shillings and pence is not yet entirely abandoned. Am. Cyc.

3. The Spanish real, of the value of one eight of a dollar, or 12&?; cets; -- formerly so called in New York and some other States. See Note under 2.

York shilling. Same as Shilling, 3.

{ Shill"-I-shall`-I (?), Shil"ly-shal`ly, } adv. [A reduplication of shall I.] In an irresolute, undecided, or hesitating manner.

I am somewhat dainty in making a resolution, because when I make it, I keep it; I don't stand shill-I-shall-I then; if I say 't, I'll do 't.
Congreve.

Shil"ly-shal`ly, v. i. To hesitate; to act in an irresolute manner; hence, to occupy one's self with trifles.

Shil"ly-shal`ly, n. Irresolution; hesitation; also, occupation with trifles.

She lost not one of her forty-five minutes in picking and choosing, -- no shilly-shally in Kate.
De Quincey.

Shi"loh (shī\'b6lō), n. [Heb. shīlōh, literally, quiet, rest, fr. shālāh to rest.] (Script.) A word used by Jacob on his deathbed, and interpreted variously, as "the Messiah," or as the city "Shiloh," or as "Rest."

Shi"ly (?), adv. See Shyly.

Shim (?), n. 1. A kind of shallow plow used in tillage to break the ground, and clear it of weeds.

2. (Mach.) A thin piece of metal placed between two parts to make a fit.

Shim"mer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shimmered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shimmering.] [OE. schimeren, AS. scimerian; akin to scīmian, scīman, to glitter, D. schemeren, G. schimmern, Dan. skimre, Sw. skimra, AS. scīma a light, brightness, Icel. skīma, Goth. skeima a torch, a lantern, and E. shine. √157. See Shine, v. i.] To shine with a tremulous or intermittent light; to shine faintly; to gleam; to glisten; to glimmer.

The shimmering glimpses of a stream.
Tennyson.

Shim"mer, n. A faint, tremulous light; a gleaming; a glimmer.

TWo silver lamps, fed with perfumed oil, diffused . . . a trembling twilight-seeming shimmer through the quiet apartment.
Sir W. Scott.

Shim"mer*ing, n. A gleam or glimmering. "A little shimmering of a light." Chaucer.

Shim"my (?), n. A chemise. [Colloq.]

Shin (?), n. [OE. shine, schine, AS. scina; akin to D. scheen, OHG. scina, G. schiene, schienbein, Dan. skinnebeen, Sw. skenben. Cf. Chine.] 1. The front part of the leg below the knee; the front edge of the shin bone; the lower part of the leg; the shank. "On his shin." Chaucer.

2. (Railbroad) A fish plate for rails. Knight.

Shin bone (Anat.), the tibia. -- Shin leaf (Bot.), a perennial ericaceous herb (Pyrola elliptica) with a cluster of radical leaves and a raceme of greenish white flowers.

Shin, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shinning.] 1. To climb a mast, tree, rope, or the like, by embracing it alternately with the arms and legs, without help of steps, spurs, or the like; -- used with up; as, to shin up a mast. [Slang]

2. To run about borrowing money hastily and temporarily, as for the payment of one's notes at the bank. [Slang, U.S.] Bartlett.

Shin, v. t. To climb (a pole, etc.) by shinning up. [Slang]

Shin"dle (?), n. [See 2d Shingle.] A shingle; also, a slate for roofing. [Obs.] Holland.

Shin"dle, v. t. To cover or roof with shindles. [Obs.]

Shin"dy (?), n.; pl. Shindies (#). [Etymol. uncertain; cf. Shinney, Shinty.] 1. An uproar or disturbance; a spree; a row; a riot. [Slang] Thackeray.

2. Hockey; shinney. Bartlett.

3. A fancy or liking. [Local, U. S.] Bartlett.

Shine (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shone (&?; or &?;; 277) (archaic Shined (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Shining.] [OE. shinen, schinen, AS. scīnan; akin to D. schijnen, OFries. skīna, OS. & OHG. scīnan, G. scheinen, Icel. skīna, Sw. skina, Dan. skinne, Goth. skeinan, and perh. to Gr. &?;&?;&?; shadow. √157. Cf. Sheer pure, and Shimmer.] 1. To emit rays of light; to give light; to beam with steady radiance; to exhibit brightness or splendor; as, the sun shines by day; the moon shines by night.

Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine.
Shak.

God, who commanded the light to shine out of darkness, hath shined in our hearts, to give the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Jesus Cghrist.
2 Cor. iv. 6.

Let thine eyes shine forth in their full luster.
Denham.

2. To be bright by reflection of light; to gleam; to be glossy; as, to shine like polished silver.

3. To be effulgent in splendor or beauty. "So proud she shined in her princely state." Spenser.

Once brightest shined this child of heat and air.
Pope.

4. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished; to exhibit brilliant intellectual powers; as, to shine in courts; to shine in conversation.

Few are qualified to shine in company; but it in most men's power to be agreeable.
Swift.

To make, or cause, the face to shine upon, to be propitious to; to be gracious to. Num. vi. 25.

Shine, v. t. 1. To cause to shine, as a light. [Obs.]

He [God] doth not rain wealth, nor shine honor and virtues, upon men equally.
Bacon.

2. To make bright; to cause to shine by reflected light; as, in hunting, to shine the eyes of a deer at night by throwing a light on them. [U. S.] Bartlett.

Shine, n. 1. The quality or state of shining; brightness; luster, gloss; polish; sheen.

Now sits not girt with taper's holy shine.
Milton.

Fair opening to some court's propitious shine.
Pope.

The distant shine of the celestial city.
Hawthorne.

2. Sunshine; fair weather.

Be it fair or foul, or rain or shine.
Dryden.

3. A liking for a person; a fancy. [Slang, U.S.]

4. Caper; antic; row. [Slang]

To cut up shines, to play pranks. [Slang, U.S.]

Shine (?), a. [AS. scīn. See Shine, v. i.] Shining; sheen. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shin"er (?), n. That which shines. Specifically: (a) A luminary. (b) A bright piece of money. [Slang]

Has she the shiners, d' ye think?
Foote.

(c) (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small freshwater American cyprinoid fishes, belonging to Notropis, or Minnilus, and allied genera; as the redfin (Notropis megalops), and the golden shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucus) of the Eastern United States; also loosely applied to various other silvery fishes, as the dollar fish, or horsefish, menhaden, moonfish, sailor's choice, and the sparada. (d) (Zoöl.) The common Lepisma, or furniture bug.

Blunt-nosed shiner (Zoöl.), the silver moonfish.

Shi"ness (?), n. See Shyness.

Shin"gle (?), n. [Prob. from Norw. singl, singling, coarse gravel, small round stones.] (Geol.) Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and pebbles, or a collection of roundish stones, such as are common on the seashore and elsewhere.

Shin"gle, n. [OE. shingle, shindle, fr. L. scindula, scandula; cf. scindere to cleave, to split, E. shed, v.t., Gr. &?;&?;&?;, &?;&?;&?;, shingle, &?;&?;&?; to slit.] 1. A piece of wood sawed or rived thin and small, with one end thinner than the other, -- used in covering buildings, especially roofs, the thick ends of one row overlapping the thin ends of the row below.

I reached St. Asaph, . . . where there is a very poor cathedral church covered with shingles or tiles.
Ray.

2. A sign for an office or a shop; as, to hang out one's shingle. [Jocose, U. S.]

Shingle oak (Bot.), a kind of oak (Quercus imbricaria) used in the Western States for making shingles.

Shin"gle, v. t. [imp. &. p. p. Shingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shingling (?).] 1. To cover with shingles; as, to shingle a roof.

They shingle their houses with it.
Evelyn.

2. To cut, as hair, so that the ends are evenly exposed all over the head, as shingles on a roof.

Shin"gle, v. t. To subject to the process of shindling, as a mass of iron from the pudding furnace.

Shin"gler (?), n. 1. One who shingles.

2. A machine for shingling puddled iron.

Shin"gles (?), n. [OF. cengle a girth, F. sangle, fr. L. cingulum a girdle, fr. cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture, Cingle, Surcingle.] (Med.) A kind of herpes (Herpes zoster) which spreads half way around the body like a girdle, and is usually attended with violent neuralgic pain.

Shin"gling (?), n. 1. The act of covering with shingles; shingles, collectively; a covering made of shingles.

2. (Metal) The process of expelling scoriæ and other impurities by hammering and squeezing, in the production of wrought iron.

Shingling hammer, a ponderous hammer moved by machinery, used in shingling puddled iron. -- Shingling mill, a mill or forge where puddled iron is shingled.

Shin"gly (?), a. Abounding with shingle, or gravel.

Shin"hop`ple (?), n. The hobblebush.

Shin"ing (?), a. 1. Emitting light, esp. in a continuous manner; radiant; as, shining lamps; also, bright by the reflection of light; as, shining armor. "Fish . . . with their fins and shining scales." Milton.

2. Splendid; illustrious; brilliant; distinguished; conspicious; as, a shining example of charity.

3. Having the surface smooth and polished; -- said of leaves, the surfaces of shells, etc.

Syn. -- Glistening; bright; radiant; resplendent; effulgent; lustrous; brilliant; glittering; splendid; illustrious. -- Shining, Brilliant, Sparking. Shining describes the steady emission of a strong light, or the steady reflection of light from a clear or polished surface. Brilliant denotes a shining of great brightness, but with gleams or flashes. Sparkling implies a fitful, intense shining from radiant points or sparks, by which the eye is dazzled. The same distinctions obtain when these epithets are figuratively applied. A man of shining talents is made conspicious by possessing them; if they flash upon the mind with a peculiarly striking effect, we call them brilliant; if his brilliancy is marked by great vivacity and occasional intensity, he is sparkling.

True paradise . . . inclosed with shining rock.
Milton.

Some in a brilliant buckle bind her waist,
Some round her neck a circling light display.
Gay.

His sparkling blade about his head he blest.
Spenser.

Shin"ing, n. Emission or reflection of light.

Shin"ing*ness, n. Brightness. J. Spence.

Shin"ney (?), n. [CF. Shindy.] The game of hockey; -- so called because of the liability of the players to receive blows on the shin. Halliwell.

Shin"plas`ter (?), n. Formerly, a jocose term for a bank note greatly depreciated in value; also, for paper money of a denomination less than a dollar. [U. S.]

{ Shin"to (?), Shin"ti*ism (?), } n. [Chin. shin god + tao way, doctrine.] One of the two great systems of religious belief in Japan. Its essence is ancestor worship, and sacrifice to dead heroes. [Written also Sintu, and Sintuism.]

Shin"to*ist (?), n. An adherent of Shintoism.

Shin"ty (?), n. [Cf. Gael. sinteag a skip, a bound.] A Scotch game resembling hockey; also, the club used in the game. Jamieson.

Shin"y (?), a. [Compar. Shinier (?); superl. Shiniest.] Bright; luminous; clear; unclouded.

Like distant thunder on a shiny day.
Dryden.

-ship (?). [OE. -schipe, AS. -scipe; akin to OFries. -skipe, OLG. -skepi, D. -schap, OHG. - scaf, G. -schaft. Cf. Shape, n., and Landscape.] A suffix denoting state, office, dignity, profession, or art; as in lordship, friendship, chancellorship, stewardship, horsemanship.

Ship (?), n. [AS. scipe.] Pay; reward. [Obs.]

In withholding or abridging of the ship or the hire or the wages of servants.
Chaucer.

Ship, n. [OE. ship, schip, AS. scip; akin to OFries. skip, OS. scip, D. schip, G. schiff, OHG. scif, Dan. skib, Sw. skeep, Icel. & Goth. skip; of unknown origin. Cf. Equip, Skiff, Skipper.] 1. Any large seagoing vessel.

Like a stately ship . . .
With all her bravery on, and tackle trim,
Sails filled, and streamers waving.
Milton.

Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!
Longfellow.

2. Specifically, a vessel furnished with a bowsprit and three masts (a mainmast, a foremast, and a mizzenmast), each of which is composed of a lower mast, a topmast, and a topgallant mast, and square-rigged on all masts. See Illustation in Appendix.

l Port or Larboard Side; s Starboard Side; 1 Roundhouse or Deck House; 2 Tiller; 3 Grating; 4 Wheel; 5 Wheel Chains; 6 Binnacle; 7 Mizzenmast; 8 Skylight; 9 Capstan; 10 Mainmast; 11 Pumps; 12 Galley or Caboose; 13 Main Hatchway; 14 Windlass; 15 Foremast; 16 Fore Hatchway; 17 Bitts; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Head Rail; 20 Boomkins; 21 Catheads on Port Bow and Starboard Bow; 22 Fore Chains; 23 Main Chains; 24 Mizzen Chains; 25 Stern.

1 Fore Royal Stay; 2 Flying Jib Stay; 3 Fore Topgallant Stay;4 Jib Stay; 5 Fore Topmast Stays; 6 Fore Tacks; 8 Flying Martingale; 9 Martingale Stay, shackled to Dolphin Striker; 10 Jib Guys; 11 Jumper Guys; 12 Back Ropes; 13 Robstays; 14 Flying Jib Boom; 15 Flying Jib Footropes; 16 Jib Boom; 17 Jib Foottropes; 18 Bowsprit; 19 Fore Truck; 20 Fore Royal Mast; 21 Fore Royal Lift; 22 Fore Royal Yard; 23 Fore Royal Backstays; 24 Fore Royal Braces; 25 Fore Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 26 Fore Topgallant Lift; 27 Fore Topgallant Yard; 28 Fore Topgallant Backstays; 29 Fore Topgallant Braces; 30 Fore Topmast and Rigging; 31 Fore Topsail Lift; 32 Fore Topsail Yard; 33 Fore Topsail Footropes; 34 Fore Topsail Braces; 35 Fore Yard; 36 Fore Brace; 37 Fore Lift; 38 Fore Gaff; 39 Fore Trysail Vangs; 40 Fore Topmast Studding-sail Boom; 41 Foremast and Rigging; 42 Fore Topmast Backstays; 43 Fore Sheets; 44 Main Truck and Pennant; 45 Main Royal Mast and Backstay; 46 Main Royal Stay; 47 Main Royal Lift; 48 Main Royal Yard; 49 Main Royal Braces; 50 Main Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 51 Main Topgallant Lift; 52 Main Topgallant Backstays; 53 Main Topgallant Yard; 54 Main Topgallant Stay; 55 Main Topgallant Braces; 56 Main Topmast and Rigging; 57 Topsail Lift; 58 Topsail Yard; 59 Topsail Footropes; 60 Topsail Braces; 61 Topmast Stays; 62 Main Topgallant Studding-sail Boom; 63 Main Topmast Backstay; 64 Main Yard; 65 Main Footropes; 66 Mainmast and Rigging; 67 Main Lift; 68 Main Braces; 69 Main Tacks; 70 Main Sheets; 71 Main Trysail Gaff; 72 Main Trysail Vangs; 73 Main Stays; 74 Mizzen Truck; 75 Mizzen Royal Mast and Rigging; 76 Mizzen Royal Stay; 77 Mizzen Royal Lift; 78 Mizzen Royal Yard; 79 Mizzen Royal Braces; 80 Mizzen Topgallant Mast and Rigging; 81 Mizzen Topgallant Lift; 82 Mizzen Topgallant Backstays; 83 Mizzen Topgallant Braces; 84 Mizzen Topgallant Yard; 85 Mizzen Topgallant Stay; 86 Mizzen Topmast and Rigging; 87 Mizzen Topmast Stay; 88 Mizzen Topsail Lift; 89 Mizzen Topmast Backstays; 90 Mizzen Topsail Braces; 91 Mizzen Topsail Yard; 92 Mizzen Topsail Footropes; 93 Crossjack Yard; 94 Crossjack Footropes; 95 Crossjack Lift; 96 Crossjack Braces; 97 Mizzenmast and Rigging; 98 Mizzen Stay; 99 Spanker Gaff; 100 Peak Halyards; 101 Spanker Vangs; 102 Spanker Boom; 103 Spanker Boom Topping Lift; 104 Jacob's Ladder, or Stern Ladder; 105 Spanker Sheet; 106 Cutwater; 107 Starboard Bow; 108 Starboard Beam; 109 Water Line; 110 Starboard Quarter; 111 Rudder.

3. A dish or utensil (originally fashioned like the hull of a ship) used to hold incense. [Obs.] Tyndale.

Armed ship, a private ship taken into the service of the government in time of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of war. [Eng.] Brande & C. -- General ship. See under General. -- Ship biscuit, hard biscuit prepared for use on shipboard; -- called also ship bread. See Hardtack. -- Ship boy, a boy who serves in a ship. "Seal up the ship boy's eyes." Shak. -- Ship breaker, one who breaks up vessels when unfit for further use. -- Ship broker, a mercantile agent employed in buying and selling ships, procuring cargoes, etc., and generally in transacting the business of a ship or ships when in port. -- Ship canal, a canal suitable for the passage of seagoing vessels. -- Ship carpenter, a carpenter who works at shipbuilding; a shipwright. -- Ship chandler, one who deals in cordage, canvas, and other, furniture of vessels. -- Ship chandlery, the commodities in which a ship chandler deals; also, the business of a ship chandler. -- Ship fever (Med.), a form of typhus fever; -- called also putrid, jail, or hospital fever. -- Ship joiner, a joiner who works upon ships. -- Ship letter, a letter conveyed by a ship not a mail packet. -- Ship money (Eng. Hist.), an imposition formerly charged on the ports, towns, cities, boroughs, and counties, of England, for providing and furnishing certain ships for the king's service. The attempt made by Charles I. to revive and enforce this tax was resisted by John Hampden, and was one of the causes which led to the death of Charles. It was finally abolished. -- Ship of the line. See under Line. -- Ship pendulum, a pendulum hung amidships to show the extent of the rolling and pitching of a vessel. -- Ship railway. (a) An inclined railway with a cradelike car, by means of which a ship may be drawn out of water, as for repairs. (b) A railway arranged for the transportation of vessels overland between two water courses or harbors. -- Ship's company, the crew of a ship or other vessel. -- Ship's days, the days allowed a vessel for loading or unloading. -- Ship's husband. See under Husband. -- Ship's papers (Mar. Law), papers with which a vessel is required by law to be provided, and the production of which may be required on certain occasions. Among these papers are the register, passport or sea letter, charter party, bills of lading, invoice, log book, muster roll, bill of health, etc. Bouvier. Kent. -- To make ship, to embark in a ship or other vessel.

Ship (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipping.] 1. To put on board of a ship, or vessel of any kind, for transportation; to send by water.

The timber was . . . shipped in the bay of Attalia, from whence it was by sea transported to Pelusium.
Knolles.

2. By extension, in commercial usage, to commit to any conveyance for transportation to a distance; as, to ship freight by railroad.

3. Hence, to send away; to get rid of. [Colloq.]

4. To engage or secure for service on board of a ship; as, to ship seamen.

5. To receive on board ship; as, to ship a sea.

6. To put in its place; as, to ship the tiller or rudder.

Ship, v. i. 1. To engage to serve on board of a vessel; as, to ship on a man-of- war.

2. To embark on a ship. Wyclif (Acts xxviii. 11)

Ship"board` (?), n. [Ship + board. See Board, n., 8] A ship's side; hence, by extension, a ship; -- found chiefly in adverbial phrases; as, on shipboard; a shipboard.

Ship"build`er (?), n. A person whose occupation is to construct ships and other vessels; a naval architect; a shipwright.

Ship"build`ing, n. Naval architecturel the art of constructing ships and other vessels.

Ship"ful (?), n.; pl. Shipfuls (&?;). As much or as many as a ship will hold; enough to fill a ship.

Ship"hold`er (?), n. A shipowner.

Ship"less, a. Destitute of ships. Gray.

Ship"let (?), n. A little ship. [R.] Holinshed.

Ship"load` (?), n. The load, or cargo, of a ship.

Ship"man (?), n.; pl. Shipmen (&?;). A seaman, or sailor. [Obs. or Poetic] Chaucer. R. Browning.

About midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country.
Acts xxvii. 27.

Shipman's card, the mariner's compass. [Obs.] Shak.

Ship"mas`ter (?), n. The captain, master, or commander of a ship. Jonah i. 6.

Ship"mate` (?), n. One who serves on board of the same ship with another; a fellow sailor.

Ship"ment (?), n. 1. The act or process of shipping; as, he was engaged in the shipment of coal for London; an active shipment of wheat from the West.

2. That which is shipped.

The question is, whether the share of M. in the shipment is exempted from condemnation by reason of his neutral domicle.
Story.

Ship"own`er (?), n. Owner of a ship or ships.

Ship"pen (?), n. [AS. scypen. Cf. Shop, Shepen.] A stable; a cowhouse. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ship"per (?), n. [See Ship, n., and cf. Skipper.] One who sends goods from one place to another not in the same city or town, esp. one who sends goods by water.

Ship"ping (?), a. 1. Relating to ships, their ownership, transfer, or employment; as, shiping concerns.

2. Relating to, or concerned in, the forwarding of goods; as, a shipping clerk.

Ship"ping, n. 1. The act of one who, or of that which, ships; as, the shipping of flour to Liverpool.

2. The collective body of ships in one place, or belonging to one port, country, etc.; vessels, generally; tonnage.

3. Navigation. "God send 'em good shipping." Shak.

Shipping articles, articles of agreement between the captain of a vessel and the seamen on board, in respect to the amount of wages, length of time for which they are shipping, etc. Bouvier. -- To take shipping, to embark; to take ship. [Obs.] John vi. 24. Shak.

Ship"pon (?), n. A cowhouse; a shippen. [Prov. Eng.]

Bessy would either do fieldwork, or attend to the cows, the shippon, or churn, or make cheese.
Dickens.

Ship"-rigged` (?), a. (Naut.) Rigged like a ship, that is, having three masts, each with square sails.

Ship"shape` (?), a. Arranged in a manner befitting a ship; hence, trim; tidy; orderly.

Even then she expressed her scorn for the lubbery executioner's mode of tying a knot, and did it herself in a shipshape orthodox manner.
De Quincey.

Keep everything shipshape, for I must go
Tennyson.

Ship"shape` (?), adv. In a shipshape or seamanlike manner.

Ship"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any long, slender, worm-shaped bivalve mollusk of Teredo and allied genera. The shipworms burrow in wood, and are destructive to wooden ships, piles of wharves, etc. See Teredo.

Ship"wreck` (?), n. 1. The breaking in pieces, or shattering, of a ship or other vessel by being cast ashore or driven against rocks, shoals, etc., by the violence of the winds and waves.

2. A ship wrecked or destroyed upon the water, or the parts of such a ship; wreckage. Dryden.

3. Fig.: Destruction; ruin; irretrievable loss.

Holding faith and a good conscience, which some having put away concerning faith have made shipwreck.
1 Tim. 1. 19.

It was upon an Indian bill that the late ministry had made shipwreck.
J. Morley.

Ship"wreck`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shipwrecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shipwrecking.] 1. To destroy, as a ship at sea, by running ashore or on rocks or sandbanks, or by the force of wind and waves in a tempest.

Shipwrecking storms and direful thunders break.
Shak.

2. To cause to experience shipwreck, as sailors or passengers. Hence, to cause to suffer some disaster or loss; to destroy or ruin, as if by shipwreck; to wreck; as, to shipwreck a business. Addison.

Ship"wright` (?), n. One whose occupation is to construct ships; a builder of ships or other vessels.

Ship"yard` (?), n. A yard, place, or inclosure where ships are built or repaired.

Shi*raz" (?), n. A kind of Persian wine; -- so called from the place whence it is brought.

Shire (?), n. [AS. scīre, scīr, a division, province, county. Cf. Sheriff.] 1. A portion of Great Britain originally under the supervision of an earl; a territorial division, usually identical with a county, but sometimes limited to a smaller district; as, Wiltshire, Yorkshire, Richmondshire, Hallamshire.

An indefinite number of these hundreds make up a county or shire.
Blackstone.

2. A division of a State, embracing several contiguous townships; a county. [U. S.]

&fist; Shire is commonly added to the specific designation of a county as a part of its name; as, Yorkshire instead of York shire, or the shire of York; Berkshire instead of Berks shire. Such expressions as the county of Yorkshire, which in a strict sense are tautological, are used in England. In the United States the composite word is sometimes the only name of a county; as, Berkshire county, as it is called in Massachusetts, instead of Berks county, as in Pensylvania.

The Tyne, Tees, Humber, Wash, Yare, Stour, and Thames separate the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, etc.
Encyc. Brit.

Knight of the shire. See under Knight. -- Shire clerk, an officer of a county court; also, an under sheriff. [Eng.] -- Shire mote (Old. Eng. Law), the county court; sheriff's turn, or court. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. -- Shire reeve (Old Eng. Law), the reeve, or bailiff, of a shire; a sheriff. Burrill. -- Shire town, the capital town of a county; a county town. -- Shire wick, a county; a shire. [Obs.] Holland.

Shirk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shirked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shirking.] [Probably the same word as shark. See Shark, v. t.] 1. To procure by petty fraud and trickery; to obtain by mean solicitation.

You that never heard the call of any vocation, . . . that shirk living from others, but time from Yourselves.
Bp. Rainbow.

2. To avoid; to escape; to neglect; -- implying unfaithfulness or fraud; as, to shirk duty.

The usual makeshift by which they try to shirk difficulties.
Hare.

Shirk, v. i. 1. To live by shifts and fraud; to shark.

2. To evade an obligation; to avoid the performance of duty, as by running away.

One of the cities shirked from the league.
Byron.

Shirk, n. One who lives by shifts and tricks; one who avoids the performance of duty or labor.

Shirk"er (?), n. One who shirks. Macaulay.

Shirk"y (?), a. Disposed to shirk. [Colloq.]

Shirl (?), a. Shrill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Shirl, n. (Min.) See Schorl.

Shir"ley (?), n. (Zoöl.) The bullfinch.

Shirr (?), n. (Sewing) A series of close parallel runnings which are drawn up so as to make the material between them set full by gatherings; -- called also shirring, and gauging.

Shirred (?), a. 1. (Sewing) Made or gathered into a shirr; as, a shirred bonnet.

2. (Cookery) Broken into an earthen dish and baked over the fire; -- said of eggs.

Shirt (?), n. [OE. schirte, sherte, schurte; akin to Icel. skyrta, Dan. skiorte, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiört a petticoat, D. schort a petticoat, an argon, G. schurz, schürze, an argon; all probably from the root of E. short, as being originally a short garment. See Short, and cf. Skirt.] A loose under-garment for the upper part of the body, made of cotton, linen, or other material; -- formerly used of the under-garment of either sex, now commonly restricted to that worn by men and boys.

Several persons in December had nothing over their shoulders but their shirts.
Addison.

She had her shirts and girdles of hair.
Bp. Fisher.

Shirt, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Shirted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shirting.] To cover or clothe with a shirt, or as with a shirt. Dryden.

Shirt"ing, n. Cloth, specifically cotton cloth, suitable for making shirts.

Shirt"less, a. Not having or wearing a shirt. Pope.

-- Shirt"less*ness, n.

{ Shist (?), Shis*tose" (?) }. See Shist, Schistose.

{ Shit"tah (?), Shit"tah tree` }, n. [Heb. shittāh, pl. shittīm.] A tree that furnished the precious wood of which the ark, tables, altars, boards, etc., of the Jewish tabernacle were made; -- now believed to have been the wood of the Acacia Seyal, which is hard, fine grained, and yellowish brown in color.

{ Shit"tim (?), Shit"tim wood` }, n. The wood of the shittah tree.

Shit"tle (?), n. [See Shuttle.] A shuttle. [Obs.] Chapman.

Shit"tle, a. Wavering; unsettled; inconstant. [Obs.] Holland.

Shit"tle*cock` (?), n. A shuttlecock. [Obs.]

Shit"tle*ness, n. Instability; inconstancy. [Obs.]

The vain shittlenesse of an unconstant head.
Baret.

Shive (?), n. [See Sheave, n.] 1. A slice; as, a shive of bread. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Shak.

2. A thin piece or fragment; specifically, one of the scales or pieces of the woody part of flax removed by the operation of breaking.

3. A thin, flat cork used for stopping a wide- mouthed bottle; also, a thin wooden bung for casks.

Shiv"er (?), n. [OE. schivere, fr. shive; cf. G. schifer a splinter, slate, OHG. scivere a splinter, Dan. & Sw. skifer a slate. See Shive, and cf. Skever.] 1. One of the small pieces, or splinters, into which a brittle thing is broken by sudden violence; -- generally used in the plural. "All to shivers dashed." Milton.

2. A thin slice; a shive. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "A shiver of their own loaf." Fuller.

Of your soft bread, not but a shiver.
Chaucer.

3. (Geol.) A variety of blue slate.

4. (Naut.) A sheave or small wheel in a pulley.

5. A small wedge, as for fastening the bolt of a window shutter.

6. A spindle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shiv"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shivered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shivering.] [OE. schiveren, scheveren; cf. OD. scheveren. See Shiver a fragment.] To break into many small pieces, or splinters; to shatter; to dash to pieces by a blow; as, to shiver a glass goblet.

All the ground
With shivered armor strown.
Milton.

Shiv"er, v. i. To separate suddenly into many small pieces or parts; to be shattered.

There shiver shafts upon shields thick.
Chaucer

The natural world, should gravity once cease, . . . would instantly shiver into millions of atoms.
Woodward.

Shiv"er, v. i. [OE. chiveren, cheveren; of uncertain origin. This word seems to have been confused with shiver to shatter.] To tremble; to vibrate; to quiver; to shake, as from cold or fear.

Prometheus is laid
On icy Caucasus to shiver.
Swift.

The man that shivered on the brink of sin,
Thus steeled and hardened, ventures boldly in.
Creech.

Shiv"er, v. t. (Naut.) To cause to shake or tremble, as a sail, by steering close to the wind.

Shiv"er, n. The act of shivering or trembling.

Shiv"er*ing*ly, adv. In a shivering manner.

Shiv"er-spar` (?), n. [Cf. G. schiefer-spath.] (Min.) A variety of calcite, so called from its slaty structure; -- called also slate spar.

Shiv"er*y (?), a. 1. Tremulous; shivering. Mallet.

2. Easily broken; brittle; shattery.

Shoad (?), n. [Cf. G. schutt rubbish.] (Mining) A train of vein material mixed with rubbish; fragments of ore which have become separated by the action of water or the weather, and serve to direct in the discovery of mines. [Written also shode.]

Shoad"ing, n. (Mining) The tracing of veins of metal by shoads. [Written also shoding.] Pryce.

Shoal (?), n. [AS. scolu, sceolu, a company, multitude, crowd, akin to OS. skola; probably originally, a division, and akin to Icel. skilja to part, divide. See Skill, and cf. School. of fishes.] A great multitude assembled; a crowd; a throng; -- said especially of fish; as, a shoal of bass. "Great shoals of people." Bacon.

Beneath, a shoal of silver fishes glides.
Waller.

Shoal, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shoaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoaling.] To assemble in a multitude; to throng; as, the fishes shoaled about the place. Chapman.

Shoal, a. [Cf. Shallow; or cf. G. scholle a clod, glebe, OHG. scollo, scolla, prob. akin to E. shoal a multitude.] Having little depth; shallow; as, shoal water.

Shoal, n. 1. A place where the water of a sea, lake, river, pond, etc., is shallow; a shallow.

The depth of your pond should be six feet; and on the sides some shoals for the fish to lay their span.
Mortimer.

Wolsey, that once trod the ways of glory,
And sounded all the depths and shoals of honor.
Shak.

2. A sandbank or bar which makes the water shoal.

The god himself with ready trident stands,
And opes the deep, and spreads the moving sands,
Then heaves them off the shoals.
Dryden.

Shoal, v. i. To become shallow; as, the color of the water shows where it shoals.

Shoal, v. t. To cause to become more shallow; to come to a more shallow part of; as, a ship shoals her water by advancing into that which is less deep. Marryat.

Shoal"i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being shoaly; little depth of water; shallowness.

Shoal"ing, a. Becoming shallow gradually. "A shoaling estuary." Lyell.

Shoal"y (?), a. Full of shoals, or shallow places.

The tossing vessel sailed on shoaly ground.
Dryden.

Shoar (shōr), n. A prop. See 3d Shore.

Shoat (shōt), n. A young hog. Same as Shote.

Shock (?), n. [OE. schokke; cf. OD schocke, G. schock a heap, quantity, threescore, MHG. schoc, Sw. skok, and also G. hocke a heap of hay, Lith. kugis.] 1. A pile or assemblage of sheaves of grain, as wheat, rye, or the like, set up in a field, the sheaves varying in number from twelve to sixteen; a stook.

And cause it on shocks to be by and by set.
Tusser.

Behind the master walks, builds up the shocks.
Thomson.

2. [G. schock.] (Com.) A lot consisting of sixty pieces; -- a term applied in some Baltic ports to loose goods.

Shock, v. t. To collect, or make up, into a shock or shocks; to stook; as, to shock rye.

Shock, v. i. To be occupied with making shocks.

Reap well, scatter not, gather clean that is shorn,
Bind fast, shock apace.
Tusser.

Shock, n. [Cf. D. schok a bounce, jolt, or leap, OHG. scoc a swing, MHG. schoc, Icel. skykkjun tremuously, F. choc a shock, collision, a dashing or striking against, Sp. choque, It. ciocco a log. √161. Cf. Shock to shake.] 1. A quivering or shaking which is the effect of a blow, collision, or violent impulse; a blow, impact, or collision; a concussion; a sudden violent impulse or onset.

These strong, unshaken mounds resist the shocks
Of tides and seas tempestuous.
Blackmore.

He stood the shock of a whole host of foes.
Addison.

2. A sudden agitation of the mind or feelings; a sensation of pleasure or pain caused by something unexpected or overpowering; also, a sudden agitating or overpowering event. "A shock of pleasure." Talfourd.

3. (Med.) A sudden depression of the vital forces of the entire body, or of a port of it, marking some profound impression produced upon the nervous system, as by severe injury, overpowering emotion, or the like.

4. (Elec.) The sudden convulsion or contraction of the muscles, with the feeling of a concussion, caused by the discharge, through the animal system, of electricity from a charged body.

Syn. -- Concussion, Shock. Both words signify a sudden violent shaking caused by impact or colision; but concussion is restricted in use to matter, while shock is used also of mental states.

Shock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shocked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shocking.] [OE. schokken; cf. D. schokken, F. choquer, Sp. chocar. √161. Cf. Chuck to strike, Jog, Shake, Shock a striking, Shog, n. & v.] 1. To give a shock to; to cause to shake or waver; hence, to strike against suddenly; to encounter with violence.

Come the three corners of the world in arms,
And we shall shock them.
Shak.

I shall never forget the force with which he shocked De Vipont.
Sir W. Scott.

2. To strike with surprise, terror, horror, or disgust; to cause to recoil; as, his violence shocked his associates.

Advise him not to shock a father's will.
Dryden.

Shock, v. i. To meet with a shock; to meet in violent encounter. "They saw the moment approach when the two parties would shock together." De Quincey.

Shock, n. [Cf. Shag.] 1. (Zoöl.) A dog with long hair or shag; -- called also shockdog.

2. A thick mass of bushy hair; as, a head covered with a shock of sandy hair.

Shock, a. Bushy; shaggy; as, a shock hair.

His red shock peruke . . . was laid aside.
Sir W. Scott.

Shock"dog` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See 7th Shock, 1.

Shock"-head` (?), a. Shock- headed. Tennyson.

Shock"-head`ed, a. Having a thick and bushy head of hair.

Shock"ing, a. Causing to shake or tremble, as by a blow; especially, causing to recoil with horror or disgust; extremely offensive or disgusting.

The grossest and most shocking villainies.
Secker.

-- Shock"ing*ly, adv. -- Shock"ing*ness, n.

Shod (?), imp. & p. p. f Shoe.

Shod"dy (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Shed, v. t.; as meaning originally, waste stuff shedor thrown off.] 1. A fibrous material obtained by "deviling," or tearing into fibers, refuse woolen goods, old stockings, rags, druggets, etc. See Mungo.

2. A fabric of inferior quality made of, or containing a large amount of, shoddy.

&fist; The great quantity of shoddy goods furnished as army supplies in the late Civil War in the United States gave wide currency to the word, and it came to be applied to persons who pretend to a higher position in society than that to which their breeding or worth entitles them.

Shod"dy, a. Made wholly or in part of shoddy; containing shoddy; as, shoddy cloth; shoddy blankets; hence, colloquially, not genuine; sham; pretentious; as, shoddy aristocracy.

Shoddy inventions designed to bolster up a factitious pride.
Compton Reade.

Shod"dy*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being shoddy. [Colloq.] See the Note under Shoddy, n.

Shode (?), n. [AS. scāde, fr. sceádan. See Shed, v. t.] 1. The parting of the hair on the head. [Obs.]

Full straight and even lay his jolly shode.
Chaucer.

2. The top of the head; the head. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Shode, Shod"ing }. See Shoad, Shoading.

Sho"der (?), n. A package of gold beater's skins in which gold is subjected to the second process of beating.

Shoe (?), n.; pl. Shoes (#), formerly Shoon (#), now provincial. [OE. sho, scho, AS. sc&?;h, sceóh; akin to OFries. sk&?;, OS. sk&?;h, D. schoe, schoen, G. schuh, OHG. scuoh, Icel. sk&?;r, Dan. & Sw. sko, Goth. sk&?;hs; of unknown origin.] 1. A covering for the human foot, usually made of leather, having a thick and somewhat stiff sole and a lighter top. It differs from a boot on not extending so far up the leg.

Your hose should be ungartered, . . . yourshoe untied.
Shak.

Spare none but such as go in clouted shoon.
Shak.

2. Anything resembling a shoe in form, position, or use. Specifically: (a) A plate or rim of iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to defend it from injury. (b) A band of iron or steel, or a ship of wood, fastened to the bottom of the runner of a sleigh, or any vehicle which slides on the snow. (c) A drag, or sliding piece of wood or iron, placed under the wheel of a loaded vehicle, to retard its motion in going down a hill. (d) The part of a railroad car brake which presses upon the wheel to retard its motion. (e) (Arch.) A trough-shaped or spout-shaped member, put at the bottom of the water leader coming from the eaves gutter, so as to throw the water off from the building. (f) (Milling.) The trough or spout for conveying the grain from the hopper to the eye of the millstone. (g) An inclined trough in an ore-crushing mill. (h) An iron socket or plate to take the thrust of a strut or rafter. (i) An iron socket to protect the point of a wooden pile. (j) (Mach.) A plate, or notched piece, interposed between a moving part and the stationary part on which it bears, to take the wear and afford means of adjustment; -- called also slipper, and gib.

&fist; Shoe is often used adjectively, or in composition; as, shoe buckle, or shoe-buckle; shoe latchet, or shoe-latchet; shoe leathet, or shoe-leather; shoe string, shoe-string, or shoestring.

Shoe of an anchor. (Naut.) (a) A small block of wood, convex on the back, with a hole to receive the point of the anchor fluke, -- used to prevent the anchor from tearing the planks of the vessel when raised or lowered. (b) A broad, triangular piece of plank placed upon the fluke to give it a better hold in soft ground. -- Shoe block (Naut.), a block with two sheaves, one above the other, and at right angles to each other. -- Shoe bolt, a bolt with a flaring head, for fastening shoes on sleigh runners. -- Shoe pac, a kind of moccasin. See Pac. -- Shoe stone, a sharpening stone used by shoemakers and other workers in leather.

Shoe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shod; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoeing.] [AS. sc&?;ian, sce&?;ian. See Shoe, n.] 1. To furnish with a shoe or shoes; to put a shoe or shoes on; as, to shoe a horse, a sled, an anchor.

2. To protect or ornament with something which serves the purpose of a shoe; to tip.

The sharp and small end of the billiard stick, which is shod with brass or silver.
Evelyn.

Shoe"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large African wading bird (Balæniceps rex) allied to the storks and herons, and remarkable for its enormous broad swollen bill. It inhabits the valley of the White Nile. See Illust. (l.) of Beak.

Shoe"black` (?), n. One who polishes shoes.

{ Shoe"horn`, Shoe"ing-horn` } (?), n. 1. A curved piece of polished horn, wood, or metal used to facilitate the entrance of the foot into a shoe.

2. Figuratively: (a) Anything by which a transaction is facilitated; a medium; -- by way of contempt. Spectator. (b) Anything which draws on or allures; an inducement. [Low] Beau. & Fl.

Shoe"less, a. Destitute of shoes. Addison.

Shoe"mak`er (?), n. 1. One whose occupation it is to make shoes and boots.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The threadfish. (b) The runner, 12.

Shoe"mak`ing, n. The business of a shoemaker.

Sho"er (?), n. One who fits shoes to the feet; one who furnishes or puts on shoes; as, a shoer of horses.

Shog (?), n. [See Shock a striking.] A shock; a jog; a violent concussion or impulse. [R. or Scot.]

Shog, v. t. To shake; to shock. [R. or Scot.]

Shog, v. i. [Cf. W. ysgogi to wag, to stir. Cf. Jog.] To jog; to move on. [R. or Scot.] Beau. & Fl.

Shog"gle (?), v. t. [See Shog, Joggle.] To joggle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Pegge.

Sho"gun (?), n. [Chin. tsiang kiÜn commander in chief.] A title originally conferred by the Mikado on the military governor of the eastern provinces of Japan. By gradual usurpation of power the Shoguns (known to foreigners as Tycoons) became finally the virtual rulers of Japan. The title was abolished in 1867. [Written variously, Shiogun, Shiogoon, etc.]

Sho*gun"ate (?), n. The office or dignity of a Shogun. [Written also Siogoonate.]

Sho"la (?), n. (Bot.) See Sola.

Shole (?), n. A plank fixed beneath an object, as beneath the rudder of a vessel, to protect it from injury; a plank on the ground under the end of a shore or the like.

Shole, n. See Shoal. [Obs.]

Shonde (?), n. [AS. sceond. Cf. Shend.] Harm; disgrace; shame. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shone (?), imp. & p. p. of Shine.

Shoo (?), interj. [Cf. G. scheuchen to scare, drive away.] Begone; away; -- an expression used in frightening away animals, especially fowls.

Sho"oi, n. (Zoöl.) The Richardson's skua (Stercorarius parasiticus);- so called from its cry. [Prov. Eng.]

Shook (?), imp. & obs. or poet. p. p. of Shake.

Shook, n. [Cf. Shock a bundle of sheaves.] (Com.) (a) A set of staves and headings sufficient in number for one hogshead, cask, barrel, or the like, trimmed, and bound together in compact form. (b) A set of boards for a sugar box. (c) The parts of a piece of house furniture, as a bedstead, packed together.

Shook, v. t. To pack, as staves, in a shook.

Shoon (?), n., pl. of Shoe. [Archaic] Chaucer.

They shook the snow from hats and shoon.
Emerson.

Shoop (?), obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer.

Shoot (?), n. [F. chute. See Chute. Confused with shoot to let fly.] An inclined plane, either artificial or natural, down which timber, coal, etc., are caused to slide; also, a narrow passage, either natural or artificial, in a stream, where the water rushes rapidly; esp., a channel, having a swift current, connecting the ends of a bend in the stream, so as to shorten the course. [Written also chute, and shute.] [U. S.]

To take a shoot, to pass through a shoot instead of the main channel; to take the most direct course. [U.S.]

Shoot (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shot (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shooting. The old participle Shotten is obsolete. See Shotten.] [OE. shotien, schotien, AS. scotian, v. i., sceótan; akin to D. schieten, G. schie&?;en, OHG. sciozan, Icel. skj&?;ta, Sw. skjuta, Dan. skyde; cf. Skr. skund to jump. √159. Cf. Scot a contribution, Scout to reject, Scud, Scuttle, v. i., Shot, Sheet, Shut, Shuttle, Skittish, Skittles.] 1. To let fly, or cause to be driven, with force, as an arrow or a bullet; -- followed by a word denoting the missile, as an object.

If you please
To shoot an arrow that self way.
Shak.

2. To discharge, causing a missile to be driven forth; -- followed by a word denoting the weapon or instrument, as an object; -- often with off; as, to shoot a gun.

The two ends od a bow, shot off, fly from one another.
Boyle.

3. To strike with anything shot; to hit with a missile; often, to kill or wound with a firearm; -- followed by a word denoting the person or thing hit, as an object.

When Roger shot the hawk hovering over his master's dove house.
A. Tucker.

4. To send out or forth, especially with a rapid or sudden motion; to cast with the hand; to hurl; to discharge; to emit.

An honest weaver as ever shot shuttle.
Beau. & Fl.

A pit into which the dead carts had nightly shot corpses by scores.
Macaulay.

5. To push or thrust forward; to project; to protrude; -- often with out; as, a plant shoots out a bud.

They shoot out the lip, they shake the head.
Ps. xxii. 7.

Beware the secret snake that shoots a sting.
Dryden.

6. (Carp.) To plane straight; to fit by planing.

Two pieces of wood that are shot, that is, planed or else pared with a paring chisel.
Moxon.

7. To pass rapidly through, over, or under; as, to shoot a rapid or a bridge; to shoot a sand bar.

She . . . shoots the Stygian sound.
Dryden.

8. To variegate as if by sprinkling or intermingling; to color in spots or patches.

The tangled water courses slept,
Shot over with purple, and green, and yellow.
Tennyson.

To be shot of, to be discharged, cleared, or rid of. [Colloq.] "Are you not glad to be shot of him?" Sir W. Scott.

Shoot, v. i. 1. To cause an engine or weapon to discharge a missile; -- said of a person or an agent; as, they shot at a target; he shoots better than he rides.

The archers have . . . shot at him.
Gen. xlix. 23.

2. To discharge a missile; -- said of an engine or instrument; as, the gun shoots well.

3. To be shot or propelled forcibly; -- said of a missile; to be emitted or driven; to move or extend swiftly, as if propelled; as, a shooting star.

There shot a streaming lamp along the sky.
Dryden.

4. To penetrate, as a missile; to dart with a piercing sensation; as, shooting pains.

Thy words shoot through my heart.
Addison.

5. To feel a quick, darting pain; to throb in pain.

These preachers make
His head to shoot and ache.
Herbert.

6. To germinate; to bud; to sprout.

Onions, as they hang, will shoot forth.
Bacon.

But the wild olive shoots, and shades the ungrateful plain.
Dryden.

7. To grow; to advance; as, to shoot up rapidly.

Well shot in years he seemed.
Spenser.

Delightful task! to rear the tender thought,
To teach the young idea how to shoot.
Thomson.

8. To change form suddenly; especially, to solidify.

If the menstruum be overcharged, metals will shoot into crystals.
Bacon.

9. To protrude; to jut; to project; to extend; as, the land shoots into a promontory.

There shot up against the dark sky, tall, gaunt, straggling houses.
Dickens.

10. (Naut.) To move ahead by force of momentum, as a sailing vessel when the helm is put hard alee.

To shoot ahead, to pass or move quickly forward; to outstrip others.

Shoot, n. 1. The act of shooting; the discharge of a missile; a shot; as, the shoot of a shuttle.

The Turkish bow giveth a very forcible shoot.
Bacon.

One underneath his horse to get a shoot doth stalk.
Drayton.

2. A young branch or growth.

Superfluous branches and shoots of this second spring.
Evelyn.

3. A rush of water; a rapid.

4. (Min.) A vein of ore running in the same general direction as the lode. Knight.

5. (Weaving) A weft thread shot through the shed by the shuttle; a pick.

6. [Perh. a different word.] A shoat; a young hog.

Shoot"er (?), n. 1. One who shoots, as an archer or a gunner.

2. That which shoots. Specifically: (a) A firearm; as, a five-shooter. [Colloq. U.S.] (b) A shooting star. [R.]

Shoot"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, shoots; as, the shooting of an archery club; the shooting of rays of light.

2. A wounding or killing with a firearm; specifically (Sporting), the killing of game; as, a week of shooting.

3. A sensation of darting pain; as, a shooting in one's head.

Shoot"ing, a. Of or pertaining to shooting; for shooting; darting.

Shooting board (Joinery), a fixture used in planing or shooting the edge of a board, by means of which the plane is guided and the board held true. -- Shooting box, a small house in the country for use in the shooting season. Prof. Wilson. -- Shooting gallery, a range, usually covered, with targets for practice with firearms. -- Shooting iron, a firearm. [Slang, U.S.] -- Shooting star. (a) (Astron.) A starlike, luminous meteor, that, appearing suddenly, darts quickly across some portion of the sky, and then as suddenly disappears, leaving sometimes, for a few seconds, a luminous train, -- called also falling star. Shooting stars are small cosmical bodies which encounter the earth in its annual revolution, and which become visible by coming with planetary velocity into the upper regions of the atmosphere. At certain periods, as on the 13th of November and 10th of August, they appear for a few hours in great numbers, apparently diverging from some point in the heavens, such displays being known as meteoric showers, or star showers. These bodies, before encountering the earth, were moving in orbits closely allied to the orbits of comets. See Leonids, Perseids. (b) (Bot.) The American cowslip (Dodecatheon Meadia). See under Cowslip. -- Shooting stick (Print.), a tapering piece of wood or iron, used by printers to drive up the quoins in the chase. Hansard.

Shoot"y (?), a. Sprouting or coming up freely and regularly. [Prev. Eng.] Grose.

Shop (?), obs. imp. of Shape. Shaped. Chaucer.

Shop, n. [OE. shoppe, schoppe, AS. sceoppa a treasury, a storehouse, stall, booth; akin to scypen a shed, LG. schup a shed, G. schoppen, schuppen, a shed, a coachhouse, OHG. scopf.] 1. A building or an apartment in which goods, wares, drugs, etc., are sold by retail.

From shop to shop
Wandering, and littering with unfolded silks
The polished counter.
Cowper.

2. A building in which mechanics or artisans work; as, a shoe shop; a car shop.

A tailor called me in his shop.
Shak.

&fist; Shop is often used adjectively or in composition; as, shop rent, or shop-rent; shop thief, or shop-thief; shop window, or shop-window, etc.

To smell of the shop, to indicate too distinctively one's occupation or profession. -- To talk shop, to make one's business the topic of social conversation; also, to use the phrases peculiar to one's employment. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Store; warehouse. See Store.

Shop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shopping.] To visit shops for the purpose of purchasing goods.

He was engaged with his mother and some ladies to go shopping.
Byron.

Shop"board` (?), n. A bench or board on which work is performed; a workbench. South.

Shop"book` (?), n. A book in which a tradesman keeps his accounts. Locke.

Shop"boy` (?), n. A boy employed in a shop.

Sho"pen (?), obs. p. p. of Shape. Chaucer.

Shop"girl` (?), n. A girl employed in a shop.

Shop"keep`er (?), n. A trader who sells goods in a shop, or by retail; -- in distinction from one who sells by wholesale. Addison.

Shop"lift`er (?), n. [Shop + lift. See Lift to steal.] One who steals anything in a shop, or takes goods privately from a shop; one who, under pretense of buying goods, takes occasion to steal.

Shop"lift`ing, n. Larceny committed in a shop; the stealing of anything from a shop.

Shop"like`, a. Suiting a shop; vulgar. B. Jonson.

Shop"maid` (?), n. A shopgirl.

Shop"man (?), n.; pl. Shopmen (&?;). 1. A shopkeeper; a retailer. Dryden.

2. One who serves in a shop; a salesman.

3. One who works in a shop or a factory.

Shop"per (?), n. One who shops.

Shop"pish (?), a. Having the appearance or qualities of a shopkeeper, or shopman.

Shop"py (?), a. 1. Abounding with shops. [Colloq.]

2. Of or pertaining to shops, or one's own shop or business; as, shoppy talk. [Colloq.] Mrs. Gaskell.

Shop"shift` (?), n. The trick of a shopkeeper; deception. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Shop"walk`er (?), n. One who walks about in a shop as an overseer and director. Cf. Floorwalker.

Shop"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Shopwomen (&?;). A woman employed in a shop.

Shop"worn` (?), a. Somewhat worn or damaged by having been kept for a time in a shop.

Shor"age (?), n. Duty paid for goods brought on shore. Grabb.

Shore (?), imp. of Shear. Chaucer.

Shore, n. A sewer. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Shore, n. [OE. schore; akin to LG. schore, D. schoor, OD. schoore, Icel. skor&?;a, and perhaps to E. shear, as being a piece cut off.] A prop, as a timber, placed as a brace or support against the side of a building or other structure; a prop placed beneath anything, as a beam, to prevent it from sinking or sagging. [Written also shoar.]

Shore, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoring.] [OE. schoren. See Shore a prop.] To support by a shore or shores; to prop; -- usually with up; as, to shore up a building.

Shore, n. [OE. schore, AS. score, probably fr. scieran, and so meaning properly, that which is shorn off, edge; akin to OD. schoore, schoor. See Shear, v. t.] The coast or land adjacent to a large body of water, as an ocean, lake, or large river.

Michael Cassio,
Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello,
Is come shore.
Shak.

The fruitful shore of muddy Nile.
Spenser.

In shore, near the shore. Marryat. -- On shore. See under On. -- Shore birds (Zoöl.), a collective name for the various limicoline birds found on the seashore. -- Shore crab (Zoöl.), any crab found on the beaches, or between tides, especially any one of various species of grapsoid crabs, as Heterograpsus nudus of California. -- Shore lark (Zoöl.), a small American lark (Otocoris alpestris) found in winter, both on the seacoast and on the Western plains. Its upper parts are varied with dark brown and light brown. It has a yellow throat, yellow local streaks, a black crescent on its breast, a black streak below each eye, and two small black erectile ear tufts. Called also horned lark. -- Shore plover (Zoöl.), a large-billed Australian plover (Esacus magnirostris). It lives on the seashore, and feeds on crustaceans, etc. -- Shore teetan (Zoöl.), the rock pipit (Anthus obscurus). [Prov. Eng.]

Shore (?), v. t. To set on shore. [Obs.] Shak.

Shore"less, a. Having no shore or coast; of indefinite or unlimited extent; as, a shoreless ocean. Young.

Shore"ling (?), n. See Shorling.

Shor"er (?), n. One who, or that which, shores or props; a prop; a shore.

Shore"ward (?), adv. Toward the shore.

Shor"ing, n. 1. The act of supporting or strengthening with a prop or shore.

2. A system of props; props, collectively.

Shorl (?), n., Shor*la"ceous (&?;), a. (Min.) See Schorl, Schorlaceous.

Shor"ling (?), n. 1. The skin of a sheen after the fleece is shorn off, as distinct from the morling, or skin taken from the dead sheep; also, a sheep of the first year's shearing. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A person who is shorn; a shaveling; hence, in contempt, a priest. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Shorn (&?;), p. p. of Shear.

Short (?), a. [Compar. Shorter (?); superl. Shortest.] [OE. short, schort, AS. scort, sceort; akin to OHG. scurz, Icel. skorta to be short of, to lack, and perhaps to E. shear, v. t. Cf. Shirt.] 1. Not long; having brief length or linear extension; as, a short distance; a short piece of timber; a short flight.

The bed is shorter than that a man can stretch himself on it.
Isa. xxviii. 20.

2. Not extended in time; having very limited duration; not protracted; as, short breath.

The life so short, the craft so long to learn.
Chaucer.

To short absense I could yield.
Milton.

3. Limited in quantity; inadequate; insufficient; scanty; as, a short supply of provisions, or of water.

4. Insufficiently provided; inadequately supplied; scantily furnished; lacking; not coming up to a resonable, or the ordinary, standard; -- usually with of; as, to be short of money.

We shall be short in our provision.
Shak.

5. Deficient; defective; imperfect; not coming up, as to a measure or standard; as, an account which is short of the trith.

6. Not distant in time; near at hand.

Marinell was sore offended
That his departure thence should be so short.
Spenser.

He commanded those who were appointed to attend him to be ready by a short day.
Clarendon.

7. Limited in intellectual power or grasp; not comprehensive; narrow; not tenacious, as memory.

Their own short understandings reach
No farther than the present.
Rowe.

8. Less important, efficaceous, or powerful; not equal or equivalent; less (than); -- with of.

Hardly anything short of an invasion could rouse them again to war.
Landor.

9. Abrupt; brief; pointed; petulant; as, he gave a short answer to the question.

10. (Cookery) Breaking or crumbling readily in the mouth; crisp; as, short pastry.

11. (Metal) Brittle.

&fist; Metals that are brittle when hot are called &?;ot- short; as, cast iron may be hot-short, owing to the presence of sulphur. Those that are brittle when cold are called cold-short; as, cast iron may be cold-short, on account of the presence of phosphorus.

12. (Stock Exchange) Engaging or engaged to deliver what is not possessed; as, short contracts; to be short of stock. See The shorts, under Short, n., and To sell short, under Short, adv.

&fist; In mercantile transactions, a note or bill is sometimes made payable at short sight, that is, in a little time after being presented to the payer.

13. (Phon.) Not prolonged, or relatively less prolonged, in utterance; -- opposed to long, and applied to vowels or to syllables. In English, the long and short of the same letter are not, in most cases, the long and short of the same sound; thus, the i in ill is the short sound, not of i in isle, but of ee in eel, and the e in pet is the short sound of a in pate, etc. See Quantity, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§22, 30.

&fist; Short is much used with participles to form numerous self-explaining compounds; as, short-armed, short- billed, short-fingered, short-haired, short- necked, short-sleeved, short-tailed, short- winged, short-wooled, etc.

At short notice, in a brief time; promptly. -- Short rib (Anat.), one of the false ribs. -- Short suit (Whist), any suit having only three cards, or less than three. R. A. Proctor. -- To come short, To cut short, To fall short, etc. See under Come, Cut, etc.

Short, n. 1. A summary account.

The short and the long is, our play is preferred.
Shak.

2. pl. The part of milled grain sifted out which is next finer than the bran.

The first remove above bran is shorts.
Halliwell.

3. pl. Short, inferior hemp.

4. pl. Breeches; shortclothes. [Slang] Dickens.

5. (Phonetics) A short sound, syllable, or vowel.

If we compare the nearest conventional shorts and longs in English, as in "bit" and "beat," "not" and "naught," we find that the short vowels are generally wide, the long narrow, besides being generally diphthongic as well. Hence, originally short vowels can be lengthened and yet kept quite distinct from the original longs.
H. Sweet.

In short, in few words; in brief; briefly. -- The long and the short, the whole; a brief summing up. -- The shorts (Stock Exchange), those who are unsupplied with stocks which they contracted to deliver.

Short (?), adv. In a short manner; briefly; limitedly; abruptly; quickly; as, to stop short in one's course; to turn short.

He was taken up very short, and adjudged corrigible for such presumptuous language.
Howell.

To sell short (Stock Exchange), to sell, for future delivery, what the party selling does not own, but hopes to buy at a lower rate.

Short, v. t. [AS. sceortian.] To shorten. [Obs.]

Short, v. i. To fail; to decrease. [Obs.]

Short"age (?), n. Amount or extent of deficiency, as determined by some requirement or standard; as, a shortage in money accounts.

Short"-breathed` (?), a. 1. Having short-breath, or quick respiration.

2. Having short life.

Short"cake` (?), n. An unsweetened breakfast cake shortened with butter or lard, rolled thin, and baked.

Short" cir"cuit (?). (Elec.) A circuit formed or closed by a conductor of relatively low resistance because shorter or of relatively great conductivity.

Short"-cir`cuit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Short-circuited; p. pr. & vb. n. Short-circuiting.] (Elec.) To join, as the electrodes of a battery or dynamo or any two points of a circuit, by a conductor of low resistance.

Short"clothes` (?), n. Coverings for the legs of men or boys, consisting of trousers which reach only to the knees, -- worn with long stockings.

Short"com`ing (?), n. The act of falling, or coming short; as: (a) The failure of a crop, or the like. (b) Neglect of, or failure in, performance of duty.

Short"-dat`ed (?), a. Having little time to run from the date. "Thy short-dated life." Sandys.

Short"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shortened &?;; p. pr. & vb. n. Shortening.] [See Short, a.] 1. To make short or shorter in measure, extent, or time; as, to shorten distance; to shorten a road; to shorten days of calamity.

2. To reduce or diminish in amount, quantity, or extent; to lessen; to abridge; to curtail; to contract; as, to shorten work, an allowance of food, etc.

Here, where the subject is so fruitful, I am shortened by my chain.
Dryden.

3. To make deficient (as to); to deprive; -- with of.

Spoiled of his nose, and shortened of his ears.
Dryden.

4. To make short or friable, as pastry, with butter, lard, pot liquor, or the like.

To shorten a rope (Naut.), to take in the slack of it. -- To shorten sail (Naut.), to reduce sail by taking it in.

Short"en, v. i. To become short or shorter; as, the day shortens in northern latitudes from June to December; a metallic rod shortens by cold.

Short"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, shortens.

Short"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making or becoming short or shorter.

2. (Cookery) That which renders pastry short or friable, as butter, lard, etc.

Short"hand` (?), n. A compendious and rapid method or writing by substituting characters, abbreviations, or symbols, for letters, words, etc.; short writing; stenography. See Illust. under Phonography.

Short`-hand"ed, a. Short of, or lacking the regular number of, servants or helpers.

Short"head` (?), n. A sucking whale less than one year old; -- so called by sailors.

Short"horn` (?), a. One of a breed of large, heavy domestic cattle having short horns. The breed was developed in England.

Short"-joint`ed (?), a. Having short intervals between the joints; -- said of a plant or an animal, especially of a horse whose pastern is too short.

Short"-lived` (?), a. Not living or lasting long; being of short continuance; as, a short-lived race of beings; short-lived pleasure; short-lived passion.

Short"ly, adv. [AS. sceortlice.] 1. In a short or brief time or manner; soon; quickly. Chaucer.

I shall grow jealous of you shortly.
Shak.

The armies came shortly in view of each other.
Clarendon.

2. In few words; briefly; abruptly; curtly; as, to express ideas more shortly in verse than in prose.

Short"ness, n. The quality or state of being short; want of reach or extension; brevity; deficiency; as, the shortness of a journey; the shortness of the days in winter; the shortness of an essay; the shortness of the memory; a shortness of provisions; shortness of breath.

Short"sight`ed (?), a. 1. Not able to see far; nearsighted; myopic. See Myopic, and Myopia.

2. Fig.: Not able to look far into futurity; unable to understand things deep; of limited intellect.

3. Having little regard for the future; heedless.

-- Short"sight`ed*ly, adv. -- Short"sight`ed*ness, n.

Cunning is a kind of shortsightedness.
Addison.

Short"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking in a quick or short manner; hence, gruff; curt. [Colloq.]

Short"stop` (?), n. (Baseball) The player stationed in the field bewtween the second and third bases.

Short"-waist`ed (?), a. Having a short waist.

Short"-wind`ed (?), a. Affected with shortness of breath; having a quick, difficult respiration, as dyspnoic and asthmatic persons. May.

Short"wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small wrenlike Asiatic birds having short wings and a short tail. They belong to Brachypterix, Callene, and allied genera.

Short"-wit`ed (?), a. Having little wit; not wise; having scanty intellect or judgment.

Shor"y (?), a. Lying near the shore. [Obs.]

Sho*sho"nes (?), n. pl.; sing. Shoshone (&?;). (Ethnol.) A linguistic family or stock of North American Indians, comprising many tribes, which extends from Montana and Idaho into Mexico. In a restricted sense the name is applied especially to the Snakes, the most northern of the tribes.

Shot (?), imp. & p. p. of Shoot.

Shot, a. Woven in such a way as to produce an effect of variegation, of changeable tints, or of being figured; as, shot silks. See Shoot, v. t., 8.

Shot, n. [AS. scot, sceot, fr. sceótan to shoot; akin to D. sschot, Icel. skot. √159. See Scot a share, Shoot, v. t., and cf. Shot a shooting.] A share or proportion; a reckoning; a scot.

Here no shots are where all shares be.
Chapman.

A man is never . . . welcome to a place till some certain shot be paid and the hostess say "Welcome."
Shak.

Shot, n.; pl. Shotor Shots (#). [OE. shot, schot, AS. gesceot a missile; akin to D. schot a shot, shoot, G. schuss, geschoss a missile, Icel. skot a throwing, a javelin, and E. shoot, v.t. √159. See Shoot, and cf. Shot a share.] 1. The act of shooting; discharge of a firearm or other weapon which throws a missile.

He caused twenty shot of his greatest cannon to be made at the king's army.
Clarendon.

2. A missile weapon, particularly a ball or bullet; specifically, whatever is discharged as a projectile from firearms or cannon by the force of an explosive.

&fist; Shot used in war is of various kinds, classified according to the material of which it is composed, into lead, wrought-iron, and cast-iron; according to form, into spherical and oblong; according to structure and modes of operation, into solid, hollow, and case. See Bar shot, Chain shot, etc., under Bar, Chain, etc.

3. Small globular masses of lead, of various sizes, -- used chiefly for killing game; as, bird shot; buckshot.

4. The flight of a missile, or the distance which it is, or can be, thrown; as, the vessel was distant more than a cannon shot.

5. A marksman; one who practices shooting; as, an exellent shot.

Shot belt, a belt having a pouch or compartment for carrying shot. -- Shot cartridge, a cartridge containing powder and small shot, forming a charge for a shotgun. -- Shot garland (Naut.), a wooden frame to contain shot, secured to the coamings and ledges round the hatchways of a ship. -- Shot gauge, an instrument for measuring the diameter of round shot. Totten. -- shot hole, a hole made by a shot or bullet discharged. - - Shot locker (Naut.), a strongly framed compartment in the hold of a vessel, for containing shot. -- Shot of a cable (Naut.), the splicing of two or more cables together, or the whole length of the cables thus united. -- Shot prop (Naut.), a wooden prop covered with tarred hemp, to stop a hole made by the shot of an enemy in a ship's side. -- Shot tower, a lofty tower for making shot, by dropping from its summit melted lead in slender streams. The lead forms spherical drops which cool in the descent, and are received in water or other liquid. -- Shot window, a window projecting from the wall. Ritson, quoted by Halliwell, explains it as a window that opens and shuts; and Wodrow describes it as a window of shutters made of timber and a few inches of glass above them.

Shot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shotting.] To load with shot, as a gun. Totten.

Shot"-clog` (?), n. A person tolerated only because he pays the shot, or reckoning, for the rest of the company, otherwise a mere clog on them. [Old Slang]

Thou common shot-clog, gull of all companies.
Chapman.

Shote (?), n. [AS. sceóta a darting fish, a trout, fr. sceótan. See Shoot, v. t.] 1. (Zoöl.) A fish resembling the trout. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Garew.

2. [Perh. a different word.] A young hog; a shoat.

Shot"-free` (?), a. Not to be injured by shot; shot-proof. [Obs.] Feltham.

Shot"-free`, a. Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free. [Obs.] Shak.

Shot"gun` (?), n. A light, smooth- bored gun, often double-barreled, especially designed for firing small shot at short range, and killing small game.

Shot"-proof` (?), a. Impenetrable by shot.

Shots (?), n. pl. The refuse of cattle taken from a drove. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Shot"ted (?), a. 1. Loaded with shot.

2. (Med.) Having a shot attached; as, a shotten suture.

Shot"ten (?), n. [Properly p. p. of shoot; AS. scoten, sceoten, p. p. of sceótan.] 1. Having ejected the spawn; as, a shotten herring. Shak.

2. Shot out of its socket; dislocated, as a bone.

Shough (?), n. (Zoöl.) A shockdog.

Shough (?), interj. See Shoo. Beau. & Fl.

Should (?), imp. of Shall. [OE. sholde, shulde, scholde, schulde, AS. scolde, sceolde. See Shall.] Used as an auxiliary verb, to express a conditional or contingent act or state, or as a supposition of an actual fact; also, to express moral obligation (see Shall); e. g.: they should have come last week; if I should go; I should think you could go. "You have done that you should be sorry for." Shak.

Syn. -- See Ought.

Shoul"der (?), n. [OE. shulder, shuldre, schutder, AS. sculdor; akin to D. schoulder, G. schulter, OHG. scultarra, Dan. skulder, Sw. skuldra.] 1. (Anat.) The joint, or the region of the joint, by which the fore limb is connected with the body or with the shoulder girdle; the projection formed by the bones and muscles about that joint.

2. The flesh and muscles connected with the shoulder joint; the upper part of the back; that part of the human frame on which it is most easy to carry a heavy burden; -- often used in the plural.

Then by main force pulled up, and on his shoulders bore
The gates of Azza.
Milton.

Adown her shoulders fell her length of hair.
Dryden.

3. Fig.: That which supports or sustains; support.

In thy shoulder do I build my seat.
Shak.

4. That which resembles a human shoulder, as any protuberance or projection from the body of a thing.

The north western shoulder of the mountain.
Sir W. Scott.

5. The upper joint of the fore leg and adjacent parts of an animal, dressed for market; as, a shoulder of mutton.

6. (Fort.) The angle of a bastion included between the face and flank. See Illust. of Bastion.

7. An abrupt projection which forms an abutment on an object, or limits motion, etc., as the projection around a tenon at the end of a piece of timber, the part of the top of a type which projects beyond the base of the raised character, etc.

Shoulder belt, a belt that passes across the shoulder. -- Shoulder blade (Anat.), the flat bone of the shoulder, to which the humerus is articulated; the scapula. -- Shoulder block (Naut.), a block with a projection, or shoulder, near the upper end, so that it can rest against a spar without jamming the rope. -- Shoulder clapper, one who claps another on the shoulder, or who uses great familiarity. [Obs.] Shak. -- Shoulder girdle. (Anat.) See Pectoral girdle, under Pectoral. -- Shoulder knot, an ornamental knot of ribbon or lace worn on the shoulder; a kind of epaulet or braided ornament worn as part of a military uniform. -- Shoulder-of-mutton sail (Naut.), a triangular sail carried on a boat's mast; -- so called from its shape. -- Shoulder slip, dislocation of the shoulder, or of the humerous. Swift. -- Shoulder strap, a strap worn on or over the shoulder. Specifically (Mil. & Naval), a narrow strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned officer, indicating, by a suitable device, the rank he holds in the service. See Illust. in App.

Shoul"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shouldered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shouldering.] 1. To push or thrust with the shoulder; to push with violence; to jostle.

As they the earth would shoulder from her seat.
Spenser.

Around her numberless the rabble flowed,
Shouldering each other, crowding for a view.
Rowe.

2. To take upon the shoulder or shoulders; as, to shoulder a basket; hence, to assume the burden or responsibility of; as, to shoulder blame; to shoulder a debt.

As if Hercules
Or burly Atlas shouldered up their state.
Marston.

Right shoulder arms (Mil.), a position in the Manual of Arms which the piece is placed on the right shoulder, with the lock plate up, and the muzzle elevated and inclined to the left, and held as in the illustration.

Shoul"dered (?), a. Having shoulders; -- used in composition; as, a broad-shouldered man. "He was short-shouldered." Chaucer.

Shoul"der-shot`ten (?), a. Sprained in the shoulder, as a horse. Shak.

Shout (shout), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shouted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shouting.] [OE. shouten, of unknown origin; perhaps akin to shoot; cf. Icel. skūta, skūti, a taunt.] To utter a sudden and loud outcry, as in joy, triumph, or exultation, or to attract attention, to animate soldiers, etc.

Shouting of the men and women eke.
Chaucer.

They shouted thrice: what was the last cry for?
Shak.

To shout at, to utter shouts at; to deride or revile with shouts.

Shout, v. t. 1. To utter with a shout; to cry; -- sometimes with out; as, to shout, or to shout out, a man's name.

2. To treat with shouts or clamor. Bp. Hall.

Shout, n. A loud burst of voice or voices; a vehement and sudden outcry, especially of a multitudes expressing joy, triumph, exultation, or animated courage.

The Rhodians, seeing the enemy turn their backs, gave a great shout in derision.
Knolles.

Shout"er (?), n. One who shouts.

Shove (shŭv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoved (shŭvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Shoving.] [OE. shoven, AS. scofian, fr. scūfan; akin to OFries. skūva, D. schuiven, G. schieben, OHG. scioban, Icel. skūfa, sk&ymacr;fa, Sw. skuffa, Dan. skuffe, Goth. afskiuban to put away, cast away; cf. Skr. kshubh to become agitated, to quake, Lith. skubrus quick, skubinti to hasten. √160. Cf. Sheaf a bundle of stalks, Scoop, Scuffle.] 1. To drive along by the direct and continuous application of strength; to push; especially, to push (a body) so as to make it move along the surface of another body; as, to shove a boat on the water; to shove a table across the floor.

2. To push along, aside, or away, in a careless or rude manner; to jostle.

And shove away the worthy bidden guest.
Milton.

He used to shove and elbow his fellow servants.
Arbuthnot.

Shove, v. i. 1. To push or drive forward; to move onward by pushing or jostling.

2. To move off or along by an act pushing, as with an oar a pole used by one in a boat; sometimes with off.

He grasped the oar,
eceived his guests on board, and shoved from shore.
Garth.

Shove (?), n. The act of shoving; a forcible push.

I rested . . . and then gave the boat another shove.
Swift.

Syn. -- See Thrust.

Shove, obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer.

{ Shove"board` (?), Shove"groat` (?) }, n. The same as Shovelboard.

Shov"el (?), n. [OE. shovele, schovele, AS. scoft, sceoft; akin to D. schoffel, G. schaufel, OHG. sc&?;vala, Dan. skovl, Sw. skofvel, skyffel, and to E. shove. √160. See Shove, v. t.] An implement consisting of a broad scoop, or more or less hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing earth, coal, grain, or other loose substances.

Shovel hat, a broad-brimmed hat, turned up at the sides, and projecting in front like a shovel, -- worn by some clergy of the English Church. [Colloq.] -- Shovelspur (Zoöl.), a flat, horny process on the tarsus of some toads, -- used in burrowing. -- Steam shovel, a machine with a scoop or scoops, operated by a steam engine, for excavating earth, as in making railway cuttings.

Shov"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shoveled (?) or Shovelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shoveling or Shovelling.] 1. To take up and throw with a shovel; as, to shovel earth into a heap, or into a cart, or out of a pit.

2. To gather up as with a shovel.

Shov"el*ard (?), n. (Zoöl.) Shoveler. [Prov. Eng.]

Shov"el*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shoveler.

Shov"el*board` (?), n. 1. A board on which a game is played, by pushing or driving pieces of metal or money to reach certain marks; also, the game itself. Called also shuffleboard, shoveboard, shovegroat, shovelpenny.

2. A game played on board ship in which the aim is to shove or drive with a cue wooden disks into divisions chalked on the deck; -- called also shuffleboard.

Shov"el*er (?), n. [Also shoveller.] 1. One who, or that which, shovels.

2. (Zoöl.) A river duck (Spatula clypeata), native of Europe and America. It has a large bill, broadest towards the tip. The male is handsomely variegated with green, blue, brown, black, and white on the body; the head and neck are dark green. Called also broadbill, spoonbill, shovelbill, and maiden duck. The Australian shoveler, or shovel-nosed duck (S. rhynchotis), is a similar species.

Shov"el*ful (?), n.; pl. Shovelfuls (&?;). As much as a shovel will hold; enough to fill a shovel.

Shov"el*head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A shark (Sphryna tiburio) allied to the hammerhead, and native of the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonnet shark.

Shov"el*nose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The common sand shark. See under Snad. (b) A small California shark (Heptranchias maculatus), which is taken for its oil. (c) A Pacific Ocean shark (Hexanchus corinus). (d) A ganoid fish of the Sturgeon family (Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus) of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers; -- called also white sturgeon.

Shov"el-nosed` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a broad, flat nose; as, the shovel- nosed duck, or shoveler.

Shov"en (?), obs. p. p. of Shove. Chaucer.

Show (?), v. t. [imp. Showed (?); p. p. Shown (?) or Showed; p. pr. & vb. n. Showing. It is sometimes written shew, shewed, shewn, shewing.] [OE. schowen, shewen, schewen, shawen, AS. sceáwian, to look, see, view; akin to OS. scaw&?;n, OFries. skawia, D. schouwen, OHG. scouw&?;n, G. schauen, Dan. skue, Sw. sk&?;da, Icel. sko&?;a, Goth. usskawjan to waken, skuggwa a mirror, Icel. skuggy shade, shadow, L. cavere to be on one's guard, Gr. &?;&?;&?; to mark, perceive, hear, Skr. kavi wise. Cf. Caution, Scavenger, Sheen.] 1. To exhibit or present to view; to place in sight; to display; -- the thing exhibited being the object, and often with an indirect object denoting the person or thing seeing or beholding; as, to show a house; show your colors; shopkeepers show customers goods (show goods to customers).

Go thy way, shew thyself to the priest.
Matt. viii. 4.

Nor want we skill or art from whence to raise
Magnificence; and what can heaven show more?
Milton.

2. To exhibit to the mental view; to tell; to disclose; to reveal; to make known; as, to show one's designs.

Shew them the way wherein they must walk.
Ex. xviii. 20.

If it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away.
1 Sam. xx. 13.

3. Specifically, to make known the way to (a person); hence, to direct; to guide; to asher; to conduct; as, to show a person into a parlor; to show one to the door.

4. To make apparent or clear, as by evidence, testimony, or reasoning; to prove; to explain; also, to manifest; to evince; as, to show the truth of a statement; to show the causes of an event.

I 'll show my duty by my timely care.
Dryden.

5. To bestow; to confer; to afford; as, to show favor.

Shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love me.
Ex. xx. 6.

To show forth, to manifest; to publish; to proclaim. -- To show his paces, to exhibit the gait, speed, or the like; -- said especially of a horse. -- To show off, to exhibit ostentatiously. -- To show up, to expose. [Colloq.]

Show, v. i. [Written also shew.] 1. To exhibit or manifest one's self or itself; to appear; to look; to be in appearance; to seem.

Just such she shows before a rising storm.
Dryden.

All round a hedge upshoots, and shows
At distance like a little wood.
Tennyson.

2. To have a certain appearance, as well or ill, fit or unfit; to become or suit; to appear.

My lord of York, it better showed with you.
Shak.

To show off, to make a show; to display one's self.

Show (?), n. [Formerly written also shew.] 1. The act of showing, or bringing to view; exposure to sight; exhibition.

2. That which os shown, or brought to view; that which is arranged to be seen; a spectacle; an exhibition; as, a traveling show; a cattle show.

As for triumphs, masks, feasts, and such shows.
Bacon.

3. Proud or ostentatious display; parade; pomp.

I envy none their pageantry and show.
Young.

4. Semblance; likeness; appearance.

He through the midst unmarked,
In show plebeian angel militant
Of lowest order, passed.
Milton.

5. False semblance; deceitful appearance; pretense.

Beware of the scribes, . . . which devour widows' houses, and for a shew make long prayers.
Luke xx. 46. 47.

6. (Med.) A discharge, from the vagina, of mucus streaked with blood, occuring a short time before labor.

7. (Mining) A pale blue flame, at the top of a candle flame, indicating the presence of fire damp. Raymond.

Show bill, a broad sheet containing an advertisement in large letters. -- Show box, a box xontaining some object of curiosity carried round as a show. -- Show card, an advertising placard; also, a card for displaying samples. -- Show case, a gla&?;ed case, box, or cabinet for displaying and protecting shopkeepers' wares, articles on exhibition in museums, etc. -- Show glass, a glass which displays objects; a mirror. -- Show of hands, a raising of hands to indicate judgment; as, the vote was taken by a show of hands. -- Show stone, a piece of glass or crystal supposed to have the property of exhibiting images of persons or things not present, indicating in that way future events.

Show"bread` (?), n. (Jewish Antiq.) Bread of exhibition; loaves to set before God; -- the term used in translating the various phrases used in the Hebrew and Greek to designate the loaves of bread which the priest of the week placed before the Lord on the golden table in the sanctuary. They were made of fine flour unleavened, and were changed every Sabbath. The loaves, twelve in number, represented the twelve tribes of Israel. They were to be eaten by the priests only, and in the Holy Place. [Written also shewbread.] Mark ii. 26.

Show"er (?), n. 1. One who shows or exhibits.

2. That which shows; a mirror. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Show"er (?), n. [OE. shour, schour, AS. se&?;r; akin to D. schoer, G. schauer, OHG. sc&?;r, Icel. sk&?;r, Sw. skur, Goth. sk&?;ra windis a storm of wind; of uncertain origin.] 1. A fall or rain or hail of short duration; sometimes, but rarely, a like fall of snow.

In drought or else showers.
Chaucer.

Or wet the thirsty earth with falling showers.
Milton.

2. That which resembles a shower in falling or passing through the air copiously and rapidly.

With showers of stones he drives them far away.
Pope.

3. A copious supply bestowed. [R.]

He and myself
Have travail'd in the great shower of your gifts.
Shak.

Shower bath, a bath in which water is showered from above, and sometimes from the sides also.

Show"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Showered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Showering.] 1. To water with a shower; to &?;&?;t copiously with rain.

Lest it again dissolve and shower the earth.
Milton.

2. To bestow liberally; to destribute or scatter in &?;undance; to rain. Shak.

C&?;sar's favor,
That showers down greatness on his friends.
Addison.

Show"er, v. i. To rain in showers; to fall, as in a hower or showers. Shak.

Show"er*ful (?), a. Full of showers. Tennyson.

Show"er*i*ness (?), n. Quality of being showery.

Show"er*less, a. Rainless; freo from showers.

Show"er*y (?), a. 1. Raining in showers; abounding with frequent showers of rain.

2. Of or pertaining to a shower or showers. "Colors of the showery arch." Milton.

Show"i*ly (?), adv. In a showy manner; pompously; with parade.

Show"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being showy; pompousness; great parade; ostentation.

Show"ing, n. 1. Appearance; display; exhibition.

2. Presentation of facts; statement. J. S. Mill.

Show"ish, a. Showy; ostentatious. Swift.

Show"man (?), n.; pl. Showmen (#). One who exhibits a show; a proprietor of a show.

Shown (?), p. p. of Show.

Show"room` (?), n. A room or apartment where a show is exhibited.

2. A room where merchandise is exposed for sale, or where samples are displayed.

Show"y (?), a. [Compar. Showier (&?;); superl. Showiest.] Making a show; attracting attention; presenting a marked appearance; ostentatious; gay; gaudy.

A present of everything that was rich and showy.
Addison.

Syn. -- Splendid; gay; gaudy; gorgeous; fine; magnificent; grand; stately; sumptuous; pompous.

Shrag (?), n. [CF. Scrag.] A twig of a tree cut off. [Obs.]

Shrag, v. t. To trim, as trees; to lop. [Obs.]

Shrag"ger (?), n. One who lops; one who trims trees. [Obs.] Huloet.

Shram (?), v. t. [Cf. Shrink.] To cause to shrink or shrivel with cold; to benumb. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrank (?), imp. of Shrink.

{ Shrap (?), Shrape (?), } n. [Cf. Scrap, and Scrape.] A place baited with chaff to entice birds. [Written also scrap.] [Obs.] Bp. Bedell.

Shrap"nel (?), a. Applied as an appellation to a kind of shell invented by Gen. H. Shrapnel of the British army. -- n. A shrapnel shell; shrapnel shells, collectively.

Shrapnel shell (Gunnery), a projectile for a cannon, consisting of a shell filled with bullets and a small bursting charge to scatter them at any given point while in flight. See the Note under Case shot.

Shred (?), n. [OE. shrede, schrede, AS. screáde; akin to OD. schroode, G. schrot a piece cut off, Icel. skrjoðr a shred, and to E. shroud. Cf. Screed, Scroll, Scrutiny.] 1. A long, narrow piece cut or torn off; a strip. "Shreds of tanned leather." Bacon.

2. In general, a fragment; a piece; a particle. Shak.

Shred, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shred or Shredded (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Shredding.] [OE. shreden, schreden, AS. screádian; akin to OD. schrooden, OHG. scr&?;tan, G. schroten. See Shred, n.] 1. To cut or tear into small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. Chaucer.

2. To lop; to prune; to trim. [Obs.]

Shred"cook` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The fieldfare; -- so called from its harsh cry before rain. [Prov. Eng.]

Shred"ding (?), n. 1. The act of cutting or tearing into shreds.

2. That which is cut or torn off; a piece. Hooker.

Shred"dy (?), a. Consisting of shreds.

Shred"less, a. Having no shreds; without a shred.

And those which waved are shredless dust ere now.
Byron.

Shrew (?), a. [OE. shrewe, schrewe. Cf. Shrewd.] Wicked; malicious. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Shrew, n. [See Shrew, a.] 1. Originally, a brawling, turbulent, vexatious person of either sex, but now restricted in use to females; a brawler; a scold.

A man . . . grudgeth that shrews [i. e., bad men] have prosperity, or else that good men have adversity.
Chaucer.

A man had got a shrew to his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house for her.
L'Estrange.

2. [AS. screáwa; -- so called because supposed to be venomous. ] (Zoöl.) Any small insectivore of the genus Sorex and several allied genera of the family Sorecidæ. In form and color they resemble mice, but they have a longer and more pointed nose. Some of them are the smallest of all mammals.

&fist; The common European species are the house shrew (Crocidura araneus), and the erd shrew (Sorex vulgaris) (see under Erd.). In the United States several species of Sorex and Blarina are common, as the broadnosed shrew (S. platyrhinus), Cooper's shrew (S. Cooperi), and the short-tailed, or mole, shrew (Blarina brevicauda). Th American water, or marsh, shrew (Neosorex palustris), with fringed feet, is less common. The common European water shrews are Crossopus fodiens, and the oared shrew (see under Oared).

Earth shrew, any shrewlike burrowing animal of the family Centetidæ, as the tendrac. -- Elephant shrew, Jumping shrew, Mole shrew. See under Elephant, Jumping, etc. -- Musk shrew. See Desman. -- River shrew, an aquatic West African insectivore (Potamogale velox) resembling a weasel in form and size, but having a large flattened and crested tail adapted for rapid swimming. It feeds on fishes. -- Shrew mole, a common large North American mole (Scalops aquaticus). Its fine, soft fur is gray with iridescent purple tints.

Shrew, v. t. [See Shrew, a., and cf. Beshrew.] To beshrew; to curse. [Obs.] "I shrew myself." Chaucer.

Shrewd (?), a. [Compar. Shrewder (?); superl. Shrewdest.] [Originally the p. p. of shrew, v.t.] 1. Inclining to shrew; disposing to curse or scold; hence, vicious; malicious; evil; wicked; mischievous; vexatious; rough; unfair; shrewish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

[Egypt] hath many shrewd havens, because of the great rocks that ben strong and dangerous to pass by.
Sir J. Mandeville.

Every of this happy number
That have endured shrewd days and nights with us.
Shak.

2. Artful; wily; cunning; arch.

These women are shrewd tempters with their tongues.
Shak.

3. Able or clever in practical affairs; sharp in business; astute; sharp-witted; sagacious; keen; as, a shrewd observer; a shrewd design; a shrewd reply.

Professing to despise the ill opinion of mankind creates a shrewd suspicion that we have deserved it.
Secker.

Syn. -- Keen; critical; subtle; artful; astute; sagacious; discerning; acute; penetrating. -- Shrewd, Sagacious. One who is shrewd is keen to detect errors, to penetrate disguises, to foresee and guard against the selfishness of others. Shrewd is a word of less dignity than sagacious, which implies a comprehensive as well as penetrating mind, whereas shrewd does not.

-- Shrewd"ly, adv. -- Shrewd"ness, n.

Shrew"ish (?), a. having the qualities of a shrew; having a scolding disposition; froward; peevish.

My wife is shrewish when I keep not hours.
Shak.

-- Shrew"ish*ly, adv. -- Shrew"ish*ness, n.

Shrew"mouse` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A shrew; especially, the erd shrew.

Shriek (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrieked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrieking.] [OE. shriken, originallythe same word as E. screech. See Screech, and cf. Screak.] To utter a loud, sharp, shrill sound or cry, as do some birds and beasts; to scream, as in a sudden fright, in horror or anguish.

It was the owl that shrieked.
Shak.

At this she shrieked aloud; the mournful train
Echoed her grief.
Dryden.

Shriek (?), v. t. To utter sharply and shrilly; to utter in or with a shriek or shrieks.

On top whereof aye dwelt the ghostly owl,
Shrieking his baleful note.
Spenser.

She shrieked his name
To the dark woods.
Moore.

Shriek, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream; a shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror, pain, or the like.

Shrieks, clamors, murmurs, fill the frighted town.
Dryden.

Shriek owl. (Zoöl.) (a) The screech owl. (b) The swift; -- so called from its cry.

Shriek"er (?), n. One who utters a shriek.

Shriev"al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a sheriff.

Shriev"al*ty (?), n. [Contr. from sheriffalty. See Shrieve, n. Sheriff.] The office, or sphere of jurisdiction, of a sheriff; sheriffalty.

It was ordained by 28 Edward I that the people shall have election of sheriff in every shire where the shrievalty is not of inheritance.
Blackstone.

Shrieve (?), n. [Contr. from OE. shereve. See Sheriff.] A sheriff. [Obs.] Shak.

Shrieve, v. t. To shrive; to question. [Obs.] "She gan him soft to shrieve." Spenser.

Shrift (?), n. [OE. shrift, schrift, AS. scrift, fr. scrīfan to shrive. See Shrive.] 1. The act of shriving.

In shrift and preaching is my diligence.
Chaucer.

2. Confession made to a priest, and the absolution consequent upon it. Chaucer.

Have you got leave to go to shrift to- day?
Shak.

Therefore, my lord, address you to your shrift,
And be yourself; for you must die this instant.
Rowe.

Shrift father, a priest to whom confession is made.

Shright (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Shriek.

She cried alway and shright.
Chaucer.

Shright, n. [See Shriek.] A shriek; shrieking. [Obs] Spenser. "All hoarse for shright." Chaucer.

Shrike (?), n. [Akin to Icel. skrīkja a shrieker, the shrike, and E. shriek; cf. AS. scrīc a thrush. See Shriek, v. i.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of oscinine birds of the family Laniidæ, having a strong hooked bill, toothed at the tip. Most shrikes are insectivorous, but the common European gray shrike (Lanius excubitor), the great northern shrike (L. borealis), and several others, kill mice, small birds, etc., and often impale them on thorns, and are, on that account called also butcher birds. See under Butcher.

&fist; The ant shrikes, or bush shrikes, are clamatorial birds of the family Formicaridæ. The cuckoo shrikes of the East Indies and Australia are Oscines of the family Campephagidæ. The drongo shrikes of the same regions belong to the related family Dicruridæ. See Drongo.

Crow shrike. See under Crow. -- Shrike thrush. (a) Any one of several species of Asiatic timaline birds of the genera Thamnocataphus, Gampsorhynchus, and allies. (b) Any one of several species of shrikelike Australian singing birds of the genus Colluricincla. -- Shrike tit. (a) Any one of several Australian birds of the genus Falcunculus, having a strong toothed bill and sharp claws. They creep over the bark of trees, like titmice, in search of insects. (b) Any one of several species of small Asiatic birds belonging to Allotrius, Pteruthius, Cutia, Leioptila, and allied genera, related to the true tits. Called also hill tit. -- Swallow shrike. See under Swallow.

Shrill (?), a. [Compar. Shriller (?); superl. Shrillest.] [OE. shril, schril; akin to LG. schrell, G. schrill. See Shrill,v. i.] Acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound; -- said of a sound, or of that which produces a sound.

Hear the shrill whistle which doth order give
To sounds confused.
Shak.

Let winds be shrill, let waves roll high.
Byron.

Shrill, n. A shrill sound. [Obs.] Spenser.

Shrill, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shrilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrilling.] [OE. schrillen, akin to G. schrillen; cf. AS. scralletan to resound loudly, Icel. skrölta to jolt, Sw. skrälla to shrill, Norw. skryla, skr&?;la. Cf. Skirl.] To utter an acute, piercing sound; to sound with a sharp, shrill tone; to become shrill.

Break we our pipes, that shrilledloud as lark.
Spenser.

No sounds were heard but of the shrilling cock.
Goldsmith.

His voice shrilled with passion.
L. Wallace.

Shrill, v. t. To utter or express in a shrill tone; to cause to make a shrill sound.

How poor Andromache shrills her dolors forth.
Shak.

Shrill"-gorged` (?), a. Having a throat which produces a shrill note. [R.] Shak.

Shrill"ness, n. The quality or state of being shrill.

Shrill"-tongued` (?), a. Having a shrill voice. "When shrill-tongued Fulvia scolds." Shak.

Shril"ly, adv. In a shrill manner; acutely; with a sharp sound or voice.

Shril"ly, a. Somewhat shrill. [Poetic] Sir W. Scott.

Some kept up a shrilly mellow sound.
Keats.

Shrimp (?), v. t. [Cf. AS. scrimman to dry up, wither, MHG. schrimpfen to shrink, G. schrumpfen, Dan. skrumpe, skrumpes, Da. & Sw. skrumpen shriveled. Cf. Scrimp, Shrink, Shrivel.] To contract; to shrink. [Obs.]

Shrimp, n. [OE. shrimp; -- probably so named from its shriveled appearance. See Shrimp, v.] 1. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of macruran Crustacea belonging to Crangon and various allied genera, having a slender body and long legs. Many of them are used as food. The larger kinds are called also prawns. See Illust. of Decapoda. (b) In a more general sense, any species of the macruran tribe Caridea, or any species of the order Schizopoda, having a similar form. (c) In a loose sense, any small crustacean, including some amphipods and even certain entomostracans; as, the fairy shrimp, and brine shrimp. See under Fairy, and Brine.

2. Figuratively, a little wrinkled man; a dwarf; -- in contempt.

This weak and writhled shrimp.
Shak.

Opossum shrimp. (Zoöl.) See under Opossum. -- Spector shrimp, or Skeleton shrimp (Zoöl.), any slender amphipod crustacean of the genus Caprella and allied genera. See Illust. under Læmodopoda. -- Shrimp catcher (Zoöl.), the little tern (Sterna minuta). -- Shrimp net, a dredge net fixed upon a pole, or a sweep net dragged over the fishing ground.

Shrimp"er (?), n. One who fishes for shrimps.

Shrine (shrīn), n. [OE. schrin, AS. scrīn, from L. scrinium a case, chest, box.] 1. A case, box, or receptacle, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint.

2. Any sacred place, as an altar, tromb, or the like.

Too weak the sacred shrine guard.
Byron.

3. A place or object hallowed from its history or associations; as, a shrine of art.

Shrine, v. t. To enshrine; to place reverently, as in a shrine. "Shrined in his sanctuary." Milton.

Shrink (?), v. i. [imp. Shrank (?) or Shrunk (?) p. p. Shrunk or Shrunken (&?;), but the latter is now seldom used except as a participial adjective; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrinking.] [OE. shrinken, schrinken, AS. scrincan; akin to OD. schrincken, and probably to Sw. skrynka a wrinkle, skrynkla to wrinkle, to rumple, and E. shrimp, n. & v., scrimp. CF. Shrimp.] 1. To wrinkle, bend, or curl; to shrivel; hence, to contract into a less extent or compass; to gather together; to become compacted.

And on a broken reed he still did stay
His feeble steps, which shrunk when hard thereon he lay.
Spenser.

I have not found that water, by mixture of ashes, will shrink or draw into less room.
Bacon.

Against this fire do I shrink up.
Shak.

And shrink like parchment in consuming fire.
Dryden.

All the boards did shrink.
Coleridge.

2. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to decline action from fear; to recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress.

What happier natures shrink at with affright,
The hard inhabitant contends is right.
Pope.

They assisted us against the Thebans when you shrank from the task.
Jowett (Thucyd.)

3. To express fear, horror, or pain by contracting the body, or part of it; to shudder; to quake. [R.] Shak.

Shrink, v. t. 1. To cause to contract or shrink; as, to shrink finnel by imersing it in boiling water.

2. To draw back; to withdraw. [Obs.]

The Libyc Hammon shrinks his horn.
Milton.

To shrink on (Mach.), to fix (one piece or part) firmly around (another) by natural contraction in cooling, as a tire on a wheel, or a hoop upon a cannon, which is made slightly smaller than the part it is to fit, and expanded by heat till it can be slipped into place.

Shrink, n. The act shrinking; shrinkage; contraction; also, recoil; withdrawal.

Yet almost wish, with sudden shrink,
That I had less to praise.
Leigh Hunt.

Shrink"age (?), n. 1. The act of shrinking; a contraction into less bulk or measurement.

2. The amount of such contraction; the bulk or dimension lost by shrinking, as of grain, castings, etc.

3. Decrease in value; depreciation. [Colloq.]

Shrink"er (?), n. One who shrinks; one who withdraws from danger.

Shrink"ing, a. & n. from Shrink.

Shrinking head (Founding), a body of molten metal connected with a mold for the purpose of supplying metal to compensate for the shrinkage of the casting; -- called also sinking head, and riser.

Shrink"ing*ly, adv. In a shrinking manner.

Shriv"al*ty (?), n. Shrievalty. Johnson.

Shrive (?), v. t. [imp. Shrived (?) or Shrove (&?;); p. p. Shriven (?) or Shrived; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriving.] [OE. shriven, schriven, AS. scrīvan to shrive, to impose penance or punishment; akin to OFries. skrīva to impose punishment; cf. OS. biskrīban to be troubled. Cf. Shrift, Shrovetide.] 1. To hear or receive the confession of; to administer confession and absolution to; -- said of a priest as the agent.

That they should shrive their parishioners.
Piers Plowman.

Doubtless he shrives this woman, . . .
Else ne'er could he so long protract his speech.
Shak.

Till my guilty soul be shriven.
Longfellow.

2. To confess, and receive absolution; -- used reflexively.

Get you to the church and shrive yourself.
Beau. & Fl.

Shrive, v. i. To receive confessions, as a priest; to administer confession and absolution. Spenser.

Shriv"el (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shriveled (?) or Shrivelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Shriveling or Shrivelling.] [Probably akin to shrimp, shrink; cf. dial. AS. screpa to pine away, Norw. skrypa to waste, skryp, skryv, transitory, frail, Sw. skröpling feeble, Dan. skröbelig, Icel. skrj&?;pr brittle, frail.] To draw, or be drawn, into wrinkles; to shrink, and form corrugations; as, a leaf shriveles in the hot sun; the skin shrivels with age; -- often with up.

Shriv"el (?), v. t. To cause to shrivel or contract; to cause to shrink onto corruptions.

Shriv"en (?), p. p. of Shrive.

Shriv"er (?), n. One who shrives; a confessor.

Shriv"ing, n. Shrift; confession. Spenser.

Shroff (?), n. [Ar. sarrāf.] A banker, or changer of money. [East Indies]

Shroff"age (?), n. The examination of coins, and the separation of the good from the debased. [East Indies]

Shrood (?), v. t. [Cf. Shroud.] [Written also shroud, and shrowd.] To trim; to lop. [Prov. Eng.]

Shroud (shroud), n. [OE. shroud, shrud, schrud, AS. scrūd a garment, clothing; akin to Icel. skruð the shrouds of a ship, furniture of a church, a kind of stuff, Sw. skrud dress, attire, and E. shred. See Shred, and cf. Shrood.] 1. That which clothes, covers, conceals, or protects; a garment. Piers Plowman.

Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds.
Sandys.

2. Especially, the dress for the dead; a winding sheet. "A dead man in his shroud." Shak.

3. That which covers or shelters like a shroud.

Jura answers through her misty shroud.
Byron.

4. A covered place used as a retreat or shelter, as a cave or den; also, a vault or crypt. [Obs.]

The shroud to which he won
His fair-eyed oxen.
Chapman.

A vault, or shroud, as under a church.
Withals.

5. The branching top of a tree; foliage. [R.]

The Assyrian wad a cedar in Lebanon, with fair branches and with a shadowing shroad.
Ezek. xxxi. 3.

6. pl. (Naut.) A set of ropes serving as stays to support the masts. The lower shrouds are secured to the sides of vessels by heavy iron bolts and are passed around the head of the lower masts.

7. (Mach.) One of the two annular plates at the periphery of a water wheel, which form the sides of the buckets; a shroud plate.

Bowsprit shrouds (Naut.), ropes extending from the head of the bowsprit to the sides of the vessel. -- Futtock shrouds (Naut.), iron rods connecting the topmast rigging with the lower rigging, passing over the edge of the top. -- Shroud plate. (a) (Naut.) An iron plate extending from the dead-eyes to the ship's side. Ham. Nav. Encyc. (b) (Mach.) A shroud. See def. 7, above.

Shroud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrouded; p. pr. & vb. n. Shrouding.] [Cf. AS. scr&?;dan. See Shroud, n.] 1. To cover with a shroud; especially, to inclose in a winding sheet; to dress for the grave.

The ancient Egyptian mummies were shrouded in a number of folds of linen besmeared with gums.
Bacon.

2. To cover, as with a shroud; to protect completely; to cover so as to conceal; to hide; to veil.

One of these trees, with all his young ones, may shroud four hundred horsemen.
Sir W. Raleigh.

Some tempest rise,
And blow out all the stars that light the skies,
To shroud my shame.
Dryden.

Shroud, v. i. To take shelter or harbor. [Obs.]

If your stray attendance be yet lodged,
Or shroud within these limits.
Milton.

Shroud, v. t. To lop. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

Shroud"ed, a. Provided with a shroud or shrouds.

Shrouded gear (Mach.), a cogwheel or pinion having flanges which form closed ends to the spaces between the teeth and thus strengthen the teeth by tying them together.

Shroud"ing, n. The shrouds. See Shroud, n., 7.

Shroud"-laid` (?), a. Composed of four strands, and laid right-handed with a heart, or center; -- said of rope. See Illust. under Cordage.

Shroud"less, a. Without a shroud.

Shroud"y (?), a. Affording shelter. [R.] Milton.

Shrove (?), imp. of Shrive.

Shrove Sunday, Quinguagesima Sunday. -- Shrove Tuesday, the Tuesday following Quinguagesima Sunday, and preceding the first day of Lent, or Ash Wednesday. It was formerly customary in England, on this day, for the people to confess their sins to their parish priests, after which they dined on pancakes, or fritters, and the occasion became one of merriment. The bell rung on this day is popularly called Pancake Bell, and the day itself Pancake Tuesday. P. Cyc.

Shrove, v. i. To join in the festivities of Shrovetide; hence, to make merry. [Obs.] J. Fletcher.

Shrove"tide` (?), n. [From shrive to take a confession (OE. imp. shrof, AS. scrāf) + tide.] The days immediately preceding Ash Widnesday, especially the period between the evening before Quinguagesima Sunday and the morning of Ash Wednesday.

Shrov"ing, n. The festivity of Shrovetide. [Obs.]

Shrow (?), n. A shrew. [Obs.] Shak.

Shrowd (?), v. t. See Shrood. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrub (?), n. [Ar. shirb, shurb, a drink, beverage, fr. shariba to drink. Cf. Sirup, Sherbet.] A liquor composed of vegetable acid, especially lemon juice, and sugar, with spirit to preserve it.

Shrub, n. [OE. schrob, AS. scrob, scrobb; akin to Norw. skrubba the dwarf cornel tree.] (Bot.) A woody plant of less size than a tree, and usually with several stems from the same root.

Shrub, v. t. To lop; to prune. [Obs.] Anderson (1573).

Shrub"ber*y (?), n.; pl. Shrubberies (&?;). 1. A collection of shrubs.

2. A place where shrubs are planted. Macaulay.

Shrub"bi*ness (?), n. Quality of being shrubby.

Shrub"by (?), a. [Compar. Shrubbier (?); superl. Shrubbiest.] 1. Full of shrubs.

2. Of the nature of a shrub; resembling a shrub. "Shrubby browse." J. Philips.

Shrub"less, a. having no shrubs. Byron.

Shruff (?), n. [Cf. Scruff, Scurf.] Rubbish. Specifically: (a) Dross or refuse of metals. [Obs.] (b) Light, dry wood, or stuff used for fuel. [Prov. Eng.]

Shrug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shrugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shrugging (?).] [Probably akin to shrink, p. p. shrunk; cf. Dan. skrugge, skrukke, to stoop, dial. Sw. skrukka, skruga, to crouch.] To draw up or contract (the shoulders), especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like.

He shrugs his shoulders when you talk of securities.
Addison.

Shrug, v. i. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as in expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or the like.

They grin, they shrug.
They bow, they snarl, they snatch, they hug.
Swift.

Shrug, n. A drawing up of the shoulders, -- a motion usually expressing dislike, dread, or doubt.

The Spaniards talk in dialogues
Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs.
Hudibras.

Shrunk"en (?), p. p. & a. from Shrink.

Shuck (?), n. A shock of grain. [Prev.Eng.]

Shuck, n. [Perhaps akin to G. shote a husk, pod, shell.] 1. A shell, husk, or pod; especially, the outer covering of such nuts as the hickory nut, butternut, peanut, and chestnut.

2. The shell of an oyster or clam. [U. S.]

Shuck, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shucking.] To deprive of the shucks or husks; as, to shuck walnuts, Indian corn, oysters, etc.

Shuck"er (?), n. One who shucks oysters or clams

Shud"der (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shuddered (?);p. pr. & vb. n. Shuddering.] [OE. shoderen, schuderen; akin to LG. schuddern, D. schudden to shake, OS. skuddian, G. schaudern to shudder, schütteln to shake, schütten to pour, to shed, OHG. scutten, scuten, to shake.] To tremble or shake with fear, horrer, or aversion; to shiver with cold; to quake. "With shuddering horror pale." Milton.

The shuddering tennant of the frigid zone.
Goldsmith.

Shud"der, n. The act of shuddering, as with fear. Shak.

Shud"der*ing*ly, adv. In a shuddering manner.

Shude (?), n. The husks and other refuse of rice mills, used to adulterate oil cake, or linseed cake.

Shuf"fle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shuffled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shuffling (?).] [Originally the same word as scuffle, and properly a freq. of shove. See Shove, and Scuffle.] 1. To shove one way and the other; to push from one to another; as, to shuffle money from hand to hand.

2. To mix by pushing or shoving; to confuse; to throw into disorder; especially, to change the relative positions of, as of the cards in a pack.

A man may shuffle cards or rattle dice from noon to midnight without tracing a new idea in his mind.
Rombler.

3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion.

It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the papers that were seizen.
Dryden.

To shuffe off, to push off; to rid one's self of. -- To shuffe up, to throw together in hastel to make up or form in confusion or with fraudulent disorder; as, he shuffled up a peace.

Shuf"fle, v. i. 1. To change the relative position of cards in a pack; as, to shuffle and cut.

2. To change one's position; to shift ground; to evade questions; to resort to equivocation; to prevaricate.

I myself, . . . hiding mine honor in my necessity, am fain to shuffle.
Shak.

3. To use arts or expedients; to make shift.

Your life, good master,
Must shuffle for itself.
Shak.

4. To move in a slovenly, dragging manner; to drag or scrape the feet in walking or dancing.

The aged creature came
Shuffling along with ivory-headed wand.
Keats.

Syn. -- To equivicate; prevaricate; quibble; cavil; shift; sophisticate; juggle.

Shuf"fle, n. 1. The act of shuffling; a mixing confusedly; a slovenly, dragging motion.

The unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter.
Bentley.

2. A trick; an artifice; an evasion.

The gifts of nature are beyond all shame and shuffles.
L'Estrange.

Shuf"fle*board` (?), n. See Shovelboard.

Shuf"fle*cap` (?), n. A play performed by shaking money in a hat or cap. [R.] Arbuthnot.

Shuf"fler (?), n. 1. One who shuffles.

2. (Zoöl.) Either one of the three common American scaup ducks. See Scaup duck, under Scaup.

Shuf"fle*wing` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hedg sparrow. [Prov. Eng.]

Shuf"fling (?), a. 1. Moving with a dragging, scraping step. "A shuffling nag." Shak.

2. Evasive; as, a shuffling excuse. T. Burnet.

Shuf"fling, v. In a shuffling manner.

Shug (?), v. i. [Cf. Shrug.] 1. To writhe the body so as to produce friction against one's clothes, as do those who have the itch. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. Hence, to crawl; to sneak. [Obs.]

There I 'll shug in and get a noble countenance.
Ford.

Shu"mac (?), n. (Bot.) Sumac.

Shun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shunning.] [OE. shunien, schunien, schonien, AS. scunian, sceonian; cf. D. schuinen to slepe, schuin oblique, sloping, Icel. skunda, skynda, to hasten. Cf. Schooner, Scoundrel, Shunt.] To avoid; to keep clear of; to get out of the way of; to escape from; to eschew; as, to shun rocks, shoals, vice.

I am pure from the blood of all men. For I have not shunned to declare unto you all the counsel of God.
Acts xx. 26,27.

Scarcity and want shall shun you.
Shak.

Syn. -- See Avoid.

Shun"less, a. Not to be shunned; inevitable; unavoidable. [R.] "Shunless destiny." Shak.

Shunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Shunting.] [Prov. E., to move from, to put off, fr. OE. shunten, schunten, schounten; cf. D. schuinte a slant, slope, Icel. skunda to hasten. Cf. Shun.] 1. To shun; to move from. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. To cause to move suddenly; to give a sudden start to; to shove. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Ash.

3. To turn off to one side; especially, to turn off, as a grain or a car upon a side track; to switch off; to shift.

For shunting your late partner on to me.
T. Hughes.

4. (Elec.) To provide with a shunt; as, to shunt a galvanometer.

Shunt (?), v. i. To go aside; to turn off.

Shunt, n. [Cf. D. schuinte slant, slope, declivity. See Shunt, v. t.] 1. (Railroad) A turning off to a side or short track, that the principal track may be left free.

2. (Elec.) A conducting circuit joining two points in a conductor, or the terminals of a galvanometer or dynamo, so as to form a parallel or derived circuit through which a portion of the current may pass, for the purpose of regulating the amount passing in the main circuit.

3. (Gunnery) The shifting of the studs on a projectile from the deep to the shallow sides of the grooves in its discharge from a shunt gun.

Shunt dynamo (Elec.), a dynamo in which the field circuit is connected with the main circuit so as to form a shunt to the letter, thus employing a portion of the current from the armature to maintain the field. -- Shunt gun, a firearm having shunt rifling. See under Rifling.

Shunt"er (?), n. (Railroad) A person employed to shunt cars from one track to another.

Shut (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Shut; p. pr. & vb. n. Shutting.] [OE. shutten, schutten, shetten, schitten, AS. scyttan to shut or lock up (akin to D. schutten, G. schützen to protect), properly, to fasten with a bolt or bar shot across, fr. AS. sceótan to shoot. √159. See Shoot.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress or egress; as, to shut a door or a gate; to shut one's eyes or mouth.

2. To forbid entrance into; to prohibit; to bar; as, to shut the ports of a country by a blockade.

Shall that be shut to man which to the beast
Is open?
Milton.

3. To preclude; to exclude; to bar out. "Shut from every shore." Dryden.

4. To fold together; to close over, as the fingers; to close by bringing the parts together; as, to shut the hand; to shut a book.

To shut in. (a) To inclose; to confine. "The Lord shut him in." Cen. vii. 16. (b) To cover or intercept the view of; as, one point shuts in another. -- To shut off. (a) To exclude. (b) To prevent the passage of, as steam through a pipe, or water through a flume, by closing a cock, valve, or gate. -- To shut out, to preclude from entering; to deny admission to; to exclude; as, to shut out rain by a tight roof. -- To shut together, to unite; to close, especially to close by welding. -- To shut up. (a) To close; to make fast the entrances into; as, to shut up a house. (b) To obstruct. "Dangerous rocks shut up the passage." Sir W. Raleigh. (c) To inclose; to confine; to imprison; to fasten in; as, to shut up a prisoner.

Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed.
Gal. iii. 23.

(d) To end; to terminate; to conclude.

When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his master if he has acted better.
Collier.

(e) To unite, as two pieces of metal by welding. (f) To cause to become silent by authority, argument, or force.

Shut, v. i. To close itself; to become closed; as, the door shuts; it shuts hard.

To shut up, to cease speaking. [Colloq.] T. Hughes.

Shut, a. 1. Closed or fastened; as, a shut door.

2. Rid; clear; free; as, to get shut of a person. [Now dialectical or local, Eng. & U.S.] L'Estrange.

3. (Phon.) (a) Formed by complete closure of the mouth passage, and with the nose passage remaining closed; stopped, as are the mute consonants, p, t, k, b, d, and hard g. H. Sweet. (b) Cut off sharply and abruptly by a following consonant in the same syllable, as the English short vowels, ă, &ebreve;, &ibreve;, &obreve;, ŭ, always are.

Shut, n. The act or time of shutting; close; as, the shut of a door.

Just then returned at shut of evening flowers.
Milton.

2. A door or cover; a shutter. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

3. The line or place where two pieces of metal are united by welding.

Cold shut, the imperfection in a casting caused by the flowing of liquid metal upon partially chilled metal; also, the imperfect weld in a forging caused by the inadequate heat of one surface under working.

Shute (?), n. Same as Chute, or Shoot.

Shut"ter (?), n. 1. One who shuts or closes.

2. A movable cover or screen for a window, designed to shut out the light, to obstruct the view, or to be of some strength as a defense; a blind.

3. A removable cover, or a gate, for closing an aperture of any kind, as for closing the passageway for molten iron from a ladle.

Shut"tered (?), a. Furnished with shutters.

Shut"tle (?), n. [Also shittle, OE. schitel, scytyl, schetyl; cf. OE. schitel a bolt of a door, AS. scyttes; all from AS. sceótan to shoot; akin to Dan. skyttel, skytte, shuttle, dial. Sw. skyttel, sköttel. √159. See Shoot, and cf. Shittle, Skittles.] 1. An instrument used in weaving for passing or shooting the thread of the woof from one side of the cloth to the other between the threads of the warp.

Like shuttles through the loom, so swiftly glide
My feathered hours.
Sandys.

2. The sliding thread holder in a sewing machine, which carries the lower thread through a loop of the upper thread, to make a lock stitch.

3. A shutter, as for a channel for molten metal. [R.]

Shuttle box (Weaving), a case at the end of a shuttle race, to receive the shuttle after it has passed the thread of the warp; also, one of a set of compartments containing shuttles with different colored threads, which are passed back and forth in a certain order, according to the pattern of the cloth woven. -- Shutten race, a sort of shelf in a loom, beneath the warp, along which the shuttle passes; a channel or guide along which the shuttle passes in a sewing machine. -- Shuttle shell (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine gastropods of the genus Volva, or Radius, having a smooth, spindle-shaped shell prolonged into a channel at each end.

Shut"tle (?), v. i. To move backwards and forwards, like a shuttle.

I had to fly far and wide, shutting athwart the big Babel, wherever his calls and pauses had to be.
Carlyle.

Shut"tle*cock` (?), n. A cork stuck with feathers, which is to be struck by a battledoor in play; also, the play itself.

Shut"tle*cock, v. t. To send or toss to and fro; to bandy; as, to shuttlecock words. Thackeray.

Shut"tle*cork` (?), n. See Shuttlecock.

Shut"tle*wise` (?), adv. Back and forth, like the movement of a shuttle.

Shwan"-pan (?), n. See Schwan- pan.

Shy (shī), a. [Compar. Shier (-&etilde;r) or Shyer; superl. Shiest or Shyest.] [OE. schey, skey, sceouh, AS. sceóh; akin to Dan. sky, Sw. skygg, D. schuw, MHG. schiech, G. scheu, OHG. sciuhen to be or make timid. Cf. Eschew.] 1. Easily frightened; timid; as, a shy bird.

The horses of the army . . . were no longer shy, but would come up to my very feet without starting.
Swift.

2. Reserved; coy; disinclined to familiar approach.

What makes you so shy, my good friend? There's nobody loves you better than I.
Arbuthnot.

The embarrassed look of shy distress
And maidenly shamefacedness.
Wordsworth.

3. Cautious; wary; suspicious.

I am very shy of using corrosive liquors in the preparation of medicines.
Boyle.

Princes are, by wisdom of state, somewhat shy of thier successors.
Sir H. Wotton.

To fight shy. See under Fight, v. i.

Shy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Shied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Shying.] [From Shy, a.] To start suddenly aside through fright or suspicion; -- said especially of horses.

Shy, v. t. To throw sidewise with a jerk; to fling; as, to shy a stone; to shy a slipper. T. Hughes.

Shy, n. 1. A sudden start aside, as by a horse.

2. A side throw; a throw; a fling. Thackeray.

If Lord Brougham gets a stone in his hand, he must, it seems, have a shy at somebody.
Punch.

Shy"ly, adv. In a shy or timid manner; not familiarly; with reserve. [Written also shily.]

Shy"ness, n. The quality or state of being shy. [Written also shiness.]

Frequency in heavenly contemplation is particularly important to prevent a shyness bewtween God and thy soul.
Baxter.

Syn. -- Bashfulness; reserve; coyness; timidity; diffidence. See Bashfulness.

Shy"ster (?), n. [Perh. from G. scheisse excrement.] A trickish knave; one who carries on any business, especially legal business, in a mean and dishonest way. [Slang, U.S.]

Si (?). [It.] (Mus.) A syllable applied, in solmization, to the note B; more recently, to the seventh tone of any major diatonic scale. It was added to Guido's scale by Le Maire about the end of the 17th century.

||Si*a"ga (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ahu, or jairou.

Si*al"o*gogue (?), n. [Gr. si`alon saliva + &?;&?;&?;&?; leading, from &?;&?;&?; to lead: cf. F. sialagogue.] (Med.) An agent which promotes the flow of saliva.

||Si"a*mang` (?), n. [Malay siāmang.] (Zool.) A gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus), native of Sumatra. It has the second and third toes partially united by a web.

Si`a*mese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Siam, its native people, or their language.

Si`a*mese`, n. sing. & pl. 1. A native or inhabitant of Siam; pl., the people of Siam.

2. sing. The language of the Siamese.

Sib (?), n. [AS. sibb alliance, gesib a relative. √289. See Gossip.] A blood relation. [Obs.] Nash.

Sib, a. Related by blood; akin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Your kindred is but . . . little sib to you.
Chaucer.

[He] is no fairy birn, ne sib at all
To elfs, but sprung of seed terrestrial.
Spenser.

Sib"bens (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Med.) A contagious disease, endemic in Scotland, resembling the yaws. It is marked by ulceration of the throat and nose and by pustules and soft fungous excrescences upon the surface of the body. In the Orkneys the name is applied to the itch. [Written also sivvens.]

Si*be"ri*an (?), a. [From Siberia, Russ. Sibire.] Of or pertaining to Siberia, a region comprising all northern Asia and belonging to Russia; as, a Siberian winter. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Siberia.

Siberian crab (Bot.), the Siberian crab apple. See Crab apple, under Crab. -- Siberian dog (Zoöl.), one of a large breed of dogs having erect ears and the hair of the body and tail very long. It is distinguished for endurance of fatigue when used for the purpose of draught. -- Siberian pea tree (Bot.), a small leguminous tree (Cragana arborescens) with yellow flowers. It is a native of Siberia.

{ Sib"i*lance (?), Sib"i*lan*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being sibilant; sibilation.

Milton would not have avoided them for their sibilancy, he who wrote . . . verses that hiss like Medusa's head in wrath.
Lowell.

Sib"i*lant (?), a. [L. sibilans, -antis, p. pr. of sibilare to hiss: cf. F. sibilant.] Making a hissing sound; uttered with a hissing sound; hissing; as, s, z, sh, and zh, are sibilant elementary sounds. -- n. A sibiliant letter.

Sib"i*late (?), v. t. & i. To pronounce with a hissing sound, like that of the letter s; to mark with a character indicating such pronunciation.

Sib`i*la"tion (?), n. [L. sibilatio.] Utterance with a hissing sound; also, the sound itself; a hiss.

He, with a long, low sibilation, stared.
Tennyson.

Sib"i*la*to*ry (?), a. Hissing; sibilant.

Sib"i*lous (?), a. [L. sibilus.] Having a hissing sound; hissing; sibilant. [R.] Pennant.

Sib"yl (?), n. [L. sibylla, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] 1. (Class. Antiq.) A woman supposed to be endowed with a spirit of prophecy.

&fist; The number of the sibyls is variously stated by different authors; but the opinion of Varro, that there were ten, is generally adopted. They dwelt in various parts of Persia, Greece, and Italy.

2. A female fortune teller; a pythoness; a prophetess. "An old highland sibyl." Sir W. Scott.

Sib"yl*ist, n. One who believes in a sibyl or the sibylline prophecies. Cudworth.

Sib"yl*line (?), a. [L. sibyllinus.] Pertaining to the sibyls; uttered, written, or composed by sibyls; like the productions of sibyls.

Sibylline books. (a) (Rom. Antiq.) Books or documents of prophecies in verse concerning the fate of the Roman empire, said to have been purchased by Tarquin the Proud from a sibyl. (b) Certain Jewish and early Christian writings purporting to have been prophetic and of sibylline origin. They date from 100 b. c. to a. d. 500.

Sic (?), a. Such. [Scot.]

||Sic (?), adv. [L.] Thus.

&fist; This word is sometimes inserted in a quotation [sic], to call attention to the fact that some remarkable or inaccurate expression, misspelling, or the like, is literally reproduced.

Sic"a*more (?), n. (Bot.) See Sycamore.

||Sic"ca (?), n. [Ar. sikka.] A seal; a coining die; -- used adjectively to designate the silver currency of the Mogul emperors, or the Indian rupee of 192 grains.

Sicca rupee, an East Indian coin, valued nominally at about two shillings sterling, or fifty cents.

Sic"cate (?), v. t. [L. siccatus, p. p. of siccare to dry, fr. siecus dry.] To dry. [R.]

Sic*ca"tion (?), n. [L. siccatio.] The act or process of drying. [R.] Bailey.

Sic"ca*tive (?), a. [L. siccativus.] Drying; causing to dry. -- n. That which promotes drying.

Sic*cif"ic (?), a.[L. siccificus; siccus dry + facere to make. See -fy.] Causing dryness.

Sic"ci*ty (?), n. [L. siccitas, fr. siccus dry.] Dryness; aridity; destitution of moisture. [Obs.]

The siccity and dryness of its flesh.
Sir T. Browne.

Sice (?), n. [F. six, fr. L. sex six. See Six.] The number six at dice.

Si"cer (?), n. [L. sicera. See Cider.] A strong drink; cider. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sich (?), a. Such. [Obs. or Colloq.] Spenser.

Si*cil"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sicily or its inhabitants.

Sicilian vespers, the great massacre of the French in Sicily, in the year 1282, on the evening of Easter Monday, at the hour of vespers.

Si*cil"i*an, n. A native or inhabitant of Sicily.

||Si*ci`li*a"no (?), n. [It., Sicilian.] A Sicilian dance, resembling the pastorale, set to a rather slow and graceful melody in 12-8 or 6-8 measure; also, the music to the dance.

||Si`ci`lienne" (?), n. [F., fem. of sicilien Sicilian.] A kind of rich poplin.

Sick (?), a. [Compar. Sicker (?); superl. Sickest.] [OE. sek, sik, ill, AS. seóc; akin to OS. siok, seoc, OFries. siak, D. ziek, G. siech, OHG. sioh, Icel. sj&?;kr, Sw. sjuk, Dan. syg, Goth. siuks ill, siukan to be ill.] 1. Affected with disease of any kind; ill; indisposed; not in health. See the Synonym under Illness.

Simon's wife's mother lay sick of a fever.
Mark i. 30.

Behold them that are sick with famine.
Jer. xiv. 18.

2. Affected with, or attended by, nausea; inclined to vomit; as, sick at the stomach; a sick headache.

3. Having a strong dislike; disgusted; surfeited; -- with of; as, to be sick of flattery.

He was not so sick of his master as of his work.
L'Estrange.

4. Corrupted; imperfect; impaired; weakned.

So great is his antipathy against episcopacy, that, if a seraphim himself should be a bishop, he would either find or make some sick feathers in his wings.
Fuller.

Sick bay (Naut.), an apartment in a vessel, used as the ship's hospital. -- Sick bed, the bed upon which a person lies sick. -- Sick berth, an apartment for the sick in a ship of war. -- Sick headache (Med.), a variety of headache attended with disorder of the stomach and nausea. -- Sick list, a list containing the names of the sick. -- Sick room, a room in which a person lies sick, or to which he is confined by sickness. [These terms, sick bed, sick berth, etc., are also written both hyphened and solid.]

Syn. -- Diseased; ill; disordered; distempered; indisposed; weak; ailing; feeble; morbid.

Sick, n. Sickness. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sick, v. i. To fall sick; to sicken. [Obs.] Shak.

Sick"-brained` (?), a. Disordered in the brain.

Sick"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sickened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sickening.] 1. To make sick; to disease.

Raise this strength, and sicken that to death.
Prior.

2. To make qualmish; to nauseate; to disgust; as, to sicken the stomach.

3. To impair; to weaken. [Obs.] Shak.

Sick"en, v. i. 1. To become sick; to fall into disease.

The judges that sat upon the jail, and those that attended, sickened upon it and died.
Bacon.

2. To be filled to disgust; to be disgusted or nauseated; to be filled with abhorrence or aversion; to be surfeited or satiated.

Mine eyes did sicken at the sight.
Shak.

3. To become disgusting or tedious.

The toiling pleasure sickens into pain.
Goldsmith.

4. To become weak; to decay; to languish.

All pleasures sicken, and all glories sink.
Pope.

Sick"en*ing (?), a. Causing sickness; specif., causing surfeit or disgust; nauseating. -- Sick"en*ing*ly, adv.

Sick"er (?), v. i. [AS. sicerian.] (Mining) To percolate, trickle, or ooze, as water through a crack. [Also written sigger, zigger, and zifhyr.] [Prov. Eng.]

{ Sick"er, Sik"er }, a. [OE. siker; cf. OS. sikur, LG. seker, D. zeker, Dan. sikker, OHG. sihhur, G. sicher; all fr. L. securus. See Secure, Sure.] Sure; certain; trusty. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

When he is siker of his good name.
Chaucer.

{ Sick"er, Sik"er }, adv. Surely; certainly. [Obs.]

Believe this as siker as your creed.
Chaucer.

Sicker, Willye, thou warnest well.
Spenser.

{ Sick"er*ly, Sik"er*ly }, adv. Surely; securely. [Obs.]

But sikerly, withouten any fable.
Chaucer.

{ Sick"er*ness, Sik"er*ness }, n. The quality or state of being sicker, or certain. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Sick"ish, a. 1. Somewhat sick or diseased.

2. Somewhat sickening; as, a sickish taste.

-- Sick"ish*ly, adv. -- Sick"ish*ness, n.

Sic"kle (?), n. [OE. sikel, AS. sicol; akin to D. sikkel, G. sichel, OHG. sihhila, Dan. segel, segl, L. secula, fr. secare to cut; or perhaps from L. secula. See Saw a cutting instrument.] 1. A reaping instrument consisting of a steel blade curved into the form of a hook, and having a handle fitted on a tang. The sickle has one side of the blade notched, so as always to sharpen with a serrated edge. Cf. Reaping hook, under Reap.

When corn has once felt the sickle, it has no more benefit from the sunshine.
Shak.

2. (Astron.) A group of stars in the constellation Leo. See Illust. of Leo.

Sickle pod (Bot.), a kind of rock cress (Arabis Canadensis) having very long curved pods.

Sic"kle*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of three species of humming birds of the genus Eutoxeres, native of Central and South America. They have a long and strongly curved bill. Called also the sickle-billed hummer. (b) A curlew. (c) A bird of the genus Epimachus and allied genera.

Sic"kled (?), a. Furnished with a sickle.

Sic"kle*man (?), n.; pl. Sicklemen (&?;). One who uses a sickle; a reaper.

You sunburned sicklemen, of August weary.
Shak.

Sic"kler (?), n. One who uses a sickle; a sickleman; a reaper.

Sick"less (?), a. Free from sickness. [R.]

Give me long breath, young beds, and sickless ease.
Marston.

Sic"kle*wort` (?), n. [AS. sicolwyrt.] (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Coronilla (C. scorpioides); -- so named from its curved pods. (b) The healall (Brunella vulgaris).

Sick"lied (?), a. Made sickly. See Sickly, v.

Sick"li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sickly.

Sick"ly (?), a. [Compar. Sicklier (?); superl. Sickliest.] 1. Somewhat sick; disposed to illness; attended with disease; as, a sickly body.

This physic but prolongs thy sickly days.
Shak.

2. Producing, or tending to, disease; as, a sickly autumn; a sickly climate. Cowper.

3. Appearing as if sick; weak; languid; pale.

The moon grows sickly at the sight of day.
Dryden.

Nor torrid summer's sickly smile.
Keble.

4. Tending to produce nausea; sickening; as, a sickly smell; sickly sentimentality.

Syn. -- Diseased; ailing; infirm; weakly; unhealthy; healthless; weak; feeble; languid; faint.

Sick"ly, adv. In a sick manner or condition; ill.

My people sickly [with ill will] beareth our marriage.
Chaucer.

Sick"ly, v. t. To make sick or sickly; -- with over, and probably only in the past participle. [R.]

Sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought.
Shak.

Sentiments sicklied over . . . with that cloying heaviness into which unvaried sweetness is too apt to subside.
Jeffrey.

Sick"ness, n. [AS. seócness.] 1. The quality or state of being sick or diseased; illness; sisease or malady.

I do lament the sickness of the king.
Shak.

Trust not too much your now resistless charms;
Those, age or sickness soon or late disarms.
Pope.

2. Nausea; qualmishness; as, sickness of stomach.

Syn. -- Illness; disease; malady. See Illness.

Si"cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. silcus, Heb. shegel. See Shekel.] A shekel. [Obs.]

The holy mother brought five sicles and a pair of turtledoves to redeem the Lamb of God.
Jer. Taylor.

||Si"da (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;&?;&?; a kind of plant.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants common in the tropics. All the species are mucilaginous, and some have tough ligneous fibers which are used as a substitute for hemp and flax. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sid"dow (?), a. Soft; pulpy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Side (?), n. [AS. sīde; akin to D. zijde, G. seite, OHG. sīta, Icel. sī&?;a, Dan. side, Sw. sida; cf. AS. sīd large, spacious, Icel. sī&?;r long, hanging.] 1. The margin, edge, verge, or border of a surface; especially (when the thing spoken of is somewhat oblong in shape), one of the longer edges as distinguished from the shorter edges, called ends; a bounding line of a geometrical figure; as, the side of a field, of a square or triangle, of a river, of a road, etc.

3. Any outer portion of a thing considered apart from, and yet in relation to, the rest; as, the upper side of a sphere; also, any part or position viewed as opposite to or contrasted with another; as, this or that side.

Looking round on every side beheld
A pathless desert.
Milton.

4. (a) One of the halves of the body, of an animals or man, on either side of the mesial plane; or that which pertains to such a half; as, a side of beef; a side of sole leather. (b) The right or left part of the wall or trunk of the body; as, a pain in the side.

One of the soldiers with a spear pierced his side.
John xix. 34.

5. A slope or declivity, as of a hill, considered as opposed to another slope over the ridge.

Along the side of yon small hill.
Milton.

6. The position of a person or party regarded as opposed to another person or party, whether as a rival or a foe; a body of advocates or partisans; a party; hence, the interest or cause which one maintains against another; a doctrine or view opposed to another.

God on our side, doubt not of victory.
Shak.

We have not always been of the . . . same side in politics.
Landor.

Sets the passions on the side of truth.
Pope.

7. A line of descent traced through one parent as distinguished from that traced through another.

To sit upon thy father David's throne,
By mother's side thy father.
Milton.

8. Fig.: Aspect or part regarded as contrasted with some other; as, the bright side of poverty.

By the side of, close at hand; near to. -- Exterior side. (Fort.) See Exterior, and Illust. of Ravelin. -- Interior side (Fort.), the line drawn from the center of one bastion to that of the next, or the line curtain produced to the two oblique radii in front. H. L. Scott. -- Side by side, close together and abreast; in company or along with. -- To choose sides, to select those who shall compete, as in a game, on either side. -- To take sides, to attach one's self to, or give assistance to, one of two opposing sides or parties.

Side (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a side, or the sides; being on the side, or toward the side; lateral.

One mighty squadron with a side wind sped.
Dryden.

2. Hence, indirect; oblique; collateral; incidental; as, a side issue; a side view or remark.

The law hath no side respect to their persons.
Hooker.

3. [AS. sīd. Cf Side, n.] Long; large; extensive. [Obs. or Scot.] Shak.

His gown had side sleeves down to mid leg.
Laneham.

Side action, in breech-loading firearms, a mechanism for operating the breech block, which is moved by a lever that turns sidewise. -- Side arms, weapons worn at the side, as sword, bayonet, pistols, etc. -- Side ax, an ax of which the handle is bent to one side. -- Side-bar rule (Eng. Law.), a rule authorized by the courts to be granted by their officers as a matter of course, without formal application being made to them in open court; -- so called because anciently moved for by the attorneys at side bar, that is, informally. Burril. -- Side box, a box or inclosed seat on the side of a theater.

To insure a side-box station at half price.
Cowper.

-- Side chain, one of two safety chains connecting a tender with a locomotive, at the sides. -- Side cut, a canal or road branching out from the main one. [U.S.] -- Side dish, one of the dishes subordinate to the main course. -- Side glance, a glance or brief look to one side. -- Side hook (Carp.), a notched piece of wood for clamping a board to something, as a bench. -- Side lever, a working beam of a side-lever engine. -- Side-lever engine, a marine steam engine having a working beam of each side of the cylinder, near the bottom of the engine, communicating motion to a crank that is above them. -- Side pipe (Steam Engine), a steam or exhaust pipe connecting the upper and lower steam chests of the cylinder of a beam engine. -- Side plane, a plane in which the cutting edge of the iron is at the side of the stock. -- Side posts (Carp.), posts in a truss, usually placed in pairs, each post set at the same distance from the middle of the truss, for supporting the principal rafters, hanging the tiebeam, etc. -- Side rod. (a) One of the rods which connect the piston-rod crosshead with the side levers, in a side-lever engine. (b) See Parallel rod, under Parallel. -- Side screw (Firearms), one of the screws by which the lock is secured to the side of a firearm stock. -- Side table, a table placed either against the wall or aside from the principal table. -- Side tool (Mach.), a cutting tool, used in a lathe or planer, having the cutting edge at the side instead of at the point. -- Side wind, a wind from one side; hence, an indirect attack, or indirect means. Wright.

Side, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sided; p. pr.& vb. n. Siding.] 1. To lean on one side. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To embrace the opinions of one party, or engage in its interest, in opposition to another party; to take sides; as, to side with the ministerial party.

All side in parties, and begin the attack.
Pope.

Side, v. t. 1. To be or stand at the side of; to be on the side toward. [Obs.]

His blind eye that sided Paridell.
Spenser.

2. To suit; to pair; to match. [Obs.] Clarendon.

3. (Shipbuilding) To work (a timber or rib) to a certain thickness by trimming